INDUS TR IALIS M AND THE R AC E

F OR E M P IR E 1700-1914
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1733 - 1913
 INDUSTRIALIZATION CHANGES LIFE

The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific

and technological development in the 18th century,
transforming economies based on agriculture and
crafts into economies based on large-scale industry,
mechanized production and the factory system.
New machines, new sources of energy and new
ways of organizing work meant that goods once
carefully made by hand began to be mass-produced
by machines in factories, with the introduction of
new machines and techniques in the textile, steel
industries, existing industries became more
productive and efficient.
 NEW FINDINGS AND
INVENTIONS
Advances in the textile industry spurred other industrial improvements.
The first of these, the steam engine, arose from the search for a cheap
and convenient source of energy. Watt's steam engine James Watt, a
mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in
Scotland, pondered the problem for two years. In 1765, Watt came up
with a way to make the steam engine run faster and more efficiently,
while burning less fuel. In 1774, Watt teamed up with businessman
Matthew Boulton. Boulton was an entrepreneur. He paid Watt a salary
and encouraged him to build better engines. American inventor Robert
Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt. He built a steam
ship called the Clermont, which made its first successful voyage in
1807. In England, water transportation improved with the creation of a
network of canals, or man-made waterways. British road transportation
also improved, largely due to the efforts of John McAdam, a Scottish
engineer. Working in the early 19th century, McAdam equipped the road
bed with a layer of large stones used to drain water. On top he placed a
carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock. Even in rainy weather, heavy
carts could move along the new "macadam" roads without sinking in the
mud.
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES

Despite the problems that followed industrialization, the Industrial Revolution ha

d many positive effects. It created jobs for workers.
It contributed to the growth of the nation's wealth. It fostered technological progr
ess and invention. It significantly increased the production of goods and raised li
ving standards. Perhaps most importantly, it provided hope for improving people'
s lives. The Industrial Revolution also brought many other benefits. These includ
ed healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper, mass-
produced clothing. As the Industrial Revolution created a demand for engineers,
as well as office and professional workers, it expanded educational opportunities.
he long-
term effects of the industrial revolution are still evident. Most people in industrial
ized countries can afford consumer goods, Workers eventually won higher wages,
shorter hours, and better working conditions after they banded together to form u
nions. Long-term effects The long-
term effects of the Industrial Revolution are still evident. Most people in industria
lized countries can afford consumer goods, In addition, their living and working c
onditions have improved significantly compared to those they lived under in the
19th century. Also, the gains from industrialization have brought in tax revenues,
these funds have allowed local, state, and federal governments to invest in urban
improvements and raise the standard
of living for most city dwellers. But unfortunately, all the time our civilization is
also struggling with the elimination of professions and jobs, as well as environme
ntal pollution.
THE WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT
FIRST MAJOR MOVES

In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized

the first women's rights convention in the United States. Called
the Seneca Falls Convention, the event in Seneca Falls, New
York, attracted more than 300 people, mostly women. They
wanted to be treated as individuals and not dependent on men.
They wanted more opportunities for employment and
education. They wanted to be able to run for office, speak
before Congress and vote.On the second day, participants
signed a Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances.
The convention in Seneca Falls was attended mostly by white
women, despite the fact that northern states such as New York
have outlawed slavery. However, that didn't stop black women
like Sojourner Truth, a former slave, from fighting for their
rights.
 THE BEGINNING...
Until 1890, several industrialized countries had universal suffrage
for men, who were given full voting rights in 1884. No country,
however, allowed women to vote. As more men gained the right to
vote, more women demanded the same. At the time, women in the
United States did not have many rights, and this had been the case
since the first settlers arrived. Women were not encouraged to study
and instead were expected to marry and take care of their children,
husbands and homes. Once married, they were completely
dependent on their husbands. Women were not allowed to own
property and had to give any money they earned to their husbands.
They also had no right to vote. In the 19th century, women in both
Britain and the United States worked to gain the right to vote.
British women organized reform associations and protested against
unjust laws and customs. However, as women became more vocal,
resistance to their demands grew. Many people, both men and
women, felt that women's suffrage was too radical a break with
tradition. Some argued that women lacked the skills to participate
in politics.
 WOMEN IN
THE LEAD TO EQUALITY

o In Britain, Emmeline Pankhurst, the most prominent

English activist for women's suffrage before World War
I, founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903.
The WSPU became the
most militant organization for women's rights. Its goal was
to bring attention to the issue of women's suffrage.
o Emmeline Pankhurst, her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, and other
WSPU members were repeatedly arrested and imprisoned. While in
prison, the Pankhursts went on hunger strikes to keep their cause in
the public eye. British officials force-fed Sylvia and other activists
to keep them alive.
o Although the movement for women's suffrage rose to prominence
between 1880 and 1914, its successes were gradual. Women did not
gain the right to vote in national elections in Britain and the United
States until after World War I.
WORLD WAR II 1939-1945
 IN EUROPE...WHERE IT
ALL BEGAN...
World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, when
Germany invaded Poland. Direct preparations for the attack on
Poland began in the spring of 1939. A plan was developed to invade
Poland, the so-called "Fall Weiss." The invasion was to take place
no later than September 1, 1939. Germany sought to
propagandistically isolate Poland and prevent an alliance between
the USSR, France and Great Britain. Therefore, German efforts to
improve German-Soviet relations intensified. Britain and France
responded by declaring war on Germany on September 3. The war
between the USSR and Germany began on June 22, 1941 with
Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
The war in the Pacific began on December 7/8, 1941, when Japan
attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor and other
American, Dutch and British military installations throughout Asia.
 War in the Far East
The war was also fought in the Far East, where
Japan, by way of conquest, sought to expand the
BEYOND EUROPE... reach of its influence. 1941, the Japanese
attacked the American base in the Pacific - Pearl
Harbor, which became the immediate cause of
the US declaration of war on Japan. A few days
The outbreak of the German-Soviet war later, Germany and the United States declared
war on the United States. Initially, the Japanese
Regardless of previous German-Soviet agreements, Hitler was had the upper hand in operations in the Pacific.
planning an invasion of the USSR. According to German The turnaround came after the Battle of Midway,
assumptions, the Red Army was to be defeated before the onset when the Americans gained the upper hand in the
of winter. Hitler aimed to militarily break up and subjugate the Pacific. Japan's final defeat was sealed by the
European part of the USSR. The year 1941 marked the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
beginning of the German-Soviet war, the goal of which was Nagasaki.
Germany's eastward expansion. The Third Reich in the war
effort against the USSR was supported by Italy and Romania. Pact of Three
Initially, the Red Army was pushed on the defensive, but
already in December the German offensive on Moscow was
1940 saw the signing of the so-called Pact of
halted and Red Army units went on the counterattack. This
Three in Berlin. States such as the Third Reich,
marked the failure of Operation Barbarossa, which aimed to
Italy and Japan formally signed the pact targeting
defeat the USSR in a flash war. The German armies were not
the US. The resulting Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis
equipped for the winter campaign. was joined by countries dependent on the Third
Reich: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia and
Hungary.
THE GREAT ANTI-
FASCIST COALITION.
The German attack on the USSR caused a change in the
attitude of Western countries toward the Soviet Union:
Britain and the US declared their readiness to help the
invaded country. 1941, a bilateral Soviet-British treaty was
signed in Moscow. This was followed by the signing of
treaties with Czechoslovakia, as well as with Poland. 1941,
the Atlantic Charter was signed, which laid the foundation
for the anti-fascist coalition. It was signed by Britain and the
US, recognizing the right of each nation to sovereignty and
the choice of its own regime, as well as peaceful cooperation
and renunciation of post-war violence. 1942 in Washington,
the US and Britain signed the United Nations Declaration. It
was subsequently signed by representatives of the 26
countries of the anti-fascist coalition.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION