SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND  Olduvai has produced hundreds

SOCIETY of stone tools, many of which are

attributed to “the handy man”.
SCIENCE  Homo habilis lived around 2-
 the system of knowledge of the million years ago, and may also
natural world gained through the have occupied what is now the
scientific method. Cradle of Humankind.

 “philosophy of the natural world OLDUWAN TECHNOLOGY - earliest

known stone tool technology – borrows
FIRST SCIENTISTS its name from the site. 
 “philosophers of nature”.
 sought to discover the truth
behind material things and
natural things.
 task of the philosophers of nature
to discover what makes materials
the same and what makes them
different.

TECHNOLOGY
 comes from the tekhne meaning
“art or craft” and –logia, meaning
a “subject or interest”.
 “practical applications of what we
know about nature”
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
 using scientific principles for the
betterment of the human Sumeria (Sumer) is located on the
situation. southernmost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia.
SCIENCE , TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY Sumerians are known for their high
 interdisciplinary course that degree of cooperation with one another
engages the students to confront and their desire for great things.
the realities brought about by
science and technology in  CUNEIFORM
society, with all its socio-political, - Sumerians is the
cultural, economic and development of the first
philosophical underpinnings at writing system
play. - allowed the Sumerians to
keep records of things with
HOMO HABILIS great historical value or
 fossils were discovered at their everyday life.
Olduvai in the early 1960s.
 “the handy man”  URUK CITY
 - considered to be the first works.
true city in the world but
also for the way it was
erected.  SAILBOATS
- no building stones in the - used to carry large
location of this city and quantities of products and
lumber was limited , were able to cover large
making the distances.
construction a big
challenge.  WHEEL
- specialized tools needed
 THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR to create it were already
- called the mountain of god, available.
was built in the same - The first wheels were not
manner that they made for transportation but
construed the City of Uruk. for farm work and food
Without much building processes.
materials, the structure
was constructed using  THE PLOW
sunbaked - farmers needed a
bricks. technology which would
- place of their enable them to dig
chief god, where only their the ground where seeds
priests were allowed to would be planted.
enter.
- intricate Sumerian BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
architecture but also the
remarkable technology Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates
used to build it. Rivers.
Babylonians were great builders,
 IRRIGATION AND DIKES engineers, and architects. One of their
- Sumerians were major contributions is the hanging
challenged to mass gardens of Babylon, one of the seven
produce food items but wonders of the ancient world.
elements in the
environment seem  HANGING GARDENS OF
uncooperative. BABYLON
- Sumerians created dikes - structure made up of
and irrigation canals to layers upon layers of
bring gardens that contained
water to farmlands and at several species of plants,
the same time control the trees, and vines.
flooding of the rivers. - Babylonian King
- one of the most Nebuchadnezzar II built
beneficial engineering the gardens for his wife,
Queen Amytis.
 - product of the creative
imagination of the great
King because it lacked
documentation or  COSMETICS
archaeological evidence. - Egyptians also invented
the use of cosmetics.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION - used to improve and
highlight the facial features
 PAPER OR PAPYRUS of a person, their function
- One of the earlier in Ancient Egypt was both
contributions of Egyptian for health and aesthetic
civilization reasons.
- a plant that grew - Egyptians wore kohl
abundantly along the Nile around the eyes to prevent
River in Egypt. and even cure eye
- Although Egypt was not diseases. Kohl was
the first to develop a created by mixing soot or
system of writing, they malachite with mineral
were able make writing galena.
easier for the world.
- clay tablets were used.  WIGS
However, safe-keeping - During the ancient times,
and transporting them wigs were worn for health
were a major problem. and wellness rather than
- CLAY TABLETS - very for aesthetic purposes.
fragile, heavy and delicate
to handle GREEK CIVILIZATION

 INK Greece is an archipelago in the

- combining soot with southeastern part of Europe. Known
different chemicals to as the birthplace of western
produce inks with different philosophy, some of the major
colors achievements of the Greeks include
- must withstand the in-depth works on philosophy and
elements of nature since it mathematics.
was used to record history,
culture, and codified laws.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF GREECE
 HIEROGLYPHICS
- developed a system of  ALARM CLOCK
writing using symbols, - During the ancient times,
known as hieroglyphics. wigs were worn for health
- Egyptians believed that and wellness rather than
this writing system was for aesthetic purposes.
provided to them by the
gods  PLATO’S ALARM CLOCK
 - After it was full, water was Salamander an amphibian
siphoned off at a faster tricycle that can cross not only
rate into the third vessel flooded streets but also rivers
which would cause the and lakes. It may also be utilized
expulsion of contained air, to travel from island to island.
creating a whistling noise.
Afterwards, this vessel SALT LAMP
would empty towards the - young Filipino inventor named
bottom vessel for storage Aissa Mijeno was able to invent
and reuse a lighting system that utilizes a
material abundant in the
 WATERMILL Philippines- saltwater. She
- used in agricultural invented the Sustainable
processes like milling of Alternative
grains which was a - Lighting (SALt) lamp, an
necessary form of food environment-friendly light source
processing during that that runs on saltwater.
time. The SALt lamp is safer as it
poses no risk of fire and emits no
ROMAN CIVILIZATION toxic gases.
The Roman Empire was perceived to be
the strongest political and social entity in MEDICAL INCUBATOR
the west. It was considered to be the - Dr. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino
cradle of politics and governance during pediatrician and the first Asian
that period. woman admitted in Harvard
Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ROME indigenous and cheap materials
which did not run on electricity.
 NEWSPAPER - It was made by placing a native
- first newspapers, known laundry basket inside a bigger
as gazettes, contained one. Hot water bottles were
announcements of the inserted between the basket to
Roman Empire to the provide warmth and a makeshift
people. hood to allow oxygen circulation.
Its main purpose was to maintain
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL conditions suitable for a newborn,
- development of the telephone by usually a pre-term baby.
Alexander Graham Bell was one
of the most important inventions MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL
of all time. TRAP SYSTEM
- In 2010, the Department of
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS Science and Technology-
TRICYCLE Industrial Technology Department
- Victor Llave, and his team at H20 Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to
Technologies invented the introduce the Mosquito
 Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, - used to address the need
also known as OL Trap. This trap for publishing books that
system is made of natural would spread information
ingredients that are lethal to to many people at a faster
mosquitoes but safe for humans rate. This was used even
and environment. by people who could not
write
E-JEEPNEY
- This transportation utilizes  MICROSCOPE
electricity instead of the more - Another invention in the
expensive diesel. Middle Ages is the
microscope.
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES - To develop the proper
- The start of the middle ages was medicines for illness,
marred by massive invasions and experts must understand
migrations. the sickness through an
- Wars were prevalent during this investigation. they needed
time. a device that could
- As such, great technology was magnify things invisible to
needed in the fields of weaponry, the eye.
navigation, mass food and farm - Zaccharias Janssen was
production, and health. able to develop the first
- The wars have resulted in compound microscope.
population decline, but later on
had a significant rise.  TELESCOPE
- Dutch eyeglass
 PRINTING PRESS maker Hans
- Johan Gutenberg was able Lippershey (or Lipperhey)
to invent the printing press, is widely credited as the
a more reliable way of first person to patent a
printing using a cast type. telescope in 1608.
- He utilized wooden - consisted of a concave
machines that extracted eyepiece that was aligned
juices from fruits, attached with another convex
to them a metal impression objective lens. According
of the letters and pressed to legend, he conceived of
firmly the cast metal into a the idea when seeing two
piece of paper , which then children holding up two
made an exact lenses that appeared to
make a distant weather
 IMPRESSION ON PAPER vane appear closer.
- soon evolved to the - helps in the observation of
mechanical printing press remote objects, was a
which was eventually used great help for navigators
all over the world. during this time.
  WAR WEAPONS  Paradigm Recognition Stage
- All sides must develop - the initial recognition of the
weaponries not only as paradigm
offensive tools but also as - would occur at the instant
defensive instruments. when we were given both
For open-area battles, puzzle and numbered
people developed cross clues
bows and long bows so
that they could attack  during Paradigm Recognition
enemies at long ranges - one may emerge that
- Crossbow subsequently dominates
- Chainmal the discipline
- practitioners of scientific
STAGES OF UNDERSTANDING discipline rally around a
school that proves itself
 Pre-paradigm Stage able to solve many of the
 Paradigm Recognition Stage problems it poses for itself
 Paradigm Reinforcement Stage and holds great promise
 Paradigm Shift for future research
- there is typically a
 Pre-paradigm Stage particular outstanding
- consists of random achievement that causes
observations that have no the discipline to rally
obvious relation to each around the approach of
other one school

normally a long period of WHEN ONE IDENTIFIES A PARADIGM

somewhat undeveloped,
directionless research into
a given subject matter  in position to study the
phenomenon scientifically
 during Pre-paradigm Stage  has an explanation of how the
- conception of what the phenomenon works
basic problems of the  may suggest other experiments
discipline are or observations
- criteria to be used to  predict the outcomes of
evaluate theories about experiments or observations
that subject matter within reasonable range of
- we can use the  a reflection of the orderly nature
phenomenon, but we can’t of phenomenon as part of nature
explain it  showing Science can be
- there is no organizing idea predicted if we understand the
(paradigm) to guide us to rules and laws that govern it
an understanding of the  representing the natural order of
phenomenon any given phenomenon
 possibilities units of inheritance, and every
single unit (or gene) was
HELIOCENTRIC THEORY  independent in its actions in an
 The Copernican individual's genome. According to
Revolution (1957), Kuhn studied this Mendelian concept, inheritan
the development of ce of a trait depends on the
the heliocentric theory of the solar passing-on of these units.
system during the Renaissance.
 he argued that scientific research NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
and thought are defined by  Incomplete dominance can be
“paradigms,” or conceptual world- seen in several types of flowers,
views, that consist of formal including pink tulips, carnations
theories, classic experiments, and roses—any pink flowers in
and trusted methods these are due to the mixing of red
 As such, the advancement of and white alleles.
human understanding in
the sciences through radical new CREATION THEORY
theories has been coined by  Most people of the population
Thomas Kuhn as a "paradigm believed and accepted the biblical
shift.” Examples of version of the Earth’s creation.
such paradigm shifts include the  We learn from the text that the
theories of relativity and earth was formless, empty, and
evolution. dark, and God's Spirit moved
over the waters preparing to
EXAMPLE OF PARADIGM SHIFT perform God's creative Word.
Then began the seven most
PTOLEMAIC/GEOCENTRISM SYSTEM creative days of all time as God
 planet Earth was the center of the spoke life into existence. A day by
universe and all of the other day account follows.
planets, stars, and the Sun
revolved, or circled DARWINIAN THEORY OF EVOLUTION
 Ptolemy- Geocentricism  In 1859, Charles Darwin
introduced the theory of evolution
HELIOCENTRISM  pointed that populations pass
 cosmological model in which the through a process of natural
Sun is assumed to lie at or near a selection which only the fittest
central point (e.g., of the solar would survive.
system or of the universe) while  He stated that organisms have
the Earth and other bodies the ability to adapt to their
revolve around in it. environment and would gradually
 Nicolaus Copernicus- change into something that would
Heliocentrism be more competitive to survive, a
process known as evolution.
MENDELIAN GENETICS
 Mendel instead believed that PSYCHOANALYSIS
heredity is the result of discrete
  study that explains human  returned after the invasion
behavior. of the Japanese
 Freud explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious 3. JAPANESE
factors that can influence  introduced their language
behavior and emotions. Nihonggo
 He also argued that personality is  shared their culture and
a product of three conflicting arts; Origami
elements: id, ego and superego.  destroyed all educational
materials like books left by
 Sigmund Freud was able to the Americans
change people’s perceptions of  left the country when the
psychology with his revolutionary Americans, lead by
theory of psychoanalysis. General McArthur,
promised to return then
retake Philippines
CONTRIBUTIONS OF COLONIZERS
IN OUR COUNTRY CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE-UNDERSTAND THE
1. SPANIARDS CONCEPT

 built walls, roads,
churches, bridges, and 1.Indigenous science uses science
other large infrastructures process skills such as observing,
 started parochial schools comparing, classifying, measuring,
which focused on religion problem solving, inferring,
 developed health and communicating and predicting.
education systems
enjoyed by the principalia 2.Indigenous science is guided by
class culture and community values such as
the following:
2. AMERICANS
 modernized almost all a. The land is a source of life. It is a
aspect of life precious gift from the creator.
 established government
agency & Bureau of b. The Earth is revered as “Mother
Science to nurture Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as
development in science people.
and technology
 established Formal
c. All living and nonliving things are
Education; 3Rs
interconnected and interdependent with
 built Univ. of Sto. Tomas;
each other.
Thomasites were the
earliest teachers-soldiers
d. Human beings are stewards or
trustees of the land and other natural
resources. They have a responsibility to
preserve it.

e. Nature is a friend to human

beings- it needs respect and proper
care.

3. Indigenous science is composed of

traditional knowledge practiced and
valued by people and communities such
as ethnobiology, ethno-medicine,
indigenous farming methods and folk
astronomy.