A PROJECT REPORT ON

ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
JORHAT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ASSAM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
JUNE 2022

Under the guidance of

Ms. Swati Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Submitted by

NAME ASTU ROLL NO.

ARUP DAS 190850026001
ARUP JYOTI BARUAH 190850026002
NOYAN JYOTI BORAH 190850026004
PRANAMI HAZARIKA 190850026005
SUSHMITA DUTTA 190850026006
 DECLARATION

We hereby would like to certify that the project “ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM USING
ARDUINO” is carried out for the award of “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” degree in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, in authentic
record of our work under the guidance of Mrs. Swati Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology,
Jorhat, Assam.

The outcome and the observations recorded throughout the project has not been submitted by us
for the award of any degree or title.

This is to certify that the above statement made is correct to the best of our knowledge.

NAME ASTU ROLL NO.

ARUP DAS 190850026001
ARUP JYOTI BARUAH 190850026002
NOYAN JYOTI BORAH 190850026004
PRANAMI HAZARIKA 190850026005
SUSHMITA DUTTA 190850026006

Date:
Place:
 DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JORHAT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSAM
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY Jorhat - 785010

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the progress report entitled “ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM USING
ARDUINO” submitted by:

ARUP DAS
ARUP JYOTI BARUAH
NOYAN JYOTI BORAH
PRANAMI HAZARIKA
SUSHMITA DUTTA

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” in

“ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING” from “JORHAT
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY” under “ASSAM SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY”, comprises their authentic work and has been carried out under
my guidance.

The contents of this report have not been submitted to any other university for the award of
any degree or diploma.

Signature Signature
Supervisor Head of the Department
Ms. Swati Singh Mr. Pranjal Das
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor cum HOD
Department of Department of
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology
Date: Date:
Place: Place:

E
n
g
i
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e
 DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
JORHAT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSAM SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY Jorhat – 785010

CERTIFICATE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER

(JUNE 2022)

This is to certify that the project report entitled “ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM USING
ARDUINO” hereby accorded our approval as a study carried out and presented in a manner in their
8th semester course for partial fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY degree
in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. The approval does not necessarily endorse or
accept every statement made opinion expressed or conclusions drawn as recorded in the report. It
only signifies the acceptance of the project report for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Date: Signature

Place:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to put forward our sincere gratitude towards Ms. Swati Singh, Assistant
Professor, Electronics and Telecommunication Department for her whole hearted support and
guidance during the project implementation. Her useful suggestions for this whole work and
cooperative behavior are sincerely acknowledged.

We would also like to express our special thanks of gratitude to Mr. Pranjal Das, Assistant
Professor cum Head of Electronics and Telecommunication Department, as well as our principal,
Dr.Atanu Kumar Dutta, who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic “ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM USING ARDUINO”, which also helped us in doing a
lot of research and we came to know about so many new things. We are very much thankful to
them.

At last, we would also like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in completing
this project within the limited time frame.

I. Arup Das (190850026001)

II. Arup Jyoti Baruah(190850026002)
III. Noyan Jyoti Borah (190850026004)
IV. Pranami Hazarika (190850026005)
V. Sushmita Dutta (190850026006)
 ABSTRACT

Radars act as both an early warning device and tracking device. At the same time, these
devices can also be used to assist people in all the fields. The modern uses of radars are
highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air defence system, anti-
missile systems, altimetry and flight control systems, ground penetrating radar for
geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information.

Radars can see things at long distances before humans can see with naked eyes. Radar acts
as both an early warning device and tracking device. Radar based systems are used as object
detection systems which utilizes electromagnetic waves. This Radar System is controlled
via Arduino. Ultrasonic sound sensors are used instead of electromagnetic waves. A
servomotor is used to continuously monitor an area of limited range. The microcontrollers
of the Arduino board can be programmed using C and C++ languages. The code is written
in Arduino UNO IDE software and connected to the board through a USB cable.A GSM has
been interfaced with the Arduino for security purpose. This project aims at making a radar
that is cost-effective and accurate.
 CONTENT

Title Page No.

DECLARATION
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
CERTIFICATE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT I
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS II
LIST OF FIGURES III
LIST OF TABLES IV
CH 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Motivation 1
1.3 History 2
1.4 What is RADAR 3
1.5 Objective 3
1.6 Methodology 4
1.7 Organisation of the Report 4
CH 2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Overview 5
2.2 Literature Review 6
CH 3: COMPONENTS
3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 7
3.1.1 Principle of Ultrasonic Sensor 8
3.1.2 Timing Diagram for Ultrasonic Sensor 9
3.2 Servo Motor 9
3.2.1 Working Principle of Servo Motor 10
3.3 Arduino UNO R3 12
3.3.1 General PIN Functions 12
3.3.2 Special PIN Functions 13
3.3.3 Programming of Arduino UNO 14
 3.4 LCD (16×2) 14
3.4.1 LCD PIN Diagram 15
3.5 LED 16
3.5.1 LED Symbol 17
3.6 Buzzer 17
3.6.1 Working Principle 18

3.7 SIM900A GSM Module 18

3.7.1SIM900A Pin Configuration 19
3.7.2 SIM900A GSM Module Pin Configuration Description 19

CH 4: DESIGN OF ULTRASONICRADAR SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Block Diagram 23
4.3 Working 23
4.4 Circuit Diagram 24
4.4.1 Circuit Description 24
4.5 Code Segment 25
4.6 Algorithm 35
4.7 Flowchart 36
4.8 Experimental Results and Discussion 36
4.9 Conclusion 37

CH 5: RESULTS

5.1 Overview 38
5.2 Applications 38
5.3 Advantages 38
5.4 Limitations 39
5.5 Future Scope 39
CONCLUSION 40
REFERENCE 41
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Serial No. Abbreviation Stands for

1. LCD Liquid Crystal Display
2. LED Light Emitting Diode
3. DC Direct Current
4. IOT Internet of Things
5. IDE Integrated Development Environment
6. EM waves Electromagnetic Waves
7. CD Comprehensive Display
8. VCC Voltage Common Collector
9. TRIG Technology Readiness Infrastructure Grant
10. ISO International Organization for standardization
11. GND Ground
12. RC planes Radio Controlled planes
13. DVD Digital Versatile Disk
14. DIP Directorate of Information and Publicity
15. SDA System Domain Awareness
16. AVR microcontroller Alf and Vegard’s RISC processor
17. PWM Pulse Width Modulation
18. USB Universal Serial Bus
19. IOREF Input/output Reference
20. PIN Personal Identification Number
21. UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
22. ARUF Aircraft Repair Unit Floating
23. RX Receiver
24. TX Transmitter
25. TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic
26. SPI Serial Peripheral Interface
27. ISSN International Standard Serial Number
28. SCL Semi-Conductor Laboratory
29. TWI Through-Wall Imaging
30. VEE Versatile Endurable Enchanting
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Figure Name Page No

1. EM Wave based Radar System 3
2. Ultrasonic Wave based Radar System 3
3. HC-SR-04 Ultrasonic Sensor 7
4. Demonstration of working Principle for Ultrasonic Sensor 8
5. Timing Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor 9
6. Servo Motor 10
7. Major Components of Servo Motor 10
8. Block Diagram for Working of Servo Motor 11
9. PINS of Arduino UNO R3 12
10. 16×2 LCD 15
11. LCD 16×2 pin diagram 16
12. LED Symbol 17
13. Buzzer 18
14. GSM Module 19
15. SIM900A Pin Diagram 19
16. Block Diagram of Radar System 23
17. Circuit Diagram of Radar System 24
18. Flowchart of Ultrasonic Radar System 36
19. SMS Notification 37
 LIST OF TABLE

Table no Table Name Page No

1. Observation Table 37
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The concept of radio detection and ranging (radar) was originated in the 19th century during
the 2nd World War. Initially, it was developed to the detect aircrafts. Target detection is
easier when an object is near or easily visible. But, the same doesn’t stand true when the
object is far away or is not visible due to weather conditions. Generally, there are two kinds
of radar: practical radar, which uses electromagnetic waves; and ultrasonic radar, which uses
use sound waves.
In this project we have designed an ultrasonic radar system using Arduino. The project works
on the principle of radar echo effect of the transmitting signal. The ultrasonic sensor operates
by emitting a burst of sound waves in very rapid succession. These sound waves hit the
intended target, bounce back to the sensor, and travel at known speed. An ultrasonic radar is
much less affected by temperature, improving consistency and accuracy. Servos are small but
powerful motors that can be used in a multitude of products ranging from toy helicopters to
robots. Arduino controls the servo motor for the direction of the ultrasonic sensor and it
moves from 0 degree to 180 degree. Ultrasonic sensors transmits the signal in all directions
and if any obstacle is detected then echo pulse sense. With the help of this echo pulse,
arduino program finds out the distance and direction angle of the target. The angle of rotation
is displayed on a 16x2 LCD screen. Whenever an obstacle is detected, the buzzer turns on
and it is also displayed in the LCD display and the LED glow depending on the range at
which the object is detected. If the object detected by either of the sensors is too near than
the specified range then the GSM module interfaced with the Arduino sends an SMS alert to
the programmed number.

1.2 Motivation

Over the past years, the world has been experiencing a terrifying rate of highway accidents.
These accidents have risen to a very high rate over the past years that a new system of traffic
regulation must be used instead of the inefficient methods we currently have in use.
The proposed approach allows for collision warning for pedestrians, cyclists etc in real world
autonomous driving scenarios. This would enable essential safety and prevent collision
otherwise which in turn will help to prevent accidents.

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There might arise a question in our mind as to why there is a need for ultrasonic senor radar
system when there are a variety of sensor systems that allow cars to detect objects on the
road. The ultrasonic radar system can be easily integrated into the vehicles that will enable
cars to see occluded objects that today’s lidar and camera sensors cannot record as optical
sensing is difficult to use to spot objects out of the car’s line of sight. Also, ultrasonic radars
are relatively low cost and scale to mass production.

1.3 History

It is a common assumption that radar is a by-product of World War II, brought about by
military necessity.But this is true only to the extent that the war produced radar equipment in
great quantities suitable for practical use. Actually, the foundations for the development of
radar were laid by Heinrich Hertz in 1886, while gathering experimental data to demonstrate
the existence of electromagnetic waves, he discovered that radio waves are reflected by
metallic objects. Within the framework of his experiments he used special reflectors.

In 1904, the German high frequency technician Christian Hülsmeyer carried out the first
detection experiments using radar waves. While experimenting with Hertz's reflector, he
noticed that electric waves that were emitted from a transmitter and reflected by a metal
surface can be used to detect distant metallic objects. He then developed a device that could
measure the transit time of reflected wave. On 30 April 1904, he took out a patent for the
process and is therefore the inventor of radar.

Another important discovery during the development of radar was the verification of the
Doppler Effect. With this effect, radar can be used to determine whether or not a detected
object is moving. It is named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian
Doppler, who predicted the effect in 1842.

During the Second World War, technological advances by Germany, England, and the United
States resulted in significant improvements to radar in terms of technology, reliability, and
power.
During the last 10 years radar started entering automotive technology, manufacturing and
even e-health.

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1.4 What is RADAR?

RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) system is an object detection or tracking system
which uses radio waves to decide or get the range, height, heading, or speed of items or
objects. Radar frameworks or system arrive in an assortment of sizes and have distinctive
performance particulars.
Our proposed system’s working principle is linked by the following components which are
ultrasonic sensors and GSM connected to the Arduino UNO R3 digital input and output pins.
Then we have servo motor which is also connected to digital output and input pins. The servo
motor rotates from 0 degree to 180 degree. We have utilized the LCD screen to obtain the
required parameters.

Figure 1: EM Wave based Radar System

Figure 2: Ultrasonic Wave based Radar System

1.5 Objective

This project aims at the use of Ultrasonic Sensors by connecting to the Arduino UNO R3
board and the signal from the sensor further provided to the LCD screen to measure the

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presence of any obstacle in front of the sensors as well as determine the distance, range, and
angle at which the obstacle is detected by the sensors. Also , we have added another feature
to our system by interfacing a GSM module to the Arduino UNO R3 to send alert message to
a specified user whenever the ultrasonic sensors detects some nearby object under a specified
range.

1.6 Methodology
In this project, we have interfaced the ultrasonic sensors and GSM with the arduino board. To
display the output we have interfaced the LCD screen. The ultrasonic sensors are mounted on
the servo motor. LED , buzzer and the SMS by the GSM module is used for indication of the
obstacle.

1.7 Organisation of the Report

Starting with a brief introduction of the overall project with its history and requirements
along with discussion the objectives the project is comprised in a well manner with the
following chapters:
Chapter 2: This chapter talks about the literature review and recent developments in the
technology of the project.
Chapter 3: This chapter highlights the various components used to construct the Ultrasonic
Radar System using Arduino.
Chapter 4: This chapter explains the working, hardware and software implementation done in
the construction of the Ultrasonic Radar System using Arduino.
Chapter 5: This chapter includes results, applications, merits, challenges and future scopes.

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Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Overview

In the literature for Radar system different aspect of IOT technology are covered. For the
survey section, we went through a number of research papers on the same background. This
section will discuss previous studies that have been accomplished by other researchers in the
same area. We pointed out their various approaches and methods which helped us a lot during
our project work.

2.2 Literature Review

The research work is done in this field with by using ultrasonic sensor nodes connected to an
Arduino Radar model[1]. In this work, the Ultrasonic sound sensor is used instead of
electromagnetic waves. A servomotor is used to continuously monitor an area of limited
range and alerts the presence of obstacle if any.

Another notable research primarily addresses represents a basic working of the system is that
it have to detect objects in its defined range through Arduino[2]. Ultrasonic sensor is attached
to the servo motor it rotates about 180 degree and gives visual representation on the software
called processing IDE. Processing IDE gives the angle or position of the object and distance
of the object.

Moving further, a research on the design and implementation of a ultrasonic sensor using
arduino[3]. In this paper, the design of the Ultrasonic Radar is very useful for many
applications like homes, shops, military and object detection. The aim of this work is to build
an ultrasonic sensor which is basically one kind of a radar system to get exact distance and
angle for fixed objects placed around the device based on the speed of ultrasonic waves in
open air.

Another project work done on the use of the ultrasonic radar system[4]. Their main intent is
to develop a system that could help the fisherman by providing them an alert message so
that they could move away and escape before coming to notice by the neighbouring country’s
Navy. Location and distance is also measured and indicated to the people.

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Substantially another development, using the concept of an ultrasonic radar system[5]. In this
paper, the main objective is to fill the gaping in the literature by using a radar system in the
identification of moving object, capturing the distance, direction, pulse duration and object
shape simultaneously. Velocity of the object towards or away from the radar was determined
by using an algorithm to obtain the precision.

Moreover, in this fast moving world there is an immense need for the tools that can be used
for the betterment of the mankind rather than devastating their lives. We have upgraded our
model from the traditional implementation of this ultrasonic sensor in such a way that it has
an additional feature of not only detecting obstacles but also indicating the person about the
potential danger by connecting a buzzer and LEDs.

From the idea of self driving cars came the idea of ultrasonic sensor for detection of obstacle.
The main problem of the people in this world is safety while driving. So, this gave up a
solution to that by making use of this project to continuously scan the area for obstacle and as
well as the protection of the vehicles at the same time to prevent accidents or minor scratches
to the vehicles.

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CHAPTER 3 COMPONENTS

3.1Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is a proximity sensor that is used to measure the distance of a target or
object. It detects the object by transmitting ultrasonic waves and converts the reflected waves
into an electrical signal. These sound waves travel faster than the speed of the sound that
humans can hear.

Figure 3: HC-SR-04 Ultrasonic Sensor

An above image shows the HC-SR-04 ultrasonic sensor which has a transmitter and a receiver.
The pin configuration is,

 VCC- 5 V supply
 TRIG – Trigger input of the sensor. Microcontroller applies 10 us trigger pulse to the
HC-SR04 ultrasonic module.
 ECHO–Echo output of the sensor. Microcontroller reads/monitors this pin to detect the
obstacle or to find the distance.
 GND – Ground

It has two main components: the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter emits the sound using
a piezoelectric crystal, and the receiver encounters the sound after it has travelled to and from
the target.

For the calculation of the object distance, the sensor measures the time taken by the signal to
travel between the transmission of the sound by the transmitter to the reflecting back towards
the receiver.

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The formula for this calculation is,

D=½TxC

Where,

 D = distance,
 T = time
 C = speed of sound; which is 343 meters/second.

These sensors are mostly found in automobile self-parking technology and anti-collision safety
systems. Also, used in robotic obstacle detection systems, manufacturing technology, and many
more.

3.1.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Working Principle

Ultrasonic sensors emit short, high-frequency sound pulses at regular intervals. These
propagate in the air at the velocity of sound. If they strike an object, then they reflected back as
an echo signal to the sensor, which itself computes the distance to the target based on the time-
span between emitting the signal and receiving the echo.

Figure 4: Demonstration of Working Principle for Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor are excellent at suppressing background interference. Virtually all materials
which reflect sound can be detected, regardless of their colour. Even transparent materials or
thin foils represent no problem for an ultrasonic sensor. Micro sonic ultrasonic sensors are
suitable for target distances from 20 mm to 10 m and as they measure the time of flight they
can ascertain a measurement with pinpoint accuracy. Some of our sensors can even resolve the

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signal to an accuracy of 0.025 mm. Ultrasonic sensors can see through dust-laden air and ink
mists. Even thin deposits on the sensor membrane do not impair its function.

3.1.2 Timing Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor

Figure 5: Timing Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor

 First, we need to transmit trigger pulse of at least 10 microsecond to the HC-SR04 Trig
Pin.
 Then the HC-SR04 automatically sends eight 40 kHz sound wave and wait for rising
edge output at Echo pin.
 When the rising edge capture occurs at Echo pin, start the Timer and wait for a falling
edge on Echo pin.
 As soon as the falling edge captures at the Echo pin, read the count of the Timer. This
time count is the time required by the sensor to detect an object and return back from an
object.

3.2Servo Motor

The servomotor is a simple DC motor that can be controlled for specific angular rotation with
the help of additional servomechanism. This motor will only rotate as much we want and then
stop. The servo motor is a closed-loop mechanism that uses positional feedback to control the
speed and position.

This closed-loop system includes a control circuit, servo motor, shaft, potentiometer, drive
gears, amplifier, and either an encoder or resolver.

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 Figure 6: Servo Motor

The servo motor is unlike a standard electric motor which starts and stops according to the
power input. According to the signal, the servo motor will work.

Nowadays, servo motors are widely used in industrial and robotics applications. They are also
commonly seen in remote-controlled toy cars, RC planes, and in the CD or DVD player.
Besides these, we see hundreds of applications in our daily life that use a servo motor.

3.2.1 Working Principle of Servo Motor

Figure 7: Major Components of Servo Motor

A DC servo meter is an assembly of four major components,

 DC motor
 Position sensing device
 Gear assembly
 Control circuit

In digital control microcontroller used for generating the PWM pluses in terms of duty cycles to
produce more accurate control signals.

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 Figure 8: Block Diagram for Working of Servo Motor

The position sensor provides a feedback signal corresponding to the present position of the
load. This sensor is normally a potentiometer that produces the voltage corresponding to the
absolute angle of the motor shaft through gear mechanism. Then the feedback voltage value
applies on the input of error amplifier.

The error amplifier is a negative feedback amplifier and it reduces the difference between its
inputs. It compares the voltage related to current position of the motor with desired voltage
related to desired position of the motor. And it produces the error either a positive or negative
voltage.

This error voltage applied to the armature of the motor. If the error is more than motor armature
gets more output.

The amplifier amplifies the error voltage and powers the armature. The motor rotates till the
error becomes zero. If the error is negative, the armature voltage reverses and hence the
armature rotates in the opposite direction.

Servomotor is a simple DC motor that can be controlled for specific angular rotation with the
help of additional servomechanism. This motor will only rotate as much we want and then stop.
The servo motor is a closed-loop mechanism that uses positional feedback to control the speed
and position.

This closed-loop system includes a control circuit, servo motor, shaft, potentiometer, drive
gears, amplifier, and either an encoder or resolver.

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3.3 Arduino UNO R3

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-inline-package

(DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. It has 20 input/output pins (of which 14 can be
used as digital PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs). Programs can be loaded on
to it from the easy-to-use Arduino computer program. The Arduino has an extensive support
community, which makes it a very easy way to get started working with embedded
electronics. The R3 is the third, and latest, revision of the Arduino Uno.

Figure 9: PINS of Arduino UNO R3

3.3.1 General PIN Functions

 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it is using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage the board.

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  3V3: A 3.3volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF
pin voltage and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on
the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.

3.3.2 Special PIN Functions

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
under software control (using pinmode(), digitalwrite(), and digitalread() functions). They
operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as the recommended operating
condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50K ohm. A
maximum of 40mA must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the
microcontroller. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5; each provides 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though it is possible to change the upper end of the range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() function.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial / UART: Pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL serial chip.
 External interrupts: Pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM (pulse-width modulation): Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM
output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK).
These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
 TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C: Pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI
communication using the Wire library.

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  AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.

3.3.3 Programming of Arduino UNO

Arduino UNO is easy to program and a person with little or no technical knowledge can get
hands-on experience with this board. The Arduino UNO board is programmed using Arduino
IDE software which is an official software introduced by Arduino.cc to program the board.
The Arduino program is called a sketch which we need to unload into the board. The sketch
is nothing but a set of instructions that allow the board to perform certain functions as per our
requirements.

Each Arduino sketch comes with two main parts:

void setup() – this sets up the things that need to be done once and they don’t happen again in
the running program.

void loop() – this part comes with the instructions that get repeated again and again until the
board is turned off.

Every Arduino board is a microcontroller but not every microcontroller is an Arduino

board.Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform which means it is free to
use and anyone can modify the boards as per their requirements.

3.4 LCD (16×2)

The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones,
calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly preferred for multi-
segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main benefits of using this module
are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no limitations for
displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.

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 Figure 10: 16×2 LCD

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V.
 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.The utilization of
current is 1mA with no backlight.
 Every character can be built with a 5×8pixel box.
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers.
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit.
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight.
 It displays a few custom generated characters.
3.4.1 LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND
terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect
the supply pin of the power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to
connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register,
used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode,
and 1 = command mode).

15
  Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes
operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 =
Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write
process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are
connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode,
only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire
mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V.
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

Figure 11: LCD 16×2 pin diagram

3.5 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric
current flows through it. When current passes through an LED, the electrons recombine with
holes emitting light in the process. LEDs allow the current to flow in the forward direction
and blocks the current in the reverse direction.
Light-emitting diodes are heavily doped p-n junctions. Based on the semiconductor material
used and the amount of doping, an LED will emit a coloured light at a particular spectral
wavelength when forward biased.

16
3.5.1 LED Symbol
The LED symbol is the standard symbol for a diode, with the addition of two small arrows
denoting the emission of light. The symbol of LED is similar to the normal p-n junction diode
except that it contains arrows pointing away from the diode indicating that light is being
emitted by the diode.

Figure 12: LED Symbol

LEDs are available in different colours. The most common colours of LEDs are orange,
yellow, green and red.

3.6 Buzzer

An audio signalling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or piezoelectric

or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound.
Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices, printers,
alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds like
alarm, music, bell & siren.

17
 Figure 13: Buzzer

Buzzer has two pins namely positive and negative. The positive terminal of this is
represented with the ‘+’ symbol or a longer terminal. This terminal is powered through
6Volts whereas the negative terminal is represented with the ‘-’ symbol or short terminal and
it is connected to the GND terminal.
The specifications of the buzzer include the following.
 Colour is black
 The frequency range is 3,300Hz
 Operating Temperature ranges from – 20° C to +60°C
 Operating voltage ranges from 3V to 24V DC
 The sound pressure level is 85dBA or 10cm
 The supply current is below 15Ma

3.6.1 Working Principle

The working principle of a buzzer depends on the theory that, once the voltage is given
across a piezoelectric material, then a pressure difference is produced. A piezo type includes
piezo crystals among two conductors.Once a potential disparity is given across these crystals,
then they thrust one conductor & drag the additional conductor through their internal
property. So this continuous action will produce a sharp sound signal.

3.7 SIM900A GSM Module

SIM900A GSM Module is the smallest and cheapest module for GPRS/GSM
communication. It is common with Arduino and microcontroller in most of embedded

18
application. The module offers GPRS/GSM technology for communication with the uses of a
mobile sim. It uses a 900 and 1800MHz frequency band and allows users to receive/send
mobile calls and SMS. The keypad and display interface allows the developers to make the
customize application with it. Furthermore, it also has modes, command mode and data
mode. Command mode helps the developers to change the default setting according to their
requirements.

Figure14: GSM Module

3.7.1SIM900A Pin Configuration

The Module SIM900A looks like a single chip but it has a bunch of features that can help to
build almost many commercial applications. Although, there are a total of 68 pins on
SIM900A and using these pins helps to build the applications. But we will need few pins if
you we use a module for interfacing with Arduino.

3.7.2 SIM900A GSM Module Pin Configuration Description

Figure15: SIM900A Pin Diagram

3.7.2.1 GPIOS

The GPIO pins help to perform the simple and advance I/O function. All pins give the
maximum output equal to the power supply which is useable to control most of the devices
like sensors and othermodules. All GPIO pins in SIM900A are:
 GPIO1 – Pin40
 GPIO2 – Pin41

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  GPIO3 – Pin42
 GPIO4 – Pin43
 GPIO5 – Pin44
 GPIO6 – Pin47
 GPIO7 – Pin48
 GPIO8 – Pin49
 GPIO9 – Pin50
 GPIO10 – Pin51
 GPIO11 – Pin67
 GPIO12 – Pin68

3.7.2.2 Status Pins

The module has two status pins which help to indicate two different kinds of status. The first
one is the working status of the module and the second for communication status. Net status
means either the module is connecting to the network or other network functions, etc. Both
these pins can’t operate LED directly. They always act with a combination of a transistor.
 STATUS – Pin52
 NIGHTLIGHT – Pin66

3.7.2.3 SIM900A Display Interface Pins

The device offers a 4pin display interface with itself. The display isn’t necessary, it is only in
case of requirement. The use of interface helps to get the visualization with the module and
make it an application. All display pins are:
 DISP_DATA – Pin12 – For Display Data
 DISP_CLK – Pin11 – For Clock Input
 DISP_CS – Pin14 – To enable the display
 DISP_D/C – Pin13 – To select between data and command
3.7.2.4 I2C Pins

SIM900A has multiple kinds of communication and I2C is one of them due to is popularity.
The module has a single I2C protocol pin, which helps to build the application with any
module with that communication.
 SCL – Pin38
 SDA – Pin37
SDA for data and SCL for clock pulse.
3.7.2.5 SIM900A GSM Module Keypad interface Pins

The two-pin keypad is interfaceable with the module. The module will take the keypad data
as a 2D matrix value from the KCB pins for each value. The keypad interface pins in the
module are:
 KBR0~KBR4 (ROWS) – Pin40~Pin44

20
  KBC0~KBC4 (COLUMN) – Pin47~Pin51
3.7.2.6 Serial Port

The UART serial interface uses the two pins for proper data communication, which are RX
and TX. Both pins have no independence on any other pins or modules. In SIM900A these
pins are available but it also has some other pins for status/indication of data. By combining
these pins, the serial port helps to generate the RS-232 connector too. All the serial pins are:
 RXD – Pin10 – To receive the data
 TXD – Pin 9- To send the data
 RTS – Pin8 – To send the request of data transmission
 CTS – Pin7 – To clear the send request
 RI – Pin4 – Ring indicator
 DSR – Pin6 – To indicate that data set ready
 DCD – Pin5 – To indicate data carry detect
 DTR – Pin3 – To indicate data terminal ready
3.7.2.7 Debug Interface

Debugging helps the developers to debug the module and update its firmware. In this module,
there are sperate serial interface pins for debugging. Both pins are:
 DBG_TXD – Pin27 – For Data Transmission
 DBG_RXD – Pin28 – For Data receiving
3.7.2.8 SIM Interface

As we know that module SIM900A is a GPRS/GSM module. The module is dependent on

some devices for some of its features. The most important one is the SIM. The SIM needs to
connect with the module for GPRS/GSM functions to fully operate. All the sim interface of
the module is:
 SIM_VDD – Pin30 – Power Supply of the SIM
 SIM_DATA – Pin31 – For data output
 SIM_CLK – Pin32 – For clock pulse
 SIM_RST – Pin33 – For reset
 SIM_PRESENCE – Pin34 – To detect the SIM
3.7.2.9 SIM900A Analog to Digital converter Pins

The module has only a single pin to detect and convert the analog signal to digital for
SIM900A. The voltage range on the ADC pin is from 0 to 3 only.
 ADC – Pin25
3.7.2.10 PWM Pins

The PWM is mostly in microcontrollers for industrial applications but due to IoT, the module
offers two PWM pins which helps to make the IoT and PWM based device without using any
third interface.
 PWM1 – Pin35
 PWM2 – Pin36

21
3.7.2.11 Audio Interface

The audio interface will help to connect the mic and speaker with SIM900A. The connection
of Line, Audio and Speaker will help to make the calls through the modules.
MIC_P – Pin19
MIC_N – Pin20
SPK_P – Pin21
SPK_N – Pin22
LINEIN_R – Pin23
LINE_L – Pin24

3.7.2.12 Control Pin

There is power on pins on the device, which helps to turn it on using external signals. There
are two powers on pins. The first one is PWRKEY which requires a LOW signal to power
on/off the system. To do that, the pins require an input signal for a little bit long time. The
second pin is PWRKEY_OUT, which gets short with the PWRKEY pin and turn on/off the
device.
 PWRKEY – Pin1
 PWRKEY_OUT – Pin2
3.7.2.13 Reset pins

The device has an external LOW input signal reset pin to reset the device with the use of an
external signal.
 NRESET – Pin16
3.7.2.14 SIM900A GSM Module RF Antenna

To extend the range of the SIM900A the antenna pin needs to connect with an external wire.
The official antenna is also available for the module.
 RF_ANT – Pin60
3.7.2.15 Power Pins

The module SIM900A has multiple types of power pin. Some works as input and some as
output. The most important one to understand is VRTC, which acts as a backup for the
internal RTC of the device. All power and ground pins of the module are:
 VBAT(Input) – Pin55, Pin56, Pin57
 VRTC (Input/Output) – Pin26
 VDD_EXT(OUTPUT) – Pin15
 GND – Pin17, Pin18, Pin29, Pin39, Pin45, Pin46, Pin53, Pin54, Pin58, Pin59, Pin61,
Pin62, Pin63, Pin64, Pin65

22
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF ULTRASONIC RADAR SYSTEM USING
ARDUINO

4.1 Introduction

The aim of this Arduino Radar project is to achieve a radar system prototype based on an
Arduino board that detects stationary and moving objects.In this project, we have designed an
Arduino radar model using Ultrasonic Sensor for detection. An Arduino microcontroller makes
electronics more discipline.
The radar system has different performance specifications, and it is also available in a variety of sizes.

4.2 Block Diagram

Figure 16: Block Diagram of Radar System

4.3 Working

Arduino board sends a signal of +5V to the trig pin of Ultrasonic Sensors HC-SR04 which

triggers the sensors. Then it provides rotational action at the servo motor mechanically fitted

along with Ultrasonic Sensors HC-SR04 so that it can detect the moving objects and locate

within 180 degrees in both the sides of the sensors .The Arduino sends a HIGH pulse width

of (10 S) on the TRIGGER pin of the sensors to regenerate a series of ultrasonic waves that

propagate through the air until it touches an obstacle and returns in the opposite direction

towards the sensors pin ECHO. The sensors detects the width of the pulse to calculate the

23
distance. The signal on pin ECHO the sensors remains at the HIGH position during

transmission, thereby measuring the duration of the round trip of ultrasound and thus

determine the distance.

The LCD display displays the calculated distance and the angle of rotation. The buzzer is an

additional component, it rings when there is a detection (Tone1 and Tone2) along with LED.

The LEDs along with the buzzer determine the field where the object is located (near or

distant)

Whenever the Ultrasonic Sensors detects any object with measured distance less than the half

of the initialised distance, the Arduino will communicate with GSM module by using AT

commands and sends “MESSAGE” to the programmed mobile number. AT + CMGS

command is used to send SMS.

4.4 Circuit Diagram

Figure 17: Circuit Diagram of Radar System

4.4.1 Circuit Description

The visualization and assembling of the components is done virtually on a software tool

“Proteus 8 Professional”. The software kit provides functions such as simulation, schematic

24
capture, PCB design. For building the base of the circuit diagram, the various components

(such as, Arduino UNO R3, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, SG-90 servo motor, lcd etc.) are

available in the built-in libraries. Next, the connections of the said components are done via

wires and DC power supply. This is how the assembling and connections of components are

done virtually.

4.5 CODE SEGMENT

#include <Servo.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

Servo myservo;

LiquidCrystal lcd(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);

SoftwareSerial gsm(12, 13);

int pos = 0;

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;

const int moteur = 11;

const int buzzer = 8;

const int ledPin1 = 8;

25
const int ledPin2 = 8;

float distanceCm, DistanceSec, duration;

void setup() {

myservo.attach(moteur); // attache le Servo moteur a la pin numéro 11

lcd.begin(16, 2); // Initialiser l'interface de Lcd avec leurs Dimensions

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT);

DistanceSec = 30;

gsm.begin(9600);

gsm.println("AT+CMGF=1");

void loop() {

for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 1) { // aller de 0 a 180 degée

// in steps of 1 degree

26
myservo.write(pos); // Programmer le Servo pour aller a la position (pos)

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); //envoyer une impulsion de 10 micro seconds

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distanceCm = duration * 0.034 / 2;

if (distanceCm <= DistanceSec)

if (distanceCm <= DistanceSec / 2)

tone(buzzer, 10); // Send 1KHz sound signal...

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);

delay(700);

SendSMS();

27
 noTone(buzzer); // Stop sound...

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // positionner le cursor a 0,0

lcd.print("Distance: "); // Printe "Distance" sur LCD

lcd.print(distanceCm); // Printe la valeur Obtenue sur LCD

lcd.print(" cm "); // Printe l'unité sur LCD

delay(10);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Angle : ");

lcd.print(pos);

lcd.print(" deg ");

delay(2000);

else

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);

28
 delay(100);

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // positionner le cursor a 0,0

lcd.print("Distance: "); // Printe "Distance" sur LCD

lcd.print(distanceCm); // Printe la valeur Obtenue sur LCD

lcd.print(" cm "); // Printe l'unité sur LCD

delay(10);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Angle : ");

lcd.print(pos);

lcd.print(" deg ");

delay(2000);

else {

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);

29
 digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // positionner le cursor a 0,0

lcd.print("Distance: "); // Printe "Distance" sur LCD

lcd.print(distanceCm); // Printe la valeur Obtenue sur LCD

lcd.print(" cm "); // Printe l'unité sur LCD

delay(10);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Angle : ");

lcd.print(pos);

lcd.print(" deg ");

delay(80); //attendre 100ms pour que le servo cherche sa position

for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 1) { //

myservo.write(pos); //

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

30
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distanceCm = duration * 0.034 / 2;

if (distanceCm <= DistanceSec) {

if (distanceCm <= DistanceSec / 2)

tone(buzzer, 10); // Send 1KHz sound signal...

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);

delay(700);

noTone(buzzer); // Stop sound...

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // positionner le cursor a 0,0

lcd.print("Distance: "); // Printe "Distance" sur LCD

lcd.print(distanceCm); // Printe la valeur Obtenue sur LCD

lcd.print(" cm "); // Printe l'unité sur LCD

31
 delay(10);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Angle : ");

lcd.print(pos);

lcd.print(" deg ");

delay(2000);

else

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);

digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // positionner le cursor a 0,0

lcd.print("Distance: "); // Printe "Distance" sur LCD

lcd.print(distanceCm); // Printe la valeur Obtenue sur LCD

32
 lcd.print(" cm "); // Printe l'unité sur LCD

delay(10);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Angle : ");

lcd.print(pos);

lcd.print(" deg ");

delay(2000);

else {

digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);

digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); //

lcd.print("Distance: "); //

lcd.print(distanceCm); //

33
 lcd.print(" cm ");

delay(10);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("Angle : ");

lcd.print(pos);

lcd.print(" deg ");

delay(80);

void SendSMS() {

delay(10000);

Serial.begin(9600);

gsm.begin(9600);

gsm.println("AT+CMGF=1");

delay(1000);

gsm.println("AT+CMGS=\"+917002448442\"\r"); //replace x by your number

delay(1000);

34
 gsm.println("ALERT...SOME OBJECT DETECTED");

delay(100);

gsm.println((char)26);

delay(1000);

4.6 Algorithm

The ultrasonic sensors are mounted over the servo motor facing in opposite direction to each
other for detecting the object in both sides to make it a 360 degree sensing system however,
the motor rotates 180 degree only. There are certain conditions to display measured angle
and distance on LCD and also , the SMS alert to the user-

1) Here Dm - is the distance of object from the sensor.

2) Ds - initialised distance referring to which the conditions are checked.

3) If Dm<Ds becomes false that means no danger is detected and the LED and buzzer remains
off.

4) But if Dm< Ds becomes true then the following two conditions are checked-

 If Dm< Ds/2 becomes true that means the object is very near to sensor therefore LED
glows highly and the buzzer rings with a high tone and also , there will be an
immediate transfer of SMS alert to the user.

 If Dm< Ds/2 becomes false that means object is little distant from sensor therefore
LED only starts blinking and the Buzzer makes a low tone but there will be no
transfer of SMS.

35
4.7 Flowchart

Figure 17: Flowchart of Ultrasonic Radar System

4.8 Experimental Results and Discussion

By using the Arduino IDE softwarewe uploaded the code to Arduino after interfacing all
the components and completing all the hardware connections. It is observed that the servo
is sweeping from 0˚ to 180˚. Readings are displayed on the LCD screen.

Using Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SO4 it allows detection in a specified range of 40cm as it

sends sound waves and measure the distance in that particular range giving a result of one
object at a time, the measurement of more than one object a time chances could be
increased depending on the speed of motor rotation. It was coded in this project of
Ultrasonic Radar System that every time the sensor detect an object, the user is alarmed
through visual and audio warning; using LED light and a buzzer and the GSM module
sends an immediate SMS alert to the user if the object is very close. The sound is a
longitudinal wave, this means that if the obstacle is not perfectly in front of the sensor, the
waves will be deflected and they might not be reflected back to the sensor. As a result, the
object is not detected.

36
 Table I
OBSERVATION TABLE

Manual Measurement using

Measurement Radar

Angle Distance Angle Distance

Serial no.
(in (in cms.) (in (in cms.)
deg.) deg.)

1. 60 23.50 57 23.44

2. 105 28 106 28.27

3. 141 30.20 140 30

4. 157 39.18 159 39.12

5. 176 48.10 177 48.18

`Figure 19: SMS Notification

4.9 Conclusion
The project of RADAR System has been successfully implemented and the basic aim behind
this project is achieved without any deviations. The system estimates the obstacle in its path.
It succeeded in helping to be widely used to help detect objects in different environments.

37
CHAPTER 5 FUTURE DIRECTION

5.1 Overview

As mentioned in this report, the main objective of the project is to employ an Arduino
based Ultrasonic Radar System that can measure the distance and the angle of the object
under its defined range. The Arduino board along with Arduino IDE software is
completely an open source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually
adapt them to their particular needs. This is totally a security based system that can put
the user on alert and take necessary actions when unknown objects comes under the radar.

This chapter discusses about the applications, advantages, limitations and the future scope
of our project.

5.2 Applications

 Military Applications- In air defense it is used for target detection, target recognition
and weapon control (directing the weapon to the tracked targets). In missile system to
guide the weapon. Also, in identifying enemy locations in map.
 Air Traffic Control- To control air traffic near airports. The Air Surveillance RADAR
is used to detect and display the aircraft’s position in the airport terminals. To guide
the aircraft to land in bad weather using Precision Approach RADAR. To scan the
airport surface for aircraft and ground vehicle positions.
 Space- To guide the space vehicle for safe landing on moon to observe the planetary
systems to detect and tracksatellites to monitor the meteors.
 Loop control.
 Uses in production lines.
 People detection or object detection which ultimately helps in preventing accidents.

5.3 Advantages

 Not affected by colour or transparency of objects- Ultrasonic sensors reflect sound off
of objects, so the colour or transparency have no effect on the sensors reading.

38
 Can be used in dark environments- Unlike proximity sensors using light or cameras,
dark environments have no effect on an ultrasonic sensors detection ability.
 Low cost and reliable.
 It has sensing capability to sense all the material types.
 This is not affected due to atmospheric dust, rain, snow etc.
 It has higher sensing distance compare to inductive/capacitive proximity sensor type.
 It provides good readings in sensing large sized objects with hard surface.
 It also provides message alert notification.

5.4 Limitation

 Cannot work in a vacuum because ultrasonic sensors operate using sound, they are
completely non-functional in a vacuum as there is no air for the sound to travel
through.
 Not designed for underwater use.
 Sensing accuracy affected by soft materials as objects covered in a very soft fabric
absorb more sound waves making it hard for the sensor to see the target.
 Have a limited detection range as sensors have a limited detection range.

5.5 Future scope

 The system’s range can be increased further.

 This system can be used in driverless car to avoid unwanted situations.

39
 CONCLUSION

It can be concluded here that the system has been successfully implemented and the aim is
achieved without any deviations. All the devices communicate well, especially the Ultrasonic
Sensor communicates well with the GSM modem and the SMS is sent successfully. There is
a lot of future scope for the project, because a security system helps us protect our property
and our privacy. The product can also be developed or modified according to the rising needs
or demands.

40
 REFERENCES

[1] SnehaMargaj, AniketGhadigaonkar, SpoorthiHegde, SourabhKaranjekar, “Arduino Radar

Model using Ultrasonic Sensor”, IRJET, vol. 08, iss 05, May 2021, ISO 9001:2008
[2] AnujDutt, “Arduino Based Radar System”,
[3] Haitham K. Ali, Jihan S. Abdaljabar, Sura M. Abdullah, “ Design of Ultrasonic Radar”,
IJESE, vol. 3, iss 7, May 2015, ISSN 2319-6378
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"Object Detection Using Ultrasonic Sensor"(IJITEE)ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-8, Issue-6S,

April 2019

[5]Angona Biswas, Sabrina Abedin l, Md. AhasanKabir, "Moving Object Detection Using

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[6]Haraa Raheem Hatem, Ali I. Abdalla, ZainabNajeebAbdulhameed Al-Rawi, "Design and

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(International Journal of Engineering & Technology) vol 7, no 4, (2018)

[7]Ayibapreye Kelvin Benjamin, Priye Kenneth Ainah, BatoweiAriebi John, "Design and

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41