Practice Questions MT – 443, MT – 471

Error in a Function
Definition: A function is said to be differentiable at point ( x, y, z ) of  z is
f f f
f  x   y  z
x y z

The Formula for the relative error and Percentage error is

f f
Relative Error  Percentage Error  100
f f

Q1). Find the percentage error in the area of an ellipse when an error of 1 percent is made in
measuring the semi major and minor axis?
Q2). Find the hypotenuse of right angle triangle whose sides are 6.03 units and 7.96 units also find
the relative error?
Q3). A box is approximated by 3 by 4 by 5 feet, if each dimension is excess by 0.1 inch. Find the
length of the diagonal, also find the excess volume.
Q4). The base of a box is a square of a side 5.005 cm and its depth is 7.998 cm, find the volume
of a box also compute a relative and percentage error.

Solution of Non-Linear equation

Q1). The velocity v of a falling parachutist is given by

v
gm
c

1  e  (c m) t 
Where g  9.81 m/s2. For a parachutist with a drag coefficient c  15 kg/s. compute the mass
m so that the velocity v  36 m/s at time t  10 sec. Use the Secant and Newton’s Raphson
methods to determine m to a level of εs  0.1%. (Exact value of m =59.95928)
Q2). The velocity of the water v (m/s) as depicted in the figure is discharged from a cylindrical
tank through a long pipe can be computed as

 2 gH 
v  2 gH tanh  t
 2 L 

Where g  9.81 m/s2, H = initial head (m), L = pipe length (m), and t = elapsed time.
Determine the head needed to achieve v = 5 m/s in 2.5 sec for a 4 m long pipe by using the
Newton’s Raphson methods, employ initial value of H = 1.0 with a stopping criteria εs 
1%. (Exact value of H =1.33033)
Q3). Water is flowing in a trapezoidal channel at a rate of Q = 20 m3/s. The critical depth y for
such a channel must satisfy the equation
Q2
0  1 B
g Ac3
 Where g  9.81 m/s2, Ac = the cross-sectional area (m2), and B = the width of the channel at
the surface (m). For this case, the width and the cross-sectional area can be related to depth
y by
y2
B  3 y and Ac  3 y 
2
Solve for the critical depth using Secant method with initial values y0  0.5 and y1  2.5
Q4). You are required to design a spherical tank on hold water. The radius R  3.5 m . The volume
of liquid it can hold can be calculated as,
V   h2
4R  h
5
Where V  volume (m ), h  depth of the water tank (m) and R is the radius of tank (m)
3

To what depth (h) must the tank be filled so that it holds 45 cubic meters? Approximate your result
up to three decimal places.

Q5). According to Archimedes principle, the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of fluid
displaced by the submerged portion of an object. For the sphere depicted in Fig. P5.19, use
Newton Raphson method to determine the height h of the portion that is above water. Employ
the following values for your computation, r = 1, ρs  density of sphere = 200 kg/m3 and
ρw  density of water = 1000 kg/m3. Note that the volume of the above-water portion of the
sphere can be computed with

 h2
V (3r  h)
3

Solution
According to the question the given condition is
 sVs g   wVw g
4 3  h2
The volume of the above-water portion of the sphere is Vw   r  (3r  h)
3 3
4
The volume of sphere is Vs   r 3
3
Q6). The Manning equation can be written for a rectangular open channel as
2
 Practice Questions MT – 443, MT – 471

S ( BH ) 5 3
Q
n ( B  2H ) 2 3
Where Q = flow (m3/s), S = slope, H = depth, and n = Manning roughness coefficient.
Formulate a Newton Raphson Scheme to solve the above equation for H. Given that Q = 5,
S = 0.0002, B = 20, and n = 0.03.
Q7). The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is given by
RT a
p 
v  b v (v  b) T
Where T = absolute temperature (K) =  400 C , R = universal gas constant = 0.518 kJ/(kg K),
p = absolute pressure (kPa) = 65,000 (kPa), and v = the volume of a kg of gas (m3/kg), The
parameters a and b are calculated by
R 2Tc2.5 T
a  0.427 and b  0.0866 R c
pc pc
Where pc = critical pressure = 4600 (kPa), and Tc = critical temperature = 191 (K). Employ
iterative scheme to compute the volume of gas v.
Q8). The displacement of a structure is defined by the following equation for a damped oscillation
y  8 ek t cos ω t
Where k = 0.5 and   3 . Use the Newton-Raphson method to determine the root to εs 
0.01%.
Q9). A uniform beam subject to a linearly increasing distributed load. The equation for the
resulting elastic curve is
y
w0
120 EIL
 
 x5  2 L2 x3  L4 x

By using any iterative method to determine the maximum deflection (that is, the value of x
where dy/dx = 0). Then substitute this value into above equation to determine the value of
maximum deflection. Use the following parameter values in your computation: L = 450 cm,
E 5 50,000 kN/cm2, I = 30,000 cm4, and w0 = 1.75 kN/cm.

Q10). A total charge Q is uniformly distributed around a ring-shaped conductor with radius a. A
charge q is located at a distance x from the center of the ring as depicted in the figure. The
force exerted on the charge by the ring is given by
1 qQx
F
4   0 ( x 2  a 2 )3 2

Where  0  8.85 1012 C2/(N-m2. Find the distance x where the force is 1N if q and Q are
2 105 C for a ring with a radius of 0.9 m.
Solution of System of Linear Equations
Q1). An electronics company produces transistors, resistors, and computer chips. Each transistor
requires four units of copper, one unit of zinc, and two units of glass. Each resistor requires
three, three, and one units of the three materials, respectively, and each computer chip
requires two, one, and three units of these materials, respectively. Putting this information
into table form, we get:

Component Copper Zinc Glass

Transistors (x) 4 1 2
Resistors (y) 3 3 1
Computer chips (z) 2 1 3
Total 960 510 610

Supplies of these materials vary from week to week, so the company needs to determine a
different production run each week. For example, one week the total amounts of materials
available are 960 units of copper, 510 units of zinc, and 610 units of glass. Set up the system
of equations modeling and apply triangulation method to solve for the number of transistors,
resistors, and computer chips to be manufactured this week.

Q2). An electrical engineer supervises the production of three types of electrical components.
Three kinds of material—metal, plastic, and rubber—are required for production. The
amounts needed to produce each component are

Component Metal plastic Rubber

1 (x) 4 1 2
2 (y) 3 3 1
3 (z) 2 1 3
Total 3.89 0.095 0.282

Where metal, plastic and rubber are in gram per component. If totals of 3.89, 0.095, and
0.282 kg of metal, plastic, and rubber, respectively, are available each day, how many
components can be produced per day? Apply any technique to calculate the no. of
components that can be manufactured per day.

Q3). The following system of equations was generated by employing the mesh current law to the
circuit as depicted in the figure

55I1  25I 4   200

 37 I 3  4 I 4   250
 25I1  4 I 3  29 I 4  100
Find the currents I1, I3, and I4 by using the
Gauss-Seidel method

4
 Practice Questions MT – 443, MT – 471

Q4). The following system of equations was generated by employing the mesh current law to the
circuit as depicted in the figure
60 I1  40 I 2  200
 40 I1  150 I 2  100 I 3  0
 100 I 2  130 I 3  230

Find the currents I1, I2, and I3.

Q5). Idealized spring-mass systems have numerous applications throughout engineering. The
arrangement of four springs in series being depressed with a force of 2000 N. At equilibrium,
force-balance equations can be developed defining the interrelationships between the
springs,
k 2 ( x2  x1 )  k1 x1
k3 ( x3  x2 )  k 2 ( x2  x1 )
k 4 ( x4  x3 )  k3 ( x3  x2 )
F  k 4 ( x4  x3 )
Where the k’s are spring constants. If k1 through k4 are 50, 50, 75, and 225 N / m, respectively,
calculate the x’s.

Q6). Three blocks are connected by a weightless cord and rest on an inclined plane Applying
method to the one used in the analysis of the falling parachutists produces the following set
of simultaneous equations
100 a  T  519.72
50 a  T  R  216.55
25 a  R  108.28
Solve for acceleration a and the tensions T and R in the two ropes.

Lagrange Interpolation
Q1). Use the Lagrange interpolation formula calculate F (3.1) from the following table

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
F(x) 2 7 9 12 15 21

Q2). Find the unique polynomial P(x) of degree 4 or less such that P(1)  1, P(2)  9, P(3)  24,
P(4)  37, and P(5)  54 by using the Lagrange interpolation formula also compute P(3.6)

Q3). Using the Lagrange interpolation formula find the value of y when x = 9.5 from the following
table

x 5 7 9 11 13
y 7 10 12 14 19
Newton’s Forward and Backward Interpolation
Q1). Calculate the value of e1.76 from the following given data

x 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1

y = ex 5.47 6.05 6.68 7.39 8.17

Q2). The following data given the melting point of an alloy of Lead and Zinc. Find the melting
point of the alloy containing 86 percent of lead.

Percentage of Lead (p) 50 60 70 80 90

Temperature (Q 0C) 210 235 285 315 376

Q3). The population of a certain town is given in the following table. Estimate the population in
the years 1923 and 1959

Year 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

Population (in Thousands) 15.87 20.65 24.12 28.34 33.78

Curve Fitting
Q1). A chemical company is working to examine the effect of extraction time on the efficiency of
an extraction operation is obtained from the following data

x (Extraction time in minutes) 3 4 9 7 6 5

y (Efficiency) 11 12 17 14 19 20

Fit the following curves on the above data set

(i) Linear Curve
(ii) Quadratic Curve
(iii) Exponential Curve
Q2). Fit the linear and second degree curve on the following data
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 4.0496 5.0391 7.1698 10.2181 12.3194

Numerical Integration
Q1). Evaluate the following integral
4

 (1  x  4 x  2 x 5 ) dx
3

2

(a) Analytically (b) single application of the trapezoidal rule (c) composite trapezoidal rule
(d) Simpson one third and three-eighth rules (e) Compute Percentage Error.

Q2). Suppose that the upward force of air resistance on a falling object is proportional to the square
of the velocity. For this case, the velocity can be computed as

6
 Practice Questions MT – 443, MT – 471
1
gm  g cd 

0
v (t ) dt. v (t ) 
cd
tanh 
 m
t


Where cd = a second-order drag coefficient, g = 9.81 ms-2, m = 68.1 kg, and cd = 0.25 kgm-1
(a) Apply analytical integration to determine how far the object falls in 10 sec.
(b) Make the same evaluation, but compute the integral by using the Simpson rule when no.
of sub-intervals equal to 6. t [0 ,1]

Q3). An 11-m beam is subjected to a load, and the shear force follows the equation
V ( x)  5  0.25x 2
Where V is the shear force and x is length in distance along the beam. We know that
V  dM dx , and M is the bending moment. Integration gives the relationship
x
M  M 0   V dx
0

If Mo is zero and x = 11, calculate M using (a) analytical integration, (b) trapezoidal rule and
Simpson rules (one-third, and three-eighth) when no. of intervals equal to 7.

Q4). The work produced by a constant temperature, pressure volume thermodynamic process can
be computed as
W   p dV
Where W is work, p is pressure, and V is volume. Using a combination of the trapezoidal
rule, Simpson rules (one-third, and three-eighth), use the following data to compute the work
in kJ (kJ = kN - m)

Volume (m3) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0
Pressure (kPa) 336 294.4 266.4 260.8 260.5 249.6 193.6 165.6

Q5). A projectile is fired from the ground level, the acceleration of the projectile is described the
1
integral  f ( x) dx where f ( x)  2 x  1. Find the velocity of the projectile by using the
0
Simpson’s rule when interval is divided into seven sub-intervals and also find the total
distance covered by the projectile after 25 seconds and also compute the percentage error?

Q6). The cross-sectional area of a channel can be computed as

B


Ac  H ( y ) dy
0

Where B is the total channel width (m), H is the depth (m), and y is the distance from the
bank (m). In a similar fashion, the average flow Q (m3 s-1) can be computed as
B


Q  U ( y ) H ( y ) dy
0
 Where U is the water velocity (m/s). Use these relationships and a numerical method to
determine Ac and Q for the following data

x, m 0 3 6 9 12 15
H, m 0.5 1.3 1.25 1.7 1 0.25
U, m/s 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.12 0.11 0.02

Q8). If a capacitor initially holds no charge, the voltage across it as a function of time can be
computed as
t
1
V (t ) 
C0 
i (t ) dt

If C = 10 - 5 farad, use the following current data to develop a plot of voltage versus time

t, sec 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

i, 10-3 A 0.2 0.3683 0.3819 0.2282 0.0486 0.0082 0.1441

Q9). A river is 80 meter wide. The depth d in feet at a distance x ft. from one bank is given from
the following table.

x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
y 0 4 7 9 12 16 14 7 4

Find approximately the area of cross-section. The area of cross-section can be computed as
x

A  f ( x) dx
0

Q10). A rocket is launched from the ground level, its acceleration is registered during the first 45
45

seconds is described by the integral  f ( x) dx where

0
f ( x)  x e  x , by applying the

Simpson compute the velocity of the rocket at 45 seconds when no. of interval is divided in
to seven sub-intervals..

Q11). A solid of revolution is formed by rotating about x axis, the area between the x axis, the
lines x = 0 and x = 1, and the curve passing through the points with the following coordinates

x 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

y 5 5.5 6.0 6.75 6.25 5.5 4.0

Estimate the volume of the solid is generated. The volume of the solid of revolutions is
computed as
15

V   y 2 dx
0

8
 Practice Questions MT – 443, MT – 471

ODE’s Numerical Solution

dy
Q1). For the given differential equation  2 x  y, y (0)  1 . Compute y (1.0) by suing
dx
(i) Euler Method.
(ii) Modified Euler Method.
(iii) Runge-Kutta method of Order 4. (Taking step size h  0.25)
dy t  y
Q2). Solve the differential equation  , y (2)  2. Compute y (2.4) by using
dt t
(i) Euler Method.
(ii) Modified Euler Method.
(iii) Runge-Kutta method of Order 4. (Taking step size h  0.2. )
Also compare the results with actual solution. The actual solution is y(t )  t  ln (0.5 t )  1

Q3). Find the actual length of the steel tower y (t ) , if after an earthquake it started to deform with
dy 2
time t, modelled by the differential equation  t  2 yt  y 2 , y(0)  1 , h  0.2 at y(0.6) by
dt
using

(i) Euler Method.

(ii) Runge-Kutta method of Order 2.
(iii) Runge-Kutta method of Order 4.

Q4). An inductance of 0.2 Henneries and at a resistance of 0.5 ohm are connected in series with a
E.M.F E volts is modelled by the differential equation

  E  RI 
dI 1
dt L
Initially the current in the circuit at time t = 0 is zero. Calculate the current at the end of 7
seconds when E = 3 volts by using

(i) Euler Method.

(ii) Runge-Kutta method of Order 2.
(iii) Runge-Kutta method of Order 4. (Taking step size h  1.75 )

Also compare the results with actual solution. The actual solution is I (t )  5 1  e10t 
Note that the Runge –Kutta method of second order is the modified Euler method. The formula
for the R-K method of order 2 is,

k1  h f xn , yn 
k 2  h f xn  h, yn  k1 
k  0.5 k1  k 2 
yi 1  yi  k