COURSE CODE: IA 327 (ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

AND MAINTENANCE)
Module 1

2nd Semester, S.Y. 2021-2022

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What is electricity?
Imagine you and some of your friends standing in a circle. Each one of you represents a single
atom - the building block of all things, from apples to jet planes. Every atom has a nucleus at its
center and is surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Now, imagine each of you and your friends in
the circle holding a single ping-pong ball representing an electron. If you were to pass the ping-
pong balls/electrons around the circle, you would be replicating the flow of electricity.
Electricity is when electrons move from one atom to another, producing an electrical charge, in
much the same way the ping-pong balls were passed from one person in the circle to another. The
flow of electricity is called a current, which we measure in amperes (I), also known as amps.
Conductors, like Franklin's metal lightning rods, easily carry electric currents, while insulators,
like rubber, wood, or cloth, stop the flow of electricity.
Besides measuring electricity's current, we also measure its voltage, watts, and resistance.
The volt (V) is the power available to push electricity around a circuit. Think of it like the water
pressure in a pipe: the more voltage you have, the more quickly electricity flows through a
circuit. Resistance, to take the analogy further, would be pipe size and is measured in ohms (r).
We measure electrical power in watts, which is obtained by multiplying amps by volts.

The Ben Franklin Experiment

Probably the most famous experiment involving electricity, at least in the minds of American
school children, is when Benjamin Franklin tied a key to the end of a kite string and sent it into
the air during a lightning storm. The lightning struck the kite, traveled down the string to the key,
proving that lightning is a form of electricity. Franklin also proved that objects made of metal,
like the key, are good at conducting, or easily passing along electricity.
The story doesn't stop there, though. Franklin wasn't just outside in a storm with a kite and a key
for no reason - he was looking for a way to reduce the number of fires caused by lightning. After
proving that metal is a good conductor of electricity, he developed the lightning rod and placed
these structures at the top of buildings to keep them safe from fire (which was probably good for
the fire departments Franklin is also credited with developing).
A lightning rod attracts the electric charge from lightning and conducts it by wire down the side
of the house to a ground rod. This is something we in modern society somewhat take for granted,
but that's because lightning rods have been installed everywhere - for the very reasons Franklin
was concerned about!
 PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES OF ELECTRON
Electricity is a property of the basic particle of matter which, like an atom,
consists of proton, electron and neutron. The electron is the negatively charged
particle of an atom which is sometimes referred to as the negatively charge of
electricity. On the other hand, the proton is the positively charged particle of an
atom which is sometimes referred to as the positively charge of electricity that
weighs about 1850 times as much as the electron. The neutron is the particle
which is not electrically charged and weighs slightly more than proton.
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Molecular theory

1. All matters are made up of molecules.

2. All molecules are made up of atoms.
3. All the atoms contain neutron, electrons and protons.
5. The entire neutron is neutral, hence, neither positively nor
negatively charged.
6. The electron of an atom of any substance could be transferred to
anotheratom.

The electron theory

The electron theory states that all matter is made up of electricity.

Matter is anything which has weight, occupies space is made up of
molecules, of which millions of different kinds. The molecules in turn,
are made up of atoms of which are the smallest units of the several
elements and of a limited number. All atoms believed to be composed of
electrons, which are minute particle of negative electricity normally held
in place in each atom by positively charged particles called nucleus.
Thus, the electron, which are interlocked in the atoms, are constantly
revealing at great speeds in orbits around positive nuclei. In a normal
atom, the amount of negative electricity of the electrons is exactly
neutralized by an equal amount of opposite or positive electricity of the
nucleus. Thus, a normal atom exhibits no external sign of
electrification.

Structure of an atom

All atoms consist of two basic parts: a

Electron
body at the center of the atom called the
nucleus, orbiting around the nucleus.
Atoms may have more than one
Nucleus
orbiting electron, but each atom contains
only one nucleus.

The attraction between the nucleus and the Electron

Electron
electron is called electrostatic force, which
holds the electron in an orbit. Bodies that force holds
attract each other in this special electrostatic theelectron
way are described as charged object. The orbit.
electron carries the negative charge (-),
while the nucleus carries the positive charge Nucleus
(+). Nucleus
 The positive charge of the nucleus is
due to the particles called protons
which are found inside the nucleus Electron
and have a positive charge equal to
the electron’s negative charge.
Nucleus Proton
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The structure of neutrons in the atoms showing the position of

itsproton, electron, nucleus and neutron is shown below.

First Law of Electrostatics

The protons and electrons attract each other inside the atom. It has
been known that by nature, unlike charges (like the positive protons and
negative electrons) attract each other while like charges repel each other;
meaning, electrons and protons repel each other’s protons.
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

Hydropower is an energy obtained from flowing water. Energy in water can be

harnessed and used in the foot motive energy or temperature differences. The most
common application is the dam.
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Power produced by the fall of water from a higher to a lower level and extracted by
means of waterwheels or hydraulic turbines. Hydro-power is a natural resource
available wherever a sufficient volume of steady water flow exists

Nuclear Power is the method in which steam is produced by heating water

through a process called nuclear fission. In a nuclear power plant, a reactor
contains a core of nuclear fuel, primary enriched uranium. When atoms of
uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat neutrons.
Nuclear power is an electrical power produced from energy released by
controlled fission or fusion of atomic nuclei in a nuclear reaction. Mass is
converted into energy and the amount of released energy greatly exceeds that
from chemical processes such as combustion.

Solar Power is a power derived from the energy of the sun. A radiant energy
produced in the Sun as a result of nuclear fusion reactions. It istransmitted to the
earth through space by electromagnetic radiation in quanta of energycalled photons
which interact with the earth’s atmosphere and surface.
 Wind Power is the kinetic energy of wind or the extraction of this energy by wind
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turbines. Windmill machine converts wind into useful energy. This energy is
derived from the force of wind acting on oblique blades or sails that radiate from a
shaft. The turning shaft may beconnected to machinery used to perform such work
as milling grain, pumping water, or generating electricity. When the shaft is
connected to a load, such as a pump, the device is typically called a windmill. When
it is used to generate electricity, it is known as a wind turbine generator.

Fossil Fuel Power Plant (FFPP) – (also known as steam electric power
plant in the US, thermal power plant in Asia, or power station in UK). The most
common source of energy is fossil fuel.

Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuel is formed from the
remains of plant and animals which live thousands of years ago. The burning of
those fossil fuel provides energy which can be used to generate electricity.

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 Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried beneath the surface of the earth.
In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to
heat underground water into steam which can be tapped for use in steam- turbine
plants.

Geothermal Power is the energy extracted from the heat generated by natural
concentrations of hot water and steam in the earth’s interior. It can be used in
electric power generation and direct heat applications such as space heating and
industrial drying processes.
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Tides is another kind of energy that involves water.Ocean tides can be used to turn
turbines to generate electricity. For this to be possible, a dam must be built across the
month of a bay. Water then in trappedbehind the dam at the high tide. At the low
tide, the water is allowed to run out through the dam and used to turn on electrical
generator.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-electricity-definition-lesson-quiz.html

https://www.scribd.com/presentation/353532281/Principles-and-Theories-of-Electron
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