TABLEOFCONTENTS

PageNo.

1.
0INTRODUCTI
ONTOCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ONS.
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. 3
2.
0ORGANI
ZATI
ONSTRUCTURE.
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. 4
2.
1Def
ini
ti
onofor
gani
zat
ion.
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.5
2.
2 WhySt
udyOr
gani
zat
ion.
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2.
3 For
mal
andI
nfor
mal
Organi
zat
ions.
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2,
4 Theor
iesofOr
gani
zat
ions.
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8
3.
0 ORGANI
ZATI
ONSTRUCTURE.
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.. 13
3.
1 Obj
ect
ivesofOr
gani
zat
ionSt
ruct
ure.
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.13
3.
2 Lev
elsofOr
gani
zat
ion.
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.13
3.
3 El
ement
s/Di
mensi
onsofOr
gani
zat
ional
Str
uct
ure.
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.14
3.
4 Pr
inci
plesofOr
gani
zat
ion.
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..17
3.
5 Pol
i
cyi
nCommuni
tyBasedOr
gani
zat
ions.
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18
3.
6 Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofOr
gani
zat
ions.
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20
4.
0 ORGANI
ZATI
ONGOALS.
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.. 23
4.
1 I
mpor
tanceofor
gani
zat
ionsgoal
sinsoci
ety
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. 23
2 Cl
4. assi
fi
cat
ionofOr
gani
zat
ionGoal
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.. 24
4.
3 Ev
aluat
ionofOr
gani
zat
ionGoal
s.
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.26
4
4. Or
gani
zat
ionCul
tur
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.30
4.
5 Ty
pesofor
gani
zat
ional
cul
tur
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5.
0CHANGEI
NCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ONS.
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. 33
5.
1 CausesofChangei
nanOr
gani
zat
ion.
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33
5.
2 Causesofr
esi
stantt
ochangei
nanor
gani
zat
ion.
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34
5.
3 Techni
quesofManagi
ngChangei
nanOr
gani
zat
ion.
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35
6.
0LEADERSHI
PINCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ONS[
CBOs)
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.38
6.
1 Ty
pesofLeader
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..39
6.
2 Funct
ionsofaLeader
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.39
7.
0MOTI
VATI
ONI
NCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ON.
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.. 42 7.
1
I
mpor
tanceofMot
ivat
ion.
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.46
7.
2 Chal
l
engesofMot
ivat
iononCBO.
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..47
8.
0MANAGEMENTOFCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ONS.
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.. 48
8.
1 Theor
iesofManagement
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.48
8.
2 ManagementFunct
ions.
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51
8.
3 St
rat
egi
cPl
anni
ng.
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..52
8.
4 Or
gani
zi
ngFunct
ion.
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53
9.
0 PARTNERSHI
PINCBO'
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.. 56
9.
1 Ty
pesofPar
tner
shi
ps.
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.56
9.
2 St
rat
egi
esofFor
mingPar
tner
shi
p..
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.56
9.
4 I
mpactofPar
tner
shi
ponCommuni
tyAct
iv
it
ies.
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10.
0 CAPACI
TYBUI
LDI
NGI
NCBOs.
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. 60
1 I
10. mpor
tanceofCapaci
tyBui
l
dingi
nCBOy
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10.
2 Ty
pesofCapaci
tyBui
l
ding.
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103 I
mpactofCapaci
tyBui
l
dingi
nCommuni
tyOr
gani
zat
ions.
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61
1.
0 CONFLI
CTI
NCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ON.
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.63
11.
1ConsequencesofConf
li
ct.
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.65
11.
2Psy
chol
ogi
cal
Def
ensi
veResponsest
oConf
li
ct.
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.66
12.
0 POWERANDPOLI
TICSI
NCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ONS.
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..68
12.
1Nat
ureofPowerandPol
i
ti
cs.
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12.
2Sour
cesofPower
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12.
3Pol
i
ti
cal
Tact
ics.
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12.
4Acqui
si
ti
onandEf
fect
iveuseofPower.
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..70
15.
0 EMERGI
NGTRENDSI
NCBOs.
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.72
14.
0 REFERENCES.
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..76
1.
0INTRODUCTI
ONTOCOMMUNI
TYBASEDORGANI
ZATI
ONS.

Def
ini
ti
on
Communi
ty-Acommuni
tycanbeusedt
oref
ert
oageogr
aphi
clocal
i
tyandi
ts
r
esi
dent
s.Jonas
en1959ment
ionst
hatac
ommuni
tyi
sus
edi
nev
ery
dayl
anguaget
o
r
efern a numberofper
sons who hav
e si
mil
ari
nter
est
s e.
g.t
he spor
ti
ng
communi
tyort
hebus
ines
scommuni
ty
.Kauf
man(
1972-78-
79)i
ndi
cat
est
hatt
he
t
ermc
ommuni
tyr
efer
s
t
othel
ocal
communi
tyorl
ocal
i
ty.
Wil
son(
1912)sawcommuni
ti
esasacompl
exof
economi
candsoci
alpr
ocessesi
nwhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
sfi
ndt
hesat
isf
act
iont
hatar
e
notsuppl
i
edwi
thi
nthei
rhome.Or
gani
zat
ion-War
ren(
1955:292)poi
ntsoutt
hat
or
gani
zat
ionsar
eresour
ceswhi
che
nabl
eme
mbe
rsofac
ommuni
tyt
owor
ktoge
the
r
t
ome
ett
hei
rne
eds
.
Wi
l
edon(
1970:
171)v
iewsanor
gani
zat
ionasi
ndi
vi
dual
sinagi
vensi
tuat
ionwho
mut
ual
l
yagr
eet
owor
ktoget
herf
orat
tai
nmentofc
ert
ainobj
ect
iv
es.
Organi
zat
ionsar
e
al
sov
iewedasacol
l
ect
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
sfor
medi
ntoacoor
dinat
edofspeci
ali
zed
act
ivi
ti
esf
ort
hepur
poseofachi
evi
ngcer
tai
ngoal
sov
ersomel
edpe
riodoft
ime
e
vent
houghi
ndi
vi
dual
membe
rshi
pmayc
hange
.
Communi
tybasedor
gani
zat
ions-t
hesear
esoci
alagenci
est
hatconsi
stofa
col
l
ect
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
sfor
medi
ntoac
oor
dinat
eds
yst
emofs
pec
ial
i
zedac
tiv
it
iesf
or
t
hepur
pos
e«t
~achi
evi
ngcer
tai
ngoal
sov
ersomeex
tendedper
iodoft
imeev
en
t
houghi
ndi
vi
dualme
mbe
rshi
psmayc
hangeandt
heyar
espe
cif
ical
l
ybas
edi
na
c
ommuni
ty
.
Hi
stor
ical
backgr
oundofcommuni
tybasedor
gani
zat
ions(
CBO'
s)

CBO"
shav
eit
sroot
sinAmer
icans
oci
alwor
kwher
esoc
ialwor
ksc
hool
sini
ti
al
ly
t
aughtc
asewor
k,gr
oupwor
kandc
ommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ions
.Smi
th(
1979:
52)not
es
t
hatc
ase
wor
kwasal
sot
aughtbys
oci
als
chooli
n Br
it
ain,buti
nter
esti
ncommuni
ty
or
gani
zat
ionsc
amef
romf
iel
dwor
kpr
act
i
cer
athe
rthanf
roms
oci
alwor
kthe
ory
.
Bi
ddl
eandBi
ddl
e(1965)not
est
hatt
heemphasi
sofcommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ionsi
s
st
ruct
uredi
nthesenset
hati
tper
cei
vest
hecommuni
tyasmadeupofgr
oups
andor
gani
zat
ionswhoseoper
ati
onsneedt
obecoor
dinat
ed.CBO'
sar
econcer
n
wi
thbot
hpubl
i
candpr
iv
atewel
far
eofi
ndi
vi
dual
sint
hec
ommuni
ty
.CBO'
sal
so
emphas
izesonf
crai
si
ngoff
undst
osuppor
tthei
rwor
k,
Rot
hmanpoi
ntsoutt
hati
twasnotunt
il1947t
hatseni
orsanal
ysi
soft
he
t
heor
eti
cal
aspect
sofcommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ionswasst
art
edwhi
chl
atergav
eri
se
t
oNGO'
sandCBO'
s.

I
nKeny
aCBO'
semer
gedf
romt
hes
oci
alwel
far
eor
gani
zat
ionwhi
chwases
tabl
i
shed
i
nIW6,
ItwasheadedbyaMr
.Tom As
kwi
thasc
ommi
ssi
onerf
ors
oci
alwel
far
e.I
n
1954,Acs
oci
alwel
far
eor
gani
zat
ionbec
omeoneoft
hedepar
tment
soft
het
hen
newl
ycr
eat
edMi
ni
str
yofCommuni
tyDev
elopment
.Itr
emai
nedi
nthi
sMi
ni
str
yunt
il
ar
ound1963.Thi
sdepar
tmentencour
agedsel
f-
hel
pgr
oups.CBO'
sroset
otak
e
cont
rol
ofmostoft
hes
elf
-hel
pgr
oups
.CBO'
sar
ewel
lor
gani
zedor
gani
zat
ionsand
wor
kfort
hebenef
itoft
hec
ommuni
tyt
heywor
kin.

Someoft
heac
tiv
it
iesc
arr
iedoutbyCBO'
sinc
lude:
-
• Communi
tybet
ter
ment
• Heal
thands
oci
alwel
far
e
• Homei
mpr
ovement
s
• Bet
terbus
ines
s
• Youngpeopl
e'
sint
erest
s
• Bet
terf
armi
ng
• Soc
ial
enj
oyment
.

I
nKeny
aCBO'
sar
eregi
ster
edbyt
hedepar
tmentofSoci
alSer
vices.
Thedepar
tment
i
scur
rent
lywi
thi
ntheMi
ni
str
yofGender
,Spor
tsandSoc
ial
ser
vi
ces
.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofCommuni
tyBasedOr
gani
zat
ions
• CBO'
sar
eper
manentnon-
prof
itmak
ingor
gani
zat
ions
.
• Theyar
ecommuni
tyowned-t
hei
rsur
viv
aldependsont
hesuppor
tof
fer
ed
bycommuni
ti
est
heyser
ve.
• CBO'
smustr
egi
sterwi
tht
heMi
nist
ryofGender
,Spor
tsandsoci
alser
vices
i
nthei
rrespect
ivedi
str
ictof
fi
ces
• Theyi
ni
ti
atenewands
mal
lsc
alepr
ojec
ts.
• The
yemphas
izec
ommuni
typar
ti
ci
pat
ion.
• Theyar
eaut
onomous
• Theyar
eef
fi
ci
entandef
fect
ive.
• Theyf
ost
erpeopl
e'
ssel
frel
i
ance
•Theydev
elophumanr
esour
ces,
incl
udi
ngl
ocal
leader
shi
pandor
gani
zat
ions
• The
yfoc
usonc
ommuni
tyl
eve
lde
vel
opme
nt.
2.
0ORGANI
ZATI
ONSTRUCTURE

2.
1Def
ini
ti
onofor
gani
zat
ion
Far
nhamandHor
tondef
ineor
gani
zat
ionsassoci
alconst
ruct
scr
eat
edbygr
oups
t
oachi
evespeci
fi
cpur
posesbymeansofpl
annedandco-
ordi
nat
edact
ivi
ti
es.
act
ivi
ti
esi
nvol
veusi
nghumanr
esour
cest
oacti
nassoci
ati
onwi
tht
hei
r
i
nani
mat
e:esi
nor
dert
oachi
evet
heai
msoft
heor
gani
zat
ion.
Or
gani
zat
ioni
sal
sodef
inedasacol
l
ect
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,f
ormedi
ntoa
coor
dinat
edcol
l
ect
ionper
for
mingspeci
ali
zedact
ivi
ti
esf
ort
hepur
poseof
achi
evi
ngcer
tai
ngoal
sov
ersomeper
iodoft
imeev
ent
houghi
ndi
vi
dual
'
s
member
shi
pmaychange.
Robbi
nsi
nhi
sbook"
Ther
eal
i
tyofManagement
"thi
rdedi
ti
ondef
inesan
or
gani
zat
ionconsci
ousl
yco-
ordi
nat
edsoci
aluni
tcomposedoft
woormor
e
peopl
efort
hepur
poseofsomecommonex
pli
citgoal
,thr
oughdi
vi
sionofl
abour
andt
hroughhi
erar
chyofaut
hor
it
yandr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.
2WhySt
2. udyOr
gani
zat
ion
1.Theyper
vadesoci
all
i
fe,
peopl
ear
ebor
nbr
oughtup,
li
veanddi
ein
or
gani
zat
ionsi
.
e.hos
pit
als
,fami
l
ieset
c
2.Peopl
ear
esoc
ial
i
zedandr
ear
edi
nor
gani
zat
ions
.Manc
annotav
oid
or
gani
zat
ions
,whenev
erpeopl
ethi
nkofal
ter
nat
iv
est
oor
gani
zat
ions
;thos
e
al
ter
nat
iv
est
urnoutt
obeor
gani
zat
ions
.Theyc
omei
ntobei
ngi
noneort
wo
way
s.
3.Theyenabl
eobj
ect
iv
est
obeachi
evedt
hatcoul
dnotbeachi
evedbyt
he
ef
for
tsofi
ndi
vi
dual
sont
hei
rown.
Or
gani
zat
ionsar
eani
ntegr
atedpar
tofs
oci
etyi
nvol
vi
ngbot
hpubl
i
candpr
iv
ate
s
ect
ors
.Ther
ear
emanydi
ff
erentt
ypesofor
gani
zat
ionswhi
char
esetupt
oser
vea
numberofdi
ff
erentpur
posesandt
omeetav
ari
etyofneeds.Or
gani
zat
ionscome
i
nal
lfor
ms,
shapesandsi
zes.Thest
ruct
ure,
managementandf
unct
ioni
ngof
or
gani
zat
ionsv
arybec
aus
eofdi
ff
erenc
esi
nthenat
ureandt
ypeofor
gani
zat
ion,
thei
r
per
spec
tiv
esgoal
sandobj
ect
iv
eandt
hebe
hav
iourofpe
opl
ewhowor
kwi
tht
hem.
Commonf
act
orsi
nor
gani
zat
i
ons
Despi
tet
hedi
ff
erencesamongv
ari
ousor
gani
zat
ions,t
her
ear
eatl
eastt
hree
commonf
act
orsi
nanyor
gani
zat
i
on.
 • Peopl
e
• Obj
ect
ives
• St
ruc
tur
e
I
tist
hei
nter
act
ionofpeopl
ewhohel
pachi
eveobj
ect
iveswhi
chf
ormt
hebasi
s
ofanor
gani
zat
ion.Somef
orm ofst
ruct
urei
sneededbywhi
chpeopl
e'
s
i
nter
act
ionsandef
for
tsar
echannel
edandcoor
dinat
ed.Howev
er,
some
pr
ocessofmanagementi
srequi
redsot
hatt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heor
gani
zat
ion,
andt
heef
for
tsofi
tsmember
s,ar
edi
rec
tedandc
ont
rol
l
edt
owar
dst
hepur
sui
t
ofobj
ect
iv
es.
Theac
tual
eff
ect
iv
enes
soft
heor
gani
zat
iondependsupont
he
qual
i
tyofi
tspeopl
e,i
tsobj
ect
iv
esands
truc
tur
e,andt
her
esour
cesav
ail
abl
etoi
t.

Ther
ear
etwobr
oadc
ategor
iesoft
hes
eres
our
ces
.
• Non-
human-phy
sic
alas
set
,mat
eri
al
sandf
aci
l
it
ies
• Human-member
sabi
l
iti
esandi
nfl
uenceandt
hei
rmanagement
.

23For
mal
andI
nfor
mal
Organi
zat
ions

For
mal
Orga
niz
ati
on

Thi
sist
hepl
annedcoor
dinat
ionoft
heact
ivi
ti
esofanumberofpeopl
efort
he
achi
evementofsomecommon,
expl
i
citpur
poseorgoal
thr
oughdi
vi
si
onofl
abour
andf
unct
ionandt
hroughhi
erar
chyofaut
hor
it
iesandr
espons
ibi
l
it
y. Thef
orma
or
gani
zat
ion

De
li
ber
ate
lypl
anne
dandc
reat
edConc
ernwi
tht
hec
oor
dinat
ionofac
ti
vi
ti
es. Hi
erar
chi
cal
l
y
s
truc
tur
edwi
ths
tat
edobj
ect
iv
es,andBasedoncer
tai
npr
inci
ples suchast
he
speci
fi
cat
ionoft
asks,anddef
inedr
elat
ions
hipsofaut
hor
it
yandr
espons
ibi
l
it
y.

Thef
ormalor
gani
zat
ionc
anbes
eenasac
oal
i
ti
onofi
ndi
vi
dual
swi
thanumberof
s
ubc
oal
i
ti
on.
Member
shi
poft
hec
oal
i
ti
ondependsupont
het
ypeofor
gani
zat
ionbut
c
oul
dincl
ude manager
s,admi
nist
rat
ors,wor
ker
s,uni
on of
fi
ci
al
s,l
eader
s of
i
nter
estgr
oups,;-
cus
tome
rcl
i
ent
s,pat
rons
,donor
s,s
pec
ial
i
sts
,cons
ult
ant
sand
r
epr
ese
ntat
iv
esofe
xte
rnal

Pr
act
ical
l
y,al
lt
hel
argeor
gani
zat
ionsoft
hemodemsoci
etysuchasf
act
ori
es,
off
ice
,compl
exessuper
mar
ket
sandschool
s,ar
efor
malst
ruct
ures.Toanext
ent
,
f
ormal
organi
zat
ionsi
nmoder
nsoci
eti
eshav
etakenov
ersuppl
ement
edf
unct
ions
pr
evi
ousl
ype
rfor
medbyf
ami
l
y,k
ins
hipandc
ommuni
tygr
oups
.
I
nfor
mal
organi
zat
i
ons
I
nfor
malor
gani
zat
ionsdev
elopandex
istwi
thi
nal
lfor
malor
gani
zat
ions
.Theyar
e
f
reel
y cr
eat
ed by soci
algr
oup'
srel
ati
onshi
ps out
side and i
nsi
de f
ormal
or
gani
zat
ions.Theyar
isef
rom i
nter
act
ionofpeopl
ewor
kingi
ntheor
gani
zat
ion,
t
hei
rpsy
chol
ogi
cal
andsoci
alneedsandt
hedev
elopmentofgr
oupswi
tht
hei
rown
r
elat
ionshi
psandnor
msofbehav
iouri
rr
espec
tiv
eoft
hos
edef
inedwi
tht
hef
ormal
s
truc
tur
e.
• Thef
ormal
organi
zat
ioni
sfl
exi
bl
eandl
oos
elys
truc
tur
ed
• Rel
ati
ons
hipsmaybel
eftundef
ined
• Me
mbe
rshi
piss
pont
ane
ousandwi
thv
ary
ingde
gre
esofi
nvol
veme
nts
Func
ti
onsofani
nfor
mal
organi
zat
i
on
 I
tpr
ovi
dessat
isf
act
ionoft
hemember
s'soci
alneeds,
andser
vet
he
pur
poseper
sonal
ident
it
yandbel
ongi
ng.
 I
tpr
ovi
desf
oraddi
ti
onal
channel
sofcommuni
cat
ionf
orex
ampl
ethr
ough
he:
;
t grapev
ine"i
nfor
mat
ionofi
mpor
tancet
opar
ti
cul
armember
sis
communi
cat
edqui
ckl
y.
 I
tpr
ovi
desameansofmot
iv
ati
on-f
orex
ampl
e,t
houghs
tat
us,
soc
ial
i
nter
act
ion,
var
iet
yinr
out
ineort
edi
ousj
obsandi
nfor
mal
met
hodsofwor
k.
 I
tpr
ovi
desaf
eel
i
ngst
abi
l
ityandsecur
it
yandt
hroughi
nfor
mal
'nor
ms'
of
behav
iourcanexer
ciseaf
orm ofcont
rol
overmember
s.
 I
tpr
ovi
desameansofhi
ghl
i
ght
ingdef
ici
enci
esorweaknessesi
nthe
f
ormal
organi
zat
ion—f
orex
ampl
e,ar
easofdut
iesorr
espons
ibi
l
it
iesnot
c
over
edi
njobdescr
ipt
ionsorout
dat
edsy
stemsandpr
ocedur
es.I
tsmay
al
sobeusedwhenf
ormal
met
hodswoul
dtak
elong,
ornotbeappr
opr
iat
e,t
o
deal
wit
hanunus
ual
orunf
ore
see
nsi
t
uat
i
on.
Thei
nfor
malor
gani
zat
iont
her
efor
ehasani
mpor
tanti
nfl
uenceont
hemor
ale,
i
on;j
obsat
isf
act
ionandper
for
manceofst
aff
.Itcanpr
ovi
demember
swi
th
oppor
tuni
tyt
ouset
hei
rini
ti
ati
veandcr
eat
ivi
tyi
nbot
hper
sonalandi
ona
lde
vel
opme
nt.

Compone
ntsofanor
gani
zat
i
on
Anyor
gani
zat
ioncanbedescr
ibed,
broadl
yint
ermsofanoper
ati
ngcomponentand
anadmi
ni
st
rat
i
vec
ompone
nt.
Theoper
ati
vecomponent-Thi
scompr
isesoft
hepeopl
ewhoact
ual
l
yunder
take
t
hewor
kofpr
oduci
ngt
hepr
oduct
sorser
vices.
Theadmi
nist
rat
ivecomponent-compr
isesofmanager
sandanal
yst
sandi
s
concer
nedwi
thsuper
visi
onandco-
ordi
nat
ion.Usi
ngt
hedescr
ipt
ionoft
het
wo
component
s,t
hewor
kor
gani
zat
ioncanbegr
oupedi
nter
msoff
ivebasi
ccompone
nts
.
 Theoper
ati
onal
cor
e-Thi
sisc
onc
ernedwi
thdi
rec
tper
for
manc
eoft
he
t
echni
cal
andpr
oduct
iveoper
ati
onsandi
sinv
olv
edt
hecar
ryi
ngoutof
act
ual
taskact
ivi
ti
esoft
heor
gani
zat
ion.
E.g.
peopl
eteac
hingac
las
sroom,
t
reat
ingapat
ient
,cook
ingmeal
sinahot
el,
ser
vingi
nabank,
repai
ri
ngahol
e
ont
her
oadet
c.
 Oper
ati
onal
suppor
t-I
tsconcer
nedwi
tht
het
echni
cal
orpr
oduct
ivepr
ocess
butc
los
elyr
elat
edt
otheac
tual
fl
owofoper
ati
onal
wor
k,f
orex
ampl
epeopl
e
wor
kingi
nqual
i
tycont
rol
,wor
kst
udy
,pr
ogr
esspl
anni
ng,st
orekeepi
ng,
t
echni
cal
ser
vi
ces
,wor
ksmai
nte
nanc
eet
c.
 Or
gani
zat
ional
suppor
t-I
tisc
onc
ernedwi
thpr
ovi
si
onofs
erv
icesf
ort
he
whol
eor
gani
zat
ioni
ncl
udi
ngt
heoper
ati
onal
cor
ebutwhi
char
eusual
l
y
out
sidet
heact
ualf
lowofoper
ati
onal
wor
k,f
orexampl
epeopl
ewor
kingi
n
per
sonnel
,medi
cal
ser
vices,
cant
een,
managementaccount
ing,
off
ice
ser
viceset
c.
 Topmanagement-i
sconcer
nedwi
thbr
oadobj
ect
ivesandpol
i
cies,
st
rat
egi
cdeci
si
ons,
thewor
koft
heor
gani
zat
ionasawhol
eand
i
nter
act
ionswi
thex
ter
nal
env
ironmentf
orex
ampl
e,Managi
ngDi
rect
or,
Gov
ernor
s,ManagementTeam,
Chi
efExecut
ive,
Boar
dofDi
rect
orsand
counci
lmember
s.
 Mi
ddl
emanagement-i
s concer
nedwi
th co-
ordi
nat
ionandi
ntegr
ati
on
ofact
ivi
ti
esandpr
ovi
dingl
i
nkswi
thoper
ati
onal
suppor
tst
affand
or
gani
zat
ional
suppor
tst
aff
,andbe
twe
ent
heope
rat
ional
cor
eandt
op
manage
ment
.

Compar
isonoff
ormal
andi
nfor
mal
organi
zat
ions

char
act
eri
sti
cs For
mal
organi
zat
ion I
nfor
mal
organi
zat
ion
1.St
ruct
ure
a.Or
igi
n Pl
anned Spont
aneous
b.Rat
ional
e Rat
ional Emot
ional
/Ir
rat
ional
c.Char
act
eri
sti
cs St
abl
e Dy
nami
c
2.
Posi
ti
ont
ermi
nol
ogy Job Rol
e
3.Goal
s Pr
ofi
tabi
l
ityorser
vicet
o Membersat
isf
act
ion
soci
ety
4.I
nfl
uence
a.Base Posi
ti
on Per
sonal
i
ty
b.
Type Aut
hor
it
y Power
c.Fl
ow Top-
down Bot
tom-
up
5.Cont
rol Thr
eatoff
ir
ing,
demot
ions Phy
sical
orsoci
alsanct
ions
mechani
sms (
nor
ms)
6.Communi
cat
ions
a.Channel
s For
mal
channel Gr
apev
ine
b.Net
wor
ks Wel
ldef
ined,
fol
l
owf
ormal Poor
lydef
ine,
cutacr
ossr
egul
ar
l
i
nes channel
s
c.Speed Fast
d.Accur
acy Sl
ow Low
Hi
gh
7.Char
ti
ngt
he Or
gani
zat
ionchar
t
or
gani
zat
ion
8.Mi
scel
l
aneous
a.I
ndi
vi
dual
sincl
uded Al
li
ndi
vi
dual
sinwor
kgr
oup Onl
ythoseaccept
abl
e
b.I
nter
per
sonal Pr
escr
ibedbyj
obdescr
ipt
ion Ar
isespont
aneousl
y
r
elat
ions Assi
gnedbyor
gani
zat
ion Resul
tofmember
shi
pagr
eement
c.Leader
shi
prol
e
Funct
ional
dut
iesorposi
ti
ons Per
sonal
char
act
eri
sti
cs,
ethni
c
d.basi
sofi
nter
act
ion backgr
ounds,
stat
us

e.Basi
sofat
tachment Cohesi
veness
30ORGANI
ZATI
ONSTRUCTURE

Thi
sist
he di
vi
si
on ofwor
kamong member
s oft
he or
gani
zat
ion,and t
he
coor
dinat
ionoft
hei
ract
ivi
ti
esso t
heyar
edi
rect
ed t
owar
dst
hegoal
sand
obj
ect
ivesoft
heor
gani
zat
ion.

St
ruct
urei
sthepat
ter
nofr
elat
ionshi
pamongposi
ti
onsi
ntheor
gani
zat
ionand
amongmember
soft
heor
gani
zat
ion.St
ruct
uremakespossi
blet
heappl
i
cat
ionof
t
hepr
ocessofmanagementandcr
eat
esaf
ramewor
kofor
derandcommand
t
hrough whi
ch t
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heor
gani
zat
ioncanbepl
anned,or
gani
zed,
di
rect
edandcont
rol
l
ed.Thest
ruct
uredef
inest
ask
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties,wor
k
r
olesandr
elat
ionshi
ps,
andchannel
sofc
ommuni
cat
ion.
I
tis al
way
simpor
tantt
o cont
inual
l
yrev
iew t
he st
ruct
ure ofany f
ormal
or
gani
zat
iont
oensur
ethati
tist
hemostappr
opr
iat
efor
mfort
hepar
ti
cul
ar
or
gani
zat
ion,
andi
nkeepi
ngwi
thi
tsgr
owt
handdev
elopment
.

3.
1Obj
ect
ivesofOr
gani
zat
ionSt
ruct
ure

Theeconomi
candef
fi
ci
entper
for
manceoft
heor
gani
zat
ionandt
hel
evelof
r
esour
ceut
il
i
zat
ion.
•Moni
tor
ingt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heor
gani
zat
ion.
•Account
ingf
orar
easofwor
kunder
takenbygr
oupsandi
ndi
vi
dual
member
s
oft
heor
gani
zat
ion.
•Coor
dinat
ionofdi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
heor
gani
zat
ionanddi
ff
erentar
easofwor
k.
•Fl
exi
bil
i
tyi
nor
dert
orespondt
ofut
uredemandsanddev
elopment
s,andt
o
adaptt
ochangi
ngenv
ironment
ali
nfl
uences.
•Thesoci
alsat
isf
act
ionofmember
swor
kingi
ntheor
gani
zat
ion.

3.
2'Lev
elsofOr
gani
zat
ion
Organizat
ions arel ayer
ed.Di f
ferentres ponsibi
l
it
ies,authori
tyand pol
icy and
deci si
on maki ngar ecarr
iedoutbydi ff
er entpeopleatvaryi
nglevel
sof
seniori
tythroughoutt heorganizati
onstructure.Therear
et hreei
nter
-rel
ated
l
evelsinanor ganizati
onshierar
chicalst
ructure.

TheTechni
cal
Lev
el:
-Thi
slev
eli
sconcer
nedwi
thspeci
fi
coper
ati
onsand
di
scr
eter
isks.wi
tht
heact
ual
jobort
askst
obedone,
andwi
thper
for
manceof
t
echni
calf
unct
ionForex
ampl
e,t
hephy
sical
product
ionofgoodsi
na
manuf
act
uri
ngf
ir
m ort
heac
tual
proc
essoft
eac
hingi
naneduc
ati
onal
es
tabl
i
shment
. TheManager
ial
Lev
el:
-
I
tisconcer
nedwi
tht
hecoor
dinat
ionandi
ntegr
ati
onofwor
katt
het
echni
cal
lev
el
i
.e.deci
si
onatt
hemanager
ial
lev
elr
elat
etot
her
esour
ces-
necessar
yfor
per
for
manceoft
het
echni
cal
funct
ionandt
othebenef
ici
ari
esoft
hepr
oductor
ser
vicespr
ovi
ded.
Member
soft
heor
gani
zat
ionatt
hisl
evel
areconcer
nedwi
th:
(
i) Medi
ati
ngbet
weent
heor
gani
zat
ionandi
tsex
ter
nal
env
ir
onments
uchast
he
us
ersoft
heor
gani
zat
ion'
spr
oduc
tandt
hepr
ocur
ementofr
esour
ces
,(i
i
) The
admi
nist
rat
iveoft
hei
nter
nal
aff
air
sort
heor
gani
zat
ioni
ncl
udi
ngt
hec
ont
rol
of
t
heoper
ati
onsoft
het
echni
cal
func
tion.
TheCommuni
tyLev
el;
,-Thi
slev
eli
sconcer
nedwi
thbr
oadobj
ect
ivesandt
hewor
k
of:or
gani
zat
ionasawhol
e.Themanager
iall
eveli
nter
rel
ateswi
tht
hisl
evel
.Iti
s
al
sor
efer
eedt
oasi
nst
it
uti
onal
lev
el.
Deci
sionsatt
hisl
evel
wil
lbeconcer
nedwi
th
t
hesel
ect
ionofoper
ati
onsandt
hedev
elopmentoft
heor
gani
zat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
o
ex
ter
nalagenci
esandt
hewi
dersoci
alenv
ironment
.Exampl
esofcommuni
ty
l
evel
swi
thi
n:or
gani
zat
i
onsi
ncl
ude
:.Theboar
dofdi
rec
tor
sofj
oi
nts
toc
kcompani
es.
2.Gov
erni
ngbodi
esofeduc
ati
ones
tabl
i
shment
sinc
ludi
ngex
ter
nal
repr
esent
ati
ves
,
i
.
e.Boar
dofGov
ernor
s
3.Tr
ust
eesofnon-
prof
itor
gani
zat
ions
.
Thesebodi
espr
ovi
deamedi
ati
ngl
i
nkbet
weent
hemanager
ial
organi
zat
ionand.
coor
dinat
ionofwor
koft
het
echni
cal
organi
zat
ionsandt
hewi
dercommuni
ty
i
nter
est
s.Cont
rol
oft
heor
gani
zat
ionsatt
hisl
evel
canbeexer
cisedby
,legi
slat
ion,
codesofs
tandar
dsorgoodpr
act
ice,
tradeorpr
ofes
sional
ass
oci
ati
ons
,pol
i
ti
cal
or
gov
ernment
al_a
nd publ
i
cint
ere
st,
3.
3El
ement
s/Di
mensi
onsofOr
gani
zat
ional
Str
uct
ure

PughD.
Sinhi
sar
ti
cl
e"Or
gani
zat
ionsasPsy
chol
ogi
cal
Env
ironment
s"i
dent
if
iessi
x
v
ari
abl
est
hatdet
ermi
nedi
mens
ionsofor
gani
zat
ions
truc
tur
e.

Spec
ial
i
zat
ion:
-Thi
sisc
onc
ernedwi
tht
hedi
vi
si
onofl
abourandt
heal
l
ocat
ionof
t
ask
samongdi
ff
erentposi
ti
ons.
Thedi
vi
si
onofwor
kandt
hegr
oupi
ngt
oget
herof
peopl
eshoul
dwher
everpossi
ble,
beor
gani
zedbyr
efer
encet
osomecommon
c
har
act
eri
sti
cswhi
chf
ormsal
ogi
cal
li
nkbet
weenac
tiv
it
iesi
nvol
ved.
Wor
kcanbe
di
vi
ded,
andac
ti
vi
ti
esl
i
nke
dtoge
the
r,i
nav
ari
etyofway
s.
St
andar
diz
ati
on:
-Thes
tandar
diz
ati
onofpr
ocedur
es(
rul
esofdef
ini
ti
onst
hathav
e
r
egul
ari
tyofoc
cur
renc
eandpur
por
ttoc
overal
lci
rcums
tanc
es)
.Thi
sisabas
icas
pec
t
3f
anor
gani
zat
i
onal
str
uct
ure
.
For
mal
i
zat
ion:-Thi
sdenot
est
heext
entt
owhi
chr
ules,
procedur
es,
inst
ruct
ions
and communi
cat
ions ar
e setouti
n wr
it
ten document
s.Hi
ghl
yfor
mal
i
zed
or
gani
zat
ionscar
eful
l
ycodi
fyeachj
ob,descr
ibi
ngt
hespeci
fi
cjobdet
ail
sand
ensur
econf
ormi
tyt
o
t
hej
obdescr
ipt
ion.
Lessf
ormal
i
zedor
gani
zat
ionshav
eloosel
ydef
inedj
obsand
donotcont
rol
wor
kbehav
iour
.
Cent
ral
i
zat
ion:
-Thi
sisconcer
nedwi
tht
hel
ocusofaut
hor
it
ytomakedeci
sions
ef
fect
ingt
heor
gani
zat
ion,det
ermi
nedbyt
hel
astper
sonwhoseassenti
s
necessar
ybef
orel
egi
ti
mat
eact
ioncanbet
aken.
Ther
ear
efourf
act
orsaf
fec
tingc
ent
ral
i
zat
ion;
.
Si
zeoft
heor
gani
zat
ion;
-thel
argert
hesi
zeoft
heor
gani
zat
iont
hemor
ethe
del
egat
ionofaut
hor
it
y,
Technol
ogy
;-r
efer
stot
hewayofdoi
ngt
hings.
Inr
out
inet
echnol
ogy
,ani
ndi
vi
dual
per
for
mst
hesamet
asksov
erandov
eragai
nwhi
l
einnon-
rout
inet
echnol
ogy
,
t
het
asksar
enotr
epeat
ed.
Env
ironment
alcondi
ti
ons;-I
fthe or
gani
zat
ion i
swor
king i
nanunst
eady
env
ironment
.Ther
ehast
obemor
edel
egat
iont
oenabl
eitt
ocopewi
thchanges
andadaptt
othechangi
ngenv
ironment
.
Thepol
i
ti
cal
orderoft
hecount
ry.
Conf
igur
ati
on;
-Thi
sist
he'
shape'
oft
hest
ruct
uresf
orexampl
e,l
ongorshor
tchai
n
ofc
ommand.
Tr
adi
ti
onal
i
sm;
-Thi
sist
heext
entt
owhi
chanor
gani
zat
ioni
sst
andar
dizedby
c
ust
omer
sorbyr
ules
.

3.
4Pr
inci
plesofOr
gani
zat
ion–St
artHer
e

Thesear
egui
danceont
hest
ruct
uri
ngofor
gani
zat
ions.Pr
operappl
i
cat
ionoft
he
pr
inci
plesofor
gani
zat
ioncanhel
pimpr
oveor
gani
zat
ional
per
for
mance.These
pr
inci
plesi
ncl
ude:

 Thepr
inci
plesoft
heobj
ect
ive-Ev
eryor
gani
zat
ionandev
erypar
toft
he
or
gani
zat
ionmustbeanexpr
essi
onoft
hepur
poseoft
heunder
taki
ng
concer
ned,
ori
tismeani
ngl
essandt
her
efor
eredundant
.
 Thepr
inci
pleofspeci
ali
zat
ion:
-Theact
ivi
ti
esofanymemberofany
or
gani
zedgr
oups
houl
dbec
onf
ined,
asf
araspos
sibl
etot
heper
for
manc
eofa
s
ingl
efunc
tion.
 Thepr
inc
ipl
esofc
o-or
dinat
ion:
-Thepur
pos
eofor
gani
zi
ngpers
e,as
di
sti
ngui
shedf
romt
hepur
poseofunder
taki
ng,
ist
ofaci
l
itat
eco-
ordi
nat
ion;
uni
tyofef
for
t.
 Thepr
inci
pleofaut
hor
it
y:-I
nanyor
gani
zedgr
oupt
hesupr
emeaut
hor
it
y
mustr
estsomewher
e.Ther
eshoul
dbeacl
earl
i
neofaut
hor
it
ytoev
ery
i
ndi
vi
dual
int
heg
rou
p.
  Thepr
inc
ipl
eofr
espons
ibi
l
it
y:-
Ther
espons
ibi
l
it
yoft
hes
uper
iorf
ort
heac
tsof
t
hes
ubor
dinat
eisabs
olut
e.
 Thepr
inci
pl
eofdef
ini
ti
on:
-Thecont
entofeachposi
ti
on,
thedut
ies,
the
aut
hor
it
yandr
espons
ibi
l
it
ycont
empl
atedandt
her
elat
ions
hipwi
thot
her
pos
iti
ons
houl
dbec
lear
lye
arl
yde
fine
dinwr
it
ingandpubl
i
she
dtoal
lconc
erne
d.
 Thepr
inc
ipl
eofs
panofc
ont
rol
:-Noper
sons
houl
dsuper
vi
semor
ethanf
ive,
oratt
hemos
t,s
ixdi
rec
tsubor
dinat
eswhos
ewor
kint
erl
ock
s.
 Thepr
inci
pleofbal
ance:
-Iti
sessent
ial
thatt
hev
ari
ousuni
tsoft
he
or
gani
zat
ionshoul
dbekepti
nbal
ance.
 Thepr
inci
pleofcont
inui
ty:
-Re-
organi
zat
ioni
sacont
inuouspr
ocess:
In
ev
eryunder
taki
ng,
speci
fi
cpr
ovi
si
onshoul
dbemadef
ori
t.

Thesepr
inci
pl
eswer
efor
mul
atedbyal
eadi
ngaut
hor
it
yint
heUKatt
het
ime,
Lvndal
l
3.
5Pol
i
cyi
nCommuni
tyBas
edOr
gani
zat
ions

-Keny
a,CBO'
sar
erequi
redt
oconf
ormt
other
equi
rement
soft
hel
aw.
Thi
smeans
t
hatCBO'
sar
efor
medt
heyhav
etoobser
vet
heconst
it
uti
onal
,legalandst
atut
ory
_-
requi
re
ment
sift
heyar
etoope
rat
e.

TheCBO'
sar
efor
med,
themember
saswel
last
hei
rleader
shav
eanobl
i
gat
iont
o
r
egi
sterwi
tht
her
elev
antdepar
tmenti
ntheMi
nist
ryofGenderSpor
tsandSoci
al
s
erv
ice
s
Ther
egi
st
rat
ionofCBO'
sisapr
oce
sst
hati
nvol
vesv
ari
ouss
tage
s:
 TheCBO'
smustf
ir
stdev
elopaconst
it
uti
onwhi
chst
ipul
ateshowt
heconduct
ofmember
sandac
tiv
it
ieswi
l
lbec
arr
iedouti
nor
dert
oac
hiev
esetobj
ect
iv
es.
 Themi
nut
esofmeet
ingt
hatc
ulmi
nat
edi
ntot
hef
ormat
ionoft
heor
gani
zat
ion
bewe
llk
ept
,aswe
llasl
i
stofgr
oupme
mbe
rs.
 Thel
i
stoft
hemember
s,t
hei
ri
dent
it
ycar
dnumber
sandt
hei
rsi
gnat
uress
houl
d
bes
ubmi
tt
edt
othes
oci
aldev
elopmentof
fi
ce.
InKeny
aregi
str
ati
onsofCBO'
s
t
akespl
acei
nthedi
str
ictofor
igi
n.
 Member
sshoul
dpi
ckr
egi
str
ati
onf
ormsf
romt
her
elev
antof
fi
cesandf
il
li
n
t
her
equi
redi
nfor
mat
ion.
 Thet
eam l
eadershoul
dmakef
ivecopi
esoft
her
egi
str
ati
onf
orm andt
o
each
at
tac
hthef
oll
owi
ng:
 3.Thec
ons
ti
tut
ionoft
heCBOMi
nut
es
Li
stofme
mbe
rs,
IDNumbe
rsandt
hei
rsi
gnat
ure
s
Ar
egi
st
rat
ionf
eewhi
chi
scur
rent
lyKs
hs700.

5OCONSTI
TUTI
ON
CBOConst
it
uti
oni
sthesupr
emel
aw(
itest
abl
i
shest
hemai
nor
gansoft
heCBO)
.
i
tout
li
nest
he:
Nameoft
heCBO Loc
ati
on
oft
heCBO.
Pur
posesMai
n
obj
ect
ives: Member
shi
p
r
. Subscr
ipt
ion
Obl
i
gat
ionoft
hemember
s Ri
ght
s
ofmember
s Suspensi
on
Ter
minat
ionofmember
shi
p. Meet
ings
pr
ocedur
es
:
Managementcommi
tt
ee(
composi
ti
on,
ter
msofr
efer
ence,
thei
rel
ect
ion)
._ El
i
gibi
l
it
y
FundsandAsset
s/sour
ces,
useandcont
rol
.:
".
Account
sandAudi
ts Rul
es
andBv
-l
aws.
Ar
bit
rat
ion
Amendmentoft
hec
ons
tit
uti
on
Di
ssol
uti
onoft
heCBOConc
lus
ion
I
ti
showev
eri
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
heCBOc
ons
tit
uti
onmus
tbei
nconf
ormi
tywi
th
t
he l
aws.I
tshoul
dnotbei
nconsi
stentori
nconf
li
ctwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
onoft
he
Gui
di
ngPr
inc
ipl
esofCBO'
s
Thesear
eval
uest
hatar
eint
endedt
ogui
deordescr
ibet
heCBO'
sint
hei
r
oper
ati
ons.
Thos
epr
inc
ipl
esc
ompl
ywi
thappl
i
cabl
est
atel
aws
.Thi
scodeofc
onduc
twas
f
ormul
ated
Counc
ilofNGO'
sin1995.
Pr
obi
ty
:-Thi
sref
erst
owhol
e-
hear
tedhones
tyandv
ir
tue.I
trequi
resCBO'
sand
NGO'
stoper
for
mthei
rdut
ieshones
tlyandf
air
ly
,nott
oabus
eanypr
iv
il
egeor
pr
ovi
def
avourt
oanype
rson.
Se
lfr
egul
ati
on;
-Thi
ste
rmme
anst
aki
ngc
ommandsf
romoneaut
hor
it
ati
vesour
ce,
t
hesel
f,
andr
eject
ingal
lat
tempt
stoov
err
ideonesi
ndependence.
Thi
scode
r
equi
resNGO'
sandCBO'
sint
heex
ist
enceofsel
fregul
ati
ont
ost
ri
vef
orper
sonal
andpol
i
ti
cal
independenc
e;t
oappr
ais
eandev
aluat
ethei
rconduc
tpe
riodi
cal
l
y;t
obe
ope
ntol
ear
ningandc
hange
:
I
mpor
tanc
eofSel
fRel
i
anc
eofCBO'
s
•I
tpr
otec
tst
hei
ndependenc
eoft
heCBOs
ect
orf
romt
hes
tat
eandot
hermember
s
oft
hes
oci
etywhodonotbe
longt
othats
ect
or.
•I
test
abl
i
sheset
hical
standar
dsandt
hemannerofdi
sci
pli
ningt
hosewhodo
not
abi
debyt
heest
abl
i
shedst
andar
ds.
«Itenabl
esanor
gani
zat
ion
t
oachi
evei
tsownmi
ssi
onandv
isi
ons.

(
ii
i)Just
ice:
-Any
thi
ngt
hatmeasur
esupt
otr
uthandr
eal
i
tyi
swhati
swi
del
y
i
nter
pret
ed as j
ust
ice,i
tmeans f
airr
epr
esent
ati
on off
act
s and maki
ng
av
ail
abl
etoev
ery
onet
hatwhi
chi
shi
sorherdue.
Acc
ordi
ngt
othi
spr
inc
ipl
e,NGO'
s
and CBO'
s ar
erequi
red t
o uphol
dthe r
ight
s ofal
land par
ti
cul
arl
ythe
di
sadv
ant
aged.Theyshoul
dpr
act
icef
air
nessandequal
i
tyofoppor
tuni
tyf
oral
l
r
egar
dless ofnat
ional
i
ty,et
hni
c,genderand r
eli
gious backgr
ounds.The
or
gani
zat
ion'
sac
tions
houl
dbeneed-
ori
ent
ed,
impar
ti
alandj
ust
.
(
iv
)Ser
vi
ce:
-Ser
vi
cemeansper
for
manc
eofl
abourf
ort
hebenef
itofanot
her
.Thi
sis
t
hedes
iret
opr
omot
ethehappi
nes
sofmank
indt
hrough,
acommi
tmentt
odo
k
indandchar
it
abl
ewor
k.CBO'
sandNGO'
sshoul
dbeseent
oex
erci
set
his
pr
inc
ipl
ethr
oughdoi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(
i) St
ri
vi
ngt
oimpr
ovet
hei
rser
vi
cedel
i
ver
y
(
ii
) Pr
omot
ingc
ommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ionandpar
ti
ci
pat
ion.
 (
ii
i) Educat
ingt
hepubl
i
cthr
oughshar
ingi
nfor
mat
ion
(
iv) Fast
eni
ngoppor
tuni
ti
esf
ort
hosebei
ngser
vedt
oinf
luencebot
hthe
t
ypeanddel
i
ver
yofser
vices.
(
v)Cooper
ati
on-Thi
sref
erst
otheactofoper
ati
ngt
oget
herwi
thi
nthe
or
gani
zat
ioni
nor
dert
oachi
eveacommongoal
.Thi
spr
inci
pleemphasi
zea
f
ell
owshi
pingai
nandl
oss,i
nhonouranddshonour
,inv
ict
oryanddef
eat
.
Thi
siscal
l
edpar
tner
ing.I
nfor
mat
ionandex
per
ienceshoul
dbeshar
ed.Al
l
CBOsshoul
dst
ri
vef
oruni
ty,col
l
abor
ati
on,r
eapr
oci
tyandt
eam "
wor
k.
Ami
cabl
eresol
uti
onofconf
li
cti
shi
ghl
yval
uedaswel
lasunpr
oduct
ive
dupl
i
cat
ionofact
ivi
ti
esshoul
dbeav
oided.
(
vi)Pr
udence-Al
lNGCTsi
nex
erci
seoft
hispr
inci
plear
eex
pect
edt
oact
af
ter car
efulconsi
der
ati
on and caut
ion.Wel
l
-i
nfor
med and sensi
ble
deci
sionsshoul
dbegi
venpr
ior
it
y.Goodmanagementpr
act
ices,cr
eat
ivi
ty,
i
nnov
ati
on,
shoul
dbeuphel
d.
(
vii
)Respect-Thi
smeanst
her
ecogni
ti
onoft
hewor
k,r
ight
sandpot
ent
ial
l
y
ofot
her
s.I
tishol
dingandt
reat
ingoneanot
heri
nhi
ghest
eem.NGO'
sand
CBO'
s hav
e t
o obser
ve t
he honour
,nat
ional secur
it
y,power and
i
ndependenceoft
heRepubl
i
cofKeny
a.Al
sonat
ionalandi
nter
nat
ional
pol
i
ciesoft
hegov
ernmentandt
heRepubl
i
cofKeny
ashoul
dber
espect
ed
e.
g.st
andi
ngupwhi
l
ethenat
ionalf
lagi
sbei
ngr
aisedi
naNGO orCBO
member
smeet
ingorconf
erence.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofOr
gani
zat
ions

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofor
gani
zat
ionsenabl
esust
orel
ate(
hest
udyofmanagement
andor
gani
zat
ional
'bahav
iourt
oonepar
ti
cul
art
ypeofor
gani
zat
ionas
di
sti
nctf
rom anot
her
.Itenabl
egener
ali
zat
ionst
obemadeont
hebasi
sof
cer
tai
nchar
act
eri
sti
csf
eat
uresofor
gani
zat
ionwi
thi
napar
ti
cul
argr
oupi
ng.
r
ati
onscanbedi
sti
ngui
shedbyt
hei
rnat
ure,
type,
goodsorser
vices
pr
ovi
ded,
siz
e,ai
msobj
ect
ivesandt
hepeopl
ewhoar
eempl
oyedbyorwho
wor
kint
hem.Di
ff
erenthav
eemphasi
zedpar
ti
cul
arf
eat
uresof
or
gani
zat
ions.
_
1.Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionbymaj
orpur
pos
e
Thi
sisacommoncl
assi
fi
cat
ion.
Itconsi
stsof
Busi
nessf
ir
ms(
economi
cor
gani
zat
ions)
Ar
mies,
tradeuni
onsandpol
i
cef
orces(
prot
ect
ive
or
gani
zat
ions)
 Cl
ubsandsoci
eti
es(
associ
ati
veor
gani
zat
ions)
Local
aut
hor
it
iesandhospi
tal
s(publ
i
cser
viceor
gani
zat
ions
Chur
ches(
rel
i
giousor
gani
zat
ions)
.
Howev
er,
thi
sdi
sti
nct
iont
endst
olackr
efi
nementandnotal
l
or
gani
zat
ionscanf
itsi
mpl
yinonecl
assi
fi
cat
ion.Manyor
gani
zat
ions
ser
vemor
ethanonegoal
.
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionbyf
ormsofpower
/sy
stem ofcompl
i
anceand
i
nvol
vement
.Et
zionicl
assi
fyor
gani
zat
ionsaccor
dingt
opowerand
i
nvol
vement
Power
:-
Hei
dent
if
iest
hreef
ormsofpower
Coer
civ
e:-
Thi
ski
ndofpowerl
i
esont
heuseoft
hreat
s,orphy
sical
sanct
ionsor
f
orcei
ncaseani
ndi
vi
dual
fai
l
stocompl
ye.
g.cont
rol
li
ngt
heneedf
orf
oodor
comf
ortor
gani
zat
ionsundert
heki
ndofpoweri
ncl
ude;
juveni
ledet
ent
ions,
l
aw pr
ison,
lawenf
orcementagencyet
c.