Written as per the revised ‘G’ Scheme syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Technical Education (MSBTE) w.e.f. academic year 2012-2013

Applied Science
Mechanical Engineering Group

First Year Diploma

Semester - II

First Edition: December 2015

Salient Features
• Concise content with complete coverage of revised G-scheme syllabus.
• Simple and Lucid language.
• Neat, Labelled and Authentic diagrams.
• Illustrative examples showing detailed solution of numericals.
• MSBTE Theory Questions and Numericals from Summer-2007 to Winter-2015.
• MSBTE Question Papers of Summer, Winter - 2014 and 2015.
• Three Model Question Papers for practice.
• Important Inclusions: Additional Theory Questions, Practice Problems, Knowledge
Bank, Physics Behind.

Printed at: Repro Knowledgecast Ltd., Mumbai

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
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TEID : 973
 PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many
can get through to you.
Target’s “Applied Science: Mechanical Engineering Group” is a complete and thorough book
critically analysed and extensively drafted to boost the students’ confidence. Applied Science is divided
into two parts: Applied Science - Physics and Applied Science - Chemistry. The book is prepared as per
the revised scheme [G-scheme] of MSBTE curriculum effective from June 2012.
The Topic-wise classified format for each chapter of this book helps the students in easy comprehension.
Each chapter includes the following features:
Theory is provided in the form of pointers. Neat labelled diagrams have been provided wherever
required. Definitions, statements and laws are specified with italic representation.
Illustrative Examples are provided in relevant chapters in order to understand the application of
different concepts and formulae.
Formulae provided for quick recap.

MSBTE Theory Questions covered in separate section to give a clear idea of the type of questions
asked. (Reference of answer to each question is provided.)
MSBTE Numericals till latest year are included.

Additional Theory Questions to help the student gain insight on the various levels of theory-based
questions.
Problems for Practice (With final answers) in relevant chapters which covers an array of questions
from simple to complex.
Knowledge Bank, Note, etc. to enrich students’ knowledge required to understand different concepts.

“Physics behind….” is an effort to make students aware of real life engineering situations where
physics plays prominent role or day-to-day experiences ruled by physics.
Three Model Question Papers, designed as per MSBTE Paper Pattern, are a unique tool to enable self-
assessment for the students.
MSBTE Question Papers of years 2014 and 2015 are added at the end to make students familiar with the
examination pattern.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think
we’ve nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : [email protected]
A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

From,
Publisher
 SYLLABUS
Applied Science : Physics
Topic and Contents Hours Marks
Topic 1 - Motion
Specific objectives:
 State equations of motion.
 Apply laws of motion to solve problems.
 Differentiate between linear and circular motion.
 State meaning of centripetal acceleration, centripetal force.
1.1 Rectilinear and Angular Motion: [6 Marks]
2 2 2
 Equations of motion: V= u + at, S = ut + 1/2at , V = u + 2as (no derivation), distance
travelled by particle in nnt second, (only equation), Uniform velocity, uniform
acceleration and uniform retardation, equations of motion for motion under gravity.
 Definition of angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, relation
between angular velocity and linear velocity, three equations of angular motion (no
10 16
derivation) angular distance travelled by particle in nnt second (only equation).
1.2 Kinetics and Work Power Energy: [6 Marks]
 Definitions of momentum, impulse, impulsive force with formulae, statements of
Newton’s laws of motion with equations, applications of laws of motion—recoil of
gun.
 Definition of work, power and energy, equations for potential energy. Kinetic energy,
work -energy principle.
1.3 Projectile Motion and circular motion: [4 Marks]
 Definition of a projectile motion, angle of projection, trajectory, time of flight and
range with formulae.
 Definition of a circular motion, centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, definition
of centrifugal force, and its applications.
Topic 2 - Nondestructive testing of materials:
Specific objectives:
 Describe the method of production of ultrasonic waves.
 Use NDT methods for quality testing of materials in industry.
2.1 Ultrasonic: [4 Marks]
 Ultrasonic waves-properties, production of ultrasonic waves by piezoelectric method 06 10
2.2 Non-destructive testing methods: [6 Marks]
 Destructive and Nondestructive testing, advantages of NDT, limitations of N.D.T.,
different N.D.T. Methods used in industries, criteria for selection of NDT method,
Liquid penetration Testing (LPT): principle, procedure and applications, Ultrasonic
testing methods: principle, procedure and applications.
Topic 3 - Thermocouple:
Specific objectives:
 State meaning of thermoelectricity.
 State characteristics of thermocouple.
 Concept of EMF, thermoelectricity, Seebeck effect; measurement of thermo emf, 04 08
Peltier effect, Seebeck series; examples with different pairs of metals.
 Variation of thermo emf with temperature, graph; neutral temperature, inversion
temperature, Joule effect , comparison of Seebeck effect, Peltier effect and Joule
effect.
Topic 4 - Modern physics:
Specific objectives:
 State the concept of photocell  State applications of X-ray
 State properties of LASER
4.1 Photo electricity: [6 Marks]
 Photon (quantum), Plank’s hypothesis, energy of photon, properties of photons.
 Photo electric effect: Circuit diagram, process of photoelectric emission, definitions:
threshold frequency, threshold wavelength, stopping potential, characteristics of
photoelectric effect.
12 16
 Work function, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, photo resistor (LDR) –
symbol, principle, applications, photoelectric cell:- principle, applications.
4.2 X-rays: [6 Marks]
 Origin of X-rays, production of X-rays using Coolidge’s X-ray tube, minimum
wavelength of X-ray, properties of X-rays, applications of X-rays: engineering,
medical and scientific.
4.3 Laser: [4 Marks]
 Laser, properties of laser, spontaneous and stimulated emission, population inversion,
optical pumping, engineering applications of Laser.
TOTAL 32 50

Applied Science : Chemistry

Topic and Contents Hours Marks
Topic 1 - Metallurgy
Specific objectives:
 Explain the process of extraction of iron from its ore.
 Explain different processes of heat treatment.
 State effects of alloying elements on properties of steels.
1.1 Metallurgy: [6 Marks]
 Definition of metallurgy, ores of iron.
 Extraction of pig iron by smelting in blast furnace with chemical reactions in
different zones, products of blast furnace - composition, properties and applications
of pig iron, slag and flue gases.
 Properties and applications of commercial forms of iron - pig iron, cast iron, wrought iron. 08 14
1.2 Steels: [8 Marks]
 Definition of steel, preparation of steel from pig iron using open hearth process, basic
oxygen process.
 Classification of plain carbon steel - low carbon, medium carbon, high carbon steels
with their properties and applications.
 Alloy steels: Effects of alloying elements C, Ni, Co, V, Mo, W, Cr on properties of
steel, composition, properties and applications of heat resisting steel (nichrome),
magnetic steel (alnico), 18-8 stainless steel, 18-4-1 high speed steel.
 Heat treatment of steels: Definition and purposes of - hardening, tempering,
annealing, normalising.
Topic 2 - Corrosion
Specific objectives:
 Explain mechanism of atmospheric corrosion and immersed corrosion.
 Describe different methods of protection of metal from corrosion. 10 14
2.1 Corrosion: [6 Marks]
 Definition of corrosion, types of corrosion.
 Atmospheric corrosion: Definition, mechanism of oxidation corrosion, types of oxide
films and their significance, factors affecting rate of atmospheric corrosion.
 Immersed corrosion: Definition, mechanism of immersed corrosion by galvanic cell
action - with evolution of hydrogen gas and absorption of oxygen gas, factors
affecting immersed corrosion.
2.2 Protection of metals by: [8 Marks]
 Modification of environment, modification of properties of metal, electrochemical
protection by sacrificial anodic protection and impressed current cathodic protection,
use of protective coatings.
 Application of metallic coatings: By galvanising, tinning, metal spraying,
electroplating, metal cladding, cementation - sherardizing, chromising, colourising.
 Application of non-metallic coatings: paint - definition, characteristics, constituents
of paint and their functions.
Topic 3 - Fuels
Specific objectives:
 State characteristics of a good fuel.
 Write significance of proximate analysis of a fuel.
 Explain fractional distillation of crude petroleum.
3.1 Properties of fuels: [4 Marks]
 Definition of a fuel, calorific value and ignition temperature.
Characteristics of a good fuel, classification of fuels with suitable examples,
advantages and disadvantages of solid fuels, liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. 07 12
3.2 Classification of fuels: [8 Marks]
 Solid fuels: Analysis of solid fuel - proximate analysis for determination of moisture,
volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon, significance of proximate analysis,
determination of gross calorific value by using bomb calorimeter.
 Liquid fuels: Origin, fractional distillation of crude petroleum, boiling range,
composition, and applications of petroleum fractions obtained, composition,
properties, applications of - Biodiesel.
 Gaseous fuels: Composition, properties, applications of - Biogas, LPG, CNG.
Topic 4 - Lubricants
Specific objectives:
 Write functions of lubricants.  Describe the mechanism of lubrication.
 State characteristics of lubricants.
Lubricants:
 Definition of lubricant, functions of lubricants.
 Classification of lubricants: Solid lubricants - characteristics and applications of
graphite and molybdenum disulphide. Liquid lubricants - characteristics and
applications of synthetic fluid (silicone oil), water as a lubricant (coolant).
07 10
Semisolid lubricant - characteristics and applications of grease (plastic lubricant).
 Mechanism of lubrication: Definition of lubrication, mechanism of fluid film
lubrication, boundary lubrication, extreme pressure lubrication.
 Characteristics: Physical characteristics of lubricants - viscosity, viscosity index,
oiliness, volatility, flash and fire point, cloud and pour point.
Chemical characteristics of lubricants - acid value or neutralisation number,
emulsification, saponification value.
 Selection of lubricants for road rollers, steam engines, sewing machine, concrete
mixer, I.C. engine, cutting tools, gears.
TOTAL 32 50
 Contents
Applied Science : Physics
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.
1 Rectilinear and Angular Motion 3
2 Kinetics and Work Power Energy 33
3 Projectile Motion and Circular Motion 63
4 Ultrasonics and Non-destructive Testing Methods 72
5 Thermocouple 86
6 Photoelectricity 100
7 X-rays and Laser 118
Model Question Papers
Model Question Paper  I 131
Model Question Paper  II 133
Model Question Paper  III 135
MSBTE Question Papers
Question Paper – Summer 2014 137
Question Paper – Winter 2014 139
Question Paper – Summer 2015 141
Question Paper – Winter 2015 143

Applied Science : Chemistry

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.
1 Metallurgy 147
2 Corrosion 172
3 Fuels 199
4 Lubricants 214
Model Question Papers
Model Question Paper  I 228
Model Question Paper  II 229
Model Question Paper  III 230
MSBTE Question Papers
Question Paper – Summer 2014 231
Question Paper – Winter 2014 232
Question Paper – Summer 2015 233
Question Paper – Winter 2015 234
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTE

Applied Science
Physics

1
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

01
ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Rectilinear and Angular Motion 
1.0 Introduction
1.0.(a) Motion:
i. A body which does not change its position with time w.r.t. its surroundings is said to be
at rest.
ii. Motion of a body means the change in position of that body with time.
e.g. Motion of person walking on the foot path, a running train or a car, crawling insect,
movement of air particles etc.
1.0.(b) Rectilinear motion:
i. Motion of a particle along a straight line is called rectilinear motion or translational
motion or linear motion.
ii. For a body in rectilinear motion, all the particles of the body have their displacements
parallel to each other.
e.g. Motion of a car along a straight line, a body falling freely under gravity etc.
1.0.(c) Kinematics:
Kinematics is that branch of mechanics which deals with the study of motion of material
objects without taking into account the factors (i.e., nature of forces, nature of bodies etc.)
which cause motion.
1.0.(d) Displacement:
i. Displacement of an object in motion in a given time is defined as the difference between
the final and initial positions of the object w.r.t. a fixed point. It is denoted by letter ‘s’.
ii. It is the shortest distance between the two positions of the object and its direction is from
initial to final position of the object during the given interval of time.
1.1 Velocity and Uniform Velocity

1.1.(a) Velocity:
i. Distance travelled by a moving body per unit time in a given direction is called (linear)
velocity. OR
Velocity means the rate at which displacement takes place. It is denoted by letter ‘v’.
displacement s
ii. Formula: Velocity = =
time t
iii. Unit: S.I. unit is m/s and C.G.S. unit is cm/s.
1.1.(b) Uniform velocity:
i. A body is said to be moving with a uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in
equal intervals of time in a particular direction.
ii. In such a case, acceleration is zero.
iii. Uniform velocity is independent of time interval.
iv. No net force acts on the body when it is moving with uniform velocity.
3
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

1.2 Acceleration and Retardation

1.2.(a) Acceleration:
i. Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time. It is denoted
by letter ‘a’.
change in velocity v  u
ii. Formula: a = 
time t
where, u = initial velocity and v = final velocity, t = time
iii. Unit: S.I. unit is m/s2 and C.G.S. unit is cm/s2.
iv. If a particle moves with constant velocity, its acceleration is zero.
Note:
i. If the velocity of a body increases with time, then it is said to have a positive acceleration
or acceleration.
ii. If the velocity of a body decreases with time, then it is said to have a negative
acceleration or retardation or deceleration.
iii. Negative acceleration is also called retardation.
1.2.(b) Difference between positive acceleration and negative acceleration:
No. Positive acceleration Negative acceleration
i. If the velocity of a body increases with If the velocity of a body decreases with time,
time, then it is said to have a positive then it is said to have a negative
acceleration or acceleration. acceleration or retardation or deceleration.
ii. Here, the applied force acts in the Here, the applied force acts in the direction
direction of motion. opposite to the direction of motion.
iii. e.g. Acceleration of a speeding car. e.g. Retardation of a car with the brakes
applied to it.

Illustrative Example:
The speed of a vehicle is increased from 36 km/hr to 90 km/hr in 5 s. What is acceleration
of the vehicle during this time interval?
Solution:
5 5
Given: u = 36 km/hr = 36  m/s = 10 m/s, v = 90 km/hr = 90  m/s = 25 m/s,
18 18
t=5s
To find: Acceleration (a)
vu
Formula: a=
t
Calculation: Using formula, we get
25  10 15
a= = = 3 m/s2
5 5
Ans: The acceleration of the car in 5 seconds is 3 m/s2.
11000 m
Note: 1 km/hr = 1 kmph = ….[ 1 km = 1000 m and 1 hr = 3600 s]
1 3600 s
5
i.e., 1 km/hr = 1 kmph = m/s
18
4
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

1.2.(c) Uniform acceleration:

i. A particle is said to have uniform acceleration if its velocity increases by equal amounts
in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever small these intervals may be.
ii. When a particle moves with uniform acceleration, its average acceleration measured for
different time intervals is constant.
e.g. Acceleration of a freely falling body.
1.2.(d) Uniform Retardation:
A body is said to have uniform retardation or deceleration if its velocity decreases by
equal amounts in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever small these time intervals may be.
e.g. Retardation of a car in motion with the brakes applied, a ball thrown vertically upwards
etc.
1.3 Kinematical equations of motion; Distance covered by a particle in nth second

1.3.(a) Kinematical equations for rectilinear motion with uniform acceleration:

i. First equation of motion: v = u + at
1 2
ii. Second equation of motion: s = ut + at
2
iii. Third equation of motion: v2 = u2 + 2as
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
a = uniform acceleration, s = distance travelled
t = time in second
iv. Distance travelled in nth second by a particle (or body) moving with uniform
acceleration:
a
s th = sn  sn1 = u + (2n  1)
n 2
where, u = initial velocity of the body,
sn = distance travelled in n seccond,
sn1 = distance travelled in (n  1) second,
s n th = distance travelled in nth second,
a = uniform acceleration
Illustrative Examples:
Example 1
A car changes its speed uniformly from 50 km/hr to 140 km/hr in a distance of 400 m.
What is the acceleration?
Solution:
5
Given: u = 50 km/hr = 50  m/s = 13.89 m/s, s = 400 m,
18
5
v = 140 km/hr = 140  m/s = 38.89 m/s
18
To find: Acceleration (a)
Formula: v2 = u2 + 2as
5
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

Calculation: Using formula,

v2  u2 = 2as
v2  u 2
 a =
2s
(38.89) 2  (13.89) 2
=
2  400
1512.4  192.4
= = 1.649 m/s2
800
 1.65 m/s2
Ans: The acceleration of the car is 1.65 m/s2.
Example 2
A body starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration of 2.5 m/s2. What will be
the velocity when it has covered a distance of 500 m? How much time will it require to
cover this distance?
Solution:
Given: a = 2.5 m/s2, s = 500 m, u = 0 ( the body starts from rest)
To find: i. Velocity after covering 500 m (v)
ii. Time required to cover 500 m (t)
Formulae: i. v2 = u2 + 2as ii. v = u + at
Calculation: Using formula (i),
v2 = (0)2 + 2  2.5  500 = 2500
 v = 50 m/s
Using formula (ii),
v  u 50  0 50
t= = =
t 2.5 2.5
 t = 20 s
Ans: i. The velocity of the body after covering 500 m is 50 m/s.
ii. The time required to cover 500 m is 20 s.
Example 3
A train crosses a tunnel in 20 second. At the entry of tunnel, its velocity is 60 km/hr and at
the exit of tunnel, its velocity becomes 30 km/hr. Find length of the tunnel.
Solution:
5
Given: u = 60 km/hr = 60  m/s = 16.67 m/s,
18
5
v = 30 km/hr = 30  m/s = 8.33 m/s, t = 20 s
18
To find: Length of the tunnel (s)
vu
Formulae: i. a= ii. v2 = u2 + 2as
t
Calculation: Using formula (i),
8.33  16.67
a= =  0.417 m/s2 (negative sign indicates retardation)
20
6
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Using formula (ii),

(8.33)2 = (16.67)2 + 2(0.417)  s
(8.33) 2  (16.67)2
 s =
2(0.417)
69.39  277.89  208.5
= =
0.834  0.834
 s = 250 m
Ans: The length of the tunnel is 250 m.
Example 4
A vehicle has initial velocity of 3 m/s. It accelerates for 12 seconds at the rate of 3 m/s2.
Calculate the final velocity and the distance travelled during this time.
Solution:
Given: u = 3 m/s, t = 12 s, a = 3 m/s2
To find: i. Final velocity (v)
ii. Distance travelled during 12 second (s)
1
Formulae: i. v = u + at ii. s = ut + at2
2
Calculation: Using formula (i),
v = 3 + (3) (12)
 v = 39 m/s
Using formula (ii),
1
s = (3)(12) + (3) (12)2 = 36 + 216
2
 s = 252 m
Ans: The final velocity of the vehicle is 39 m/s and the distance travelled by it in 12 seconds is
252 m.
Example 5
The speed of truck is reduced from 120 kmph to 60 kmph over a distance of 300 m. Find
uniform retardation and distance further travelled before coming to rest.
Solution:
5
Given: u = 120 kmph = 120  m/s = 33.33 m/s,
18
5
v = 60 kmph = 60  = 16.67 m/s,
18
s = 300 m
To find: i. Uniform retardation ii. Distance travelled further (s)
Formula: v2 = u2 + 2as
Calculation: Using formula,
v 2  u 2 (16.67) 2  (33.33) 2 833
a= = = m/s2
2s 2(300) 600
 a = 1.388 m/s2
(The ve sign indicates retardation of truck.)
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

For calculating the further distance travelled by truck before coming to rest,
u = 16.67 m/s and v = 0 ....( truck comes to rest)
 Using formula,
v 2  u 2 (0) 2  (16.67) 2
s= =
2a 2(1.388)
= 100.1 m
Ans: The truck has a uniform retardation of 1.388 m/s2 and it covers 100.1 m further before
coming to rest.
Example 6
A bus starts from Thane. The bus attains a uniform velocity of 72 km/hr in 2 min and
travels with this velocity for 10 min; then it retards for 3 min and comes to rest at Turbhe.
Calculate distance between Thane and Turbhe.
Solution:
Given: u = 0 m/s ….( Bus starts from rest),
5
v = 72 km/hr = 72  m/s = 20 m/s, t1 = 2 min = 2  60 s = 120 s,
18
t2 = 10 min = 10  60 s = 600 s, t3 = 3 min = 3  60 s = 180 s
To find: Distance between Thane and Turbhe
1
Formulae: i. v = u + at ii. v2 = u2 + 2as iii. s = ut + at2
2
Calculation: For the first part of the motion of bus, using formula (i),
v  u 20  0
a= = = 0.167 m/s2
t1 120
Using formula (ii),
v 2  u 2 (20)2  (0) 2
s= =
2a 2  0.167
 s = 1197.6 m = s1 (say)…(1)
Now, as the bus continues to move with 20 m/s for 10 min.,
We have, u = 20 m/s, a = 0 ….( velocity is constant)
Using formula (iii),
1
s = ut2 + at 22
2
1
s = 20  600 +  (0)  (600)2
2
 s = 12000 m = s2 (say) …(2)
Considering the retarding motion of the bus,
u = 20 m/s, t3 = 180 s, v = 0 ….( Bus comes to rest)
Using formula (i),
0  20
a= =  0.11 m/s2
180
8
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Now, using formula (ii)

v 2  u 2 (0) 2  (20) 2
s= =
2a 2  (  0.11)
 s = 1818.18 m = s3 (say) …(3)
 The total distance covered by the bus in moving from
Thane to Turbhe = s1 + s2 + s3
= 1197.6 + 12000 + 1818.18 ….[From (1), (2) and (3)]
= 15015.78 m  15 km
Ans: The distance between stations Thane and Turbhe is approximately 15 km.
Example 7
A particle having initial velocity 5 m/s moves with a constant acceleration 2 ms2 for
10 seconds along a straight line. Find the displacement of the particle in the last second
and the total distance travelled in 10 seconds.
Solution:
Given: u = 5 ms1, a = 2 ms2, t = 10 s
To find: i. Displacement of particle in last second s   10th

ii.
Total distance travelled in 10 second (s)
a 1
Formulae: i. s th = u + (2n  1) ii. s = ut + at2
n 2 2
Calculation: Using formula (i),
2
s th = 5 + (2  10 – 1) = 5 + 19 = 24 m
10 2
Using formula (ii),
1
s = 5  10 +  2  102 = 50 + 100 = 150 m
2
Ans: i. The displacement of particle in last second is 24 m.
ii. The total distance travelled in 10 second is 150 m.
Example 8
A van starting from rest is moving with uniform acceleration. If it gains a velocity of
54 km/hr in 6 seconds, find its acceleration and distance covered in 4th second.
Solution:
Given: u = 0 …( Van starts from rest), t = 6 s,
5
v = 54 km/hr = 54  m/s = 15 m/s
18
To find: i. Acceleration (a) ii. Distance covered in 4th second s  
4 th

vu a
Formulae: i. a= ii. s =u+ (2n  1)
t n th 2
Calculation: Using formula (i),
v  u 15  0
a= =
t 6
2
 a = 2.5 m/s
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

Using formula (ii),

2.5
s th = 0 + (2  4  1)
4 2
2.5
=0+  (8  1)
2
2.5  7
=
2
 s th = 8.75 m
5

Ans: Acceleration of the body is 2.5 m/s2 and distance travelled by it in 4th second is 8.75 m.
Example 9
A body moving with a uniform acceleration covers 56 m in 4th second and 90 m in 7th
second during its motion. Calculate its initial velocity.
Solution:
Given: s th = 56 m, s th = 90 m
4 7

To find: Initial velocity (u)

a
Formula: s th = u + (2n  1)
n 2
Calculation: Using formula,
a
s th = u + (2  4  1)
4 2
a
 56 = u + (8 – 1)
2
7
 56 = u + a ….(1)
2
Now, using formula again,
a
 s th = u + (2  7  1)
7 2
a
= u + (13)
2
13
 90 = u + a ….(2)
2
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we get
 13   7 
(90 – 56) = 0 +  a  –  a 
 2  2 
 13 7  6
 34 = a    = a  
 2 2 2
34
 34 = 3a  a =
3
2
 a = 11.33 m/s
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Substituting the value of ‘a’ in equation (1), we get

7
56 = u + (11.33)
2
 56 = u + 39.655
 u = 56 – 39.655
 u = 16.345 m/s
Ans: The initial velocity of the body was 16.345 m/s.
1.3.(b) Equations of motion for motion under gravity:
i. Motion of a body only under the influence of gravity is called motion under gravity or
free fall.
ii. For a body which is falling freely vertically downward under gravity towards the earth,
equations of motion are as follows:
1
a. v = u + gt b. s = ut + gt2 c. v2 = u2 + 2gs
2
iii. When the body is thrown vertically upwards i.e., against gravity, equations of motion
are as follows:
1
a. v = u  gt b. s = ut  gt2 c. v2 = u2  2gs
2
iv. For a body falling freely, the equation for the distance travelled during nth second after it
is dropped is as follows:
1 1
s th = u + g (2n  1) = g (2n 1) …( u = 0 as body starts from rest)
n 2 2
v. When a body is thrown upward with a velocity u, then the distance travelled by it
1
during nth second is, s th = u  g (2n  1)
n 2
where, u = initial velocity,
v = final velocity, t= time,
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2,
s = distance travelled, t = time in second,
s th = distance travelled during nth second
n

Physics behind sky diving…

At the instant when the sky diver jumps out of the plane, he is under free fall and the
only force acting on him is his weight. The opposing force of air resistance (called
drag) arising as he starts descending goes on increasing. At a certain stage, this force
equals sky diver’s weight so that the net force acting on him becomes zero and he now
falls with a constant velocity called terminal velocity. Now, when he opens the
parachute, the drag force increases and slows down the motion of the sky diver till it
balances his weight again. Hence, he falls with a slower terminal velocity and can
steer his way to a safe landing.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

Illustrative Examples:
Example 1
A ball is dropped from the top of a building 490 m high. How long will it take to reach the
ground? What will be its velocity when it strikes the ground?
Solution:
Given: h = 490 m, u = 0 [ the ball is dropped], g = 9.81 m/s2
To find: i. Time taken to reach the ground (t)
ii. Velocity of ball when it strikes ground (v)
Formulae: i. h = ut + 1 gt2 ii. v = u + gt
2
Calculation: Using formula (i),
1
490 = 0 +  9.81 t2
2
490
 t2 = = 100
4.9
 t = 100
 t = 10 seconds
Using formula (ii),
v = 0 + 9.81  10
 v = 98.1 m/s
Ans: i. The time taken by the ball to reach the ground is 10 s.
ii. The velocity of the ball when it strikes the ground is 98.1 m/s.
Example 2
A body is thrown up with a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the maximum height to which it will
reach and time required to reach maximum height.
Solution:
Given: u = 20 m/s, g = 9.81 m/s2,
v = 0 m/s ( The body comes to rest at max. height)
To find: i. Time to reach maximum height (t)
ii. Maximum height reached (h)
Formulae: i. v = u  gt ii. v2 = u2  2gh
Calculation: Using formula (i),
0 = 20  9.81 t
 9.81 t = 20
20
 t= = 2.038 s  2.04 s
9.81
Using formula (ii),
0 = (20)2  2  9.81 h
 (2  9.81) h = (20)2  19.62 h = 400
400
 h= = 20.387 m  20.39 m
19.62
Ans: The maximum height reached by the body is 20.39 m and the time taken by it to reach
this height is 2.04 s.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

1.4 Circular motion or Angular motion

1.4.(a) Circular motion:
Motion of a particle along the circumference of a circle is called circular motion.
e.g.
i. Motion of a cyclist along a circular path. Circular
ii. Motion of the moon around the earth. path
iii. Motion of the earth around the sun. C
iv. Motion of the tips of hands of a clock.
v. Motion of the electrons around the nucleus in an atom. Stone
vi. Consider a small piece of stone attached to the end of a P
string of length CP as shown in the figure. If stone is Circular motion
rotated in a circle, the motion of stone along the circular
path is circular motion or angular motion.
1.4.(b) Angular displacement:
i. Angle traced by the radius vector in a given time when the particle moves from one
position to other along the circular path is called as angular displacement. It is denoted
by letter ‘’.
Length of arc Linear displacement
ii. Formula: Angular displacement = =
Radius of circle Radius of arc
s
i.e.,  =
r
iii. Consider a particle performing circular motion in anticlockwise Y
sense as shown in the figure. B
Let, A = initial position of particle at t = 0 s
B = final position of particle after time t 
r = radius of the circle O A
r
s = length of arc AB
AB s
then, angular displacement in time t =  = =
OA r
Y
iv. Unit: S.I. unit is radian or rad.
Angular
v. Direction: Direction of  is given by Right hand thumb rule.
displacement

Knowledge Bank
Right Hand Thumb Rule: 
Imagine the axis of rotation to be held in right d
hand with the fingers curled around it and thumb B
out-stretched. If the curled fingers give the

direction of motion of a particle performing A
circular motion, then the direction of out-
stretched thumb gives the direction of angular
displacement vector.
It is perpendicular to the plane of the circle.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

s
Since, angular displacement () =
r
 Linear displacement (s) = r  angular displacement ()
vi. If a particle performing circular motion completes one revolution, then angular
displacement is given by,  = 360 = 2c
where, c represents angular displacement in radian.
Note: One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length
equal to radius of the circle.
vii. Thus, angular displacement of a rotating body in its N rotations,  = 2N.
1.4.(c) Angular velocity:
i. Angular velocity of a particle performing circular motion is defined as the time rate of
change of limiting angular displacement.
OR
The rate of change of angular displacement with respect to time is called angular
velocity. It is denoted by letter ‘’.
d
ii. Formula:  =
dt
where, d = change in angular displacement in time dt.
iii. Unit: S.I. unit is rad s1 or radian/second.
iv. Uniform Angular velocity:
When a body in circular motion undergoes equal angular displacements in equal
intervals of time, then it is said that the body rotates with uniform angular velocity. Such
a body is said to be in uniform circular motion (U.C.M.).
1.4.(d) Frequency of revolution:
i. The number of revolutions performed by a particle performing uniform circular motion in
one second is called as frequency of revolution. It is denoted by letter ‘f’.
1 1  v
ii. Formula: f = = = =
T  2  2 2r
 
 
iii. Unit: S.I. unit is s1 or hertz (Hz).
1.4.(e) Period of revolution:
i. The time taken by a particle performing uniform circular motion to complete one
revolution is called as period of revolution. It is denoted by letter ‘T’.
2 1
ii. Formula: T = =
 f
iii. Unit: SI unit is second and C.G.S. unit is also second.
iv. The relations between quantities , , T and f are:
2t
 = t = = 2ft
T
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

1.4.(f) Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity:

For a particle undergoing uniform circular motion,
Angular displacement is given as,
Linear displacement(s) s
angular displacement () = = ….(1)
Radius(r) r
Angular displacement()
Angular velocity () =   = t ….(2)
time (t)
From equations (1) and (2), we get,
s s
= t  = r
r t
s
But Linear velocity, v 
t
 v = r
Thus, linear velocity is radius times the angular velocity.
1.4.(g) Angular acceleration:
i. The rate of change of angular velocity with respect to time is called angular acceleration.
It is denoted by .
 0
ii. Formula:  =
t  t0
where, 0 and  are the angular velocities of a particle performing circular motion at
instants t0 and t respectively.
  0
When t0 = 0,  =
t
iii. Unit: S.I. unit is rad /s2
iv. Uniform angular acceleration:
If angular velocity of body in circular motion changes by equal amounts in equal
intervals of time, then it is said to have uniform angular acceleration.
Illustrative Examples:
Example 1
Calculate the angular displacement of second hand of a clock in 5 seconds.
Solution:
Given: For second hand of clock, period T = 60 s, t = 5 s
To find: Angular displacement ()
2t
Formula: =
T
Calculation: Using formula,
2  3.142  5
 =
60
  = 0.5237 rad
Ans: The angular displacement of second hand in 5 seconds is 0.5237 rad.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

Example 2
Calculate the angular velocity of the tip of a minute hand.
Solution:
Given: T= 60 mins = 60  60s = 3600s.
To find: Angular velocity ()
2
Formula: =
T
Calculation: Using formula,
2 2  3.142 
= =
3600 3600
  = 1.744  103 rad/s
Ans: The angular velocity of the tip of the minute hand is 1.744  103 rad/s.
Example 3
A pointer of a clock of length 12 mm is moving with angular velocity of 0.124 rad/s. What
is the linear velocity of the tip of the pointer?
Solution:
Given: r = length of the pointer = 12 mm = 12  103 m,  = 0.124 rad/s
To find: Linear velocity (v)
Formula: v = r
Calculation: Using formula,
v = 12  10–3  0.124 = 0.00148 m/s
= 1.488  10–3 m/s
Ans: The linear velocity of tip of pointer is 1.488  10–3 m/s.
Example 4
In case of uniform circular motion, if radius vector of 60 cm subtends an angle of
π
radian in 2 s, calculate angular velocity and linear velocity.
6
Solution:

Given: r = 60 cm = 0.6 m,  = rad, t = 2 second
6
To find: i. Angular velocity ()
ii. Linear velocity (v)

Formulae: i. = ii. v = r
t
Calculation: Using formula (i),
/6  3.142
= = 
2 12 12
  = 0.262 rad/s
Using formula (ii),
v = 0.6  0.262
 v = 0.1572 m/s
Ans: i. The angular velocity for the given uniform motion is 0.262 rad/s.
ii. The linear velocity is 0.1572 m/s.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Example 5
A motorcycle with 10 cm wheel diameter has an angular velocity of 200 rad/s. Calculate
its linear velocity.
Solution:
10
Given: D = 10 cm  r = = 5 cm = 0.05 m,  = 200 rad/s
2
To find: Linear velocity (v)
Formula: v = r
Calculation: Using formula,
v = 0.05  200
 v = 10 m/s
Ans: The linear velocity of the motorcycle is 10 m/s.
Example 6
What is the angular speed of the minute hand of a clock? If the minute hand is 4 cm long,
what is the linear speed of its tip? Also find its frequency of rotation.
Solution:
Given: Length of minute hand, r = 4 cm, T = 60 min = 60  60 = 3600s
To find: i. Angular speed () ii. Linear speed (v) iii. Frequency (f)
2 1
Formulae: i. = ii. v = r iii. f =
T T
Calculation: Using formula (i),
2  3.142
=
3600
  = 1.746  103 rad/s
Using formula (ii),
v = 4  102  1.746  103
 v = 6.984  105 m/s
Using formula (iii),
1
f= = 2.78  104 Hz
3600
Ans: The minute hand of the clock has angular speed 1.746  103 rad/s, a linear speed of
6.984  105 m/s and a frequency of 2.78  104 Hz.
Example 7
A car travelling at 36 km/hr has wheels of 86 cm in diameter. What is the angular speed
of wheels about the axis?
Solution:
5
Given: v = 36 km/hr = 36  m/s = 10 m/s,
18
D 86
D = 86 cm  r =  = 43 cm = 0.43 m
2 2
To find: Angular speed of wheels about the axis ()

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

Formula: v = r
Calculation: Using formula,
v 10
=  = 23.2558 m/s
r 0.43
   23.26 rad/s
Ans: The angular speed of the wheels about the axis is 23.26 rad/s.
Example 8
The frequency of a particle performing circular motion changes from 60 r.p.m to 180 r.p.m
in 10 seconds. Calculate the angular acceleration.
Solution:
60 180
Given: f0 = 60 r.p.m = r.p.s. = 1 rev/s, f = 180 r.p.m = r.p.s. = 3 rev/s, t = 10 s
60 60
To find: Angular acceleration ()
  0
Formula: =
t
Calculation: Using formula,
2 f  2f 0 2 (3  1)
= = ….[  = 2f]
t 10
2  3.142  2
=
10
  = 1.26 rad/s2
Ans: The angular acceleration of the particle is 1.26 rad/s2.
1.4.(h) Relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration:
For a particle undergoing uniform circular motion, the angular acceleration is given as,
  0
= ….(1)
t
where,  = Angular acceleration,
v u
 = final angular velocity = , 0 = initial angular velocity =
r r
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get
v u
   vu
r r
=  =
t rt
On rearranging, we get
vu 1
=  
 t  r
1  vu
 =a  a  linear acceleration 
r  t 
 a=r ….[Relation between linear and angular acceleration.]
where, a = linear acceleration, r = radius,  = angular acceleration
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Illustrative Examples:
Example 1
A particle is revolving in a circular path of radius 0.2 m with an angular acceleration of
 rad/s2. Calculate its linear acceleration.
Solution:
Given: r = 0.2 m,  =  rad/s2
To find: Linear acceleration (a)
Formula: a=r
Calculation: Using formula, we get
a = 0.2   = 0.2  3.142
 a = 0.6284 m/s2
Ans: The linear acceleration of the particle is 0.6284 m/s2.
Example 2
A vehicle is moving with a velocity of 75 km/hr. The diameter of wheel is 400 mm. Find
the angular velocity of the wheel. Also find the angular retardation if the vehicle comes to
rest over a distance of 500 m under constant retardation.
Solution:
5
Given: v = 75 km/hr = 75  m/s = 20.83 m/s
18
400  103 m
d = 400 mm = 400  103 m  r = = 200  103 m = 0.2 m
2
s = 500 m, v = 0 m/s … ( vehicle comes to rest)
To find: i. Angular velocity ()
ii. Angular retardation
Formulae: i. v = r ii. v2 = u2 + 2as iii. a=r
Calculation: Using formula (i),
v 20.83
= = = 104.15 rad/s
r 0.2
Using formula (ii),
v 2  u 2 (0) 2  (20.83) 2
a= = =  0.433 m/s2
2s 2  500
The ve sign indicates retardation.
Using formula (iii),
a  0.433
= = =  2.165 rad/s2
r 0.2
The ve sign indicates angular retardation of wheel.
 Retardation = 2.165 rad/s2
Ans: The angular velocity of the wheel is 104.15 rad/s and its angular retardation is
2.165 rad/s2.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

1.5 Equations of angular motion with constant angular velocity; Angular distance travelled
by a particle in nth second
i. First equation of angular motion:  = 0 + t
1 2
ii. Second equation of angular motion:  = 0t + t
2
iii. Third equation of angular motion: 2 = 02 + 2

iv. Angular distance travelled by a particle in nth second:  = 0 + (2n  1)
n th 2
where,  = uniform angular acceleration
0 = initial angular velocity
 = final angular velocity
n = angular distance travelled in n second
n1 = angular distance travelled in (n  1) second
 th = n  n1 = distance travelled in nth second.
n

Knowledge Bank

A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy.

Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed. Flywheels are used in systems in which
continuous supply of energy is lacking. Use of flywheel provides a continuous supply of
energy to the system.

Illustrative Examples:
Example 1
A particle, initially at rest, performs circular motion with uniform angular acceleration
0.2 rad/s2. What speed will it attain in 5 seconds?
Solution:
Given:  = 0.2 rad/s2, t = 5 s, 0 = 0 ….( Particle starts from rest)
To find: Speed attained in 5 s ()
Formula:  = 0 + t
Calculation: Using formula,
 = 0 + (0.2)  5 = 1 rad/s
Ans: The speed attained by the particle in 5 seconds is 1 rad/s.
Example 2
A flywheel is rotating at 120 r.p.m. It is brought to rest in 10 revolutions. Calculate the
uniform retardation.
Solution:
120
Given: f0 = 120 r.p.m. = = 2 r.p.s, N = 10,
60
f=0 ( Flywheel is brought to rest)
To find: Retardation
Formulae: i.  = 2N ii. 2 = 02 + 2
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

Calculation: Using formula (i),

 = 2  3.142  10 = 62.84 rad
Using formula (ii), we get
2  02
=
2
(2 f ) 2  (2f 0 )2
 = ….[  = 2f]
2
(2  0) 2  (2  3.142  2) 2 157.95
= =
2  62.84 125.68
= 1.257 rad/s2 ….(The ve sign indicates retardation)
 Retardation = 1.257 rad/s2
Ans: The retardation of the flywheel is 1.257 rad/s2.
Example 3
A body, starting from rest, is subjected to an acceleration of 0.2 rad/s2. Calculate its
angular displacement in 5th second.
Solution:
Given:  = 0.2 rad/s2, 0 = 0 .…[ The body starts from rest]
To find:  
Angular displacement in 5th second  th
5


Formula:  = 0 +
(2n  1)
n th2
Calculation: Using formula,
0.2 0.2
 th = 0 +  (2  5  1) = 0 + (9)
5 2 2
  th = 0.9 radian
5
Ans: The angular displacement of the body in 5th second is 0.9 radian.

a
Formulae iv. s (2n  1)
=u+
n th 2
s where, a = acceleration
1. Velocity: v =
t s th = sn  s n 1 = distance covered
n
where, s = displacement, t = time by the body in nth second.
vu 4. Equations of motion for motion under
2. Acceleration: a =
t gravity:
where, u = initial velocity, i. v = u ± gt
v = final velocity, t = time where, g = acceleration due to
gravity
3. Equations of rectilinear motion: 1
i. v = u + at ii. h = ut ± gt2
2
1 where, h = vertical distance
ii. s = ut + at2
2 covered by the body
2 2
iii. v = u + 2as iii. v2 = u2 ± 2gh
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

20. A particle is rotating at 300 r.p.m. If   = 0.209 rad/s2

the radius of rotation is 1.5 m, Using formula (ii),
Calculate linear velocity. [W-10] [2 M] 1
Solution:  = 83.79600+ (0.209)(600)2
2
300
Given: f = 300 r.p.m. = rev/s = 5 r.p.s., = 50274 + 37620
60
  = 87,894 rad
r = 1.5 m
To find: Linear velocity (v) Ans: The uniform acceleration of the
flywheel is 0.209 rad/s2 and its angular
Formulae: i.  = 2f ii. v = r
displacement is 87,894 rad.
Calculation: Using formula (i),
 = 2  5
= 31.42 rad/s 22. A wheel of diameter 3 m increases its
Using formula (ii), speed uniformly from 150 r.p.m. to
300 r.p.m. in 30 seconds. Calculate
v = 31.42  1.5
angular acceleration and linear
 v = 47.13 m/s
acceleration. [W-14] [4 M]
Ans: The linear velocity of the particle is
Solution:
47.13 m/s.
Given: d=3m
21. A flywheel rotating at 800 r.p.m. 3
accelerates to 2000 r.p.m. in 10 minute.  r = = 1.5 m, t = 30 s,
Calculate the uniform acceleration and 2
angular displacement with given 150
f0 = 150 r.p.m. = r.p.s.
period. [W-07; S-14] [4 M] 60
Solution: = 2.5 r.p.s.
800 300
Given: f0 = 800 r.p.m. = r.p.s. f = 300 r.p.m. = r.p.s.
60 60
 0 = 2f0 = 5 r.p.s.
800  2  3.142 To find: i. Angular acceleration ()
= radian/s
60 ii. Linear acceleration (a)
= 83.79 rad/s,   1 2 (f  f 0 )
2000 Formulae: i. = 2 =
f = 2000 r.p.m. = r.p.s. t t
60 ii. a = r
2000  2  3.142
  = 2f = Calculation: Using formula (i),
60
2  3.142(5  2.5)
= 209.47 rad/s,  =
t = 10 minute = 10  60 = 600 s 30
To find: i. Uniform acceleration (a) 6.284  2.5
=
ii. Angular displacement () 30
  0   = 0.524 rad/s2
Formulae: i. =
t Using formula (ii),
1 a = 1.5  0.524
ii.  = 0 t   t 2
2  a = 0.786 m/s2
Calculation: Using formula (i), Ans: The angular acceleration of the wheel is
=
209.47  83.79 0.524 rad/s2 and its linear acceleration
600 is 0.786 m/s2.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. ChapterBasic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1)
01: Rectilinear MSBTE
and Angular Motion

7. A stone is dropped from the top of a

Additional Theory Questions building 98 m high. Find the time
required for the stone to reach the
1. Distinguish between: positive ground.
acceleration and negative acceleration.
Ans: Refer 1.2.(b) 8. A body is allowed to fall from the top of
a building 150 m high. After what time
2. What is meant by motion under gravity? will it hit the ground? What will be its
Ans: Refer 1.3.(b) velocity at that time?
9. A motorcycle with 18 cm wheel
3. State the relation between linear diameter has an angular velocity of
displacement and angular displacement. 50 rad/s. Calculate its linear velocity.
Ans: Refer 1.4.(b)
10. A wheel 60 cm in diameter turns at
4. State the relation between linear 120 r.p.m.:
acceleration and angular acceleration. i. What is the angular velocity in
Ans: Refer 1.4.(h) rad/s?
ii. What is the linear velocity of a
point on the rim of the wheel?
Problems for Practice
11. A flywheel rotating at 180 r.p.m. slows
1. A body starts from rest. It accelerates down to 120 r.p.m. in 10 min. Find
for 8 second at the rate 0.2 m/s2. i. the uniform retardation in rad/s2,
Determine its final velocity. ii. the angular displacement within
the given period of time.
2. A car starts from rest with uniform
acceleration of 0.5 m/s2. Find the 12. What will be the angular velocity of a
distance travelled in 2 min. pulley starting from rest with an
acceleration 0.2 rad/s2 at the end of 2
3. A railway wagon moving at 36 km/hr min? If the pulley is retarded and comes
attains a velocity of 72 km/hr and covers to rest in 2 min., find the retardation of
a distance of 500 m. Find the uniform the pulley.
acceleration of the wagon.
13. A wheel of diameter 2 m increases its
4. A scooter has initial velocity of 2 m/s. It speed uniformly from 60 r.p.m. to
accelerates for 10 s at the rate of 0.2 m/s2. 120 r.p.m. in 10 s. Calculate angular
Determine the final velocity and the acceleration.
distance travelled during this time. 14. A wheel starts from rest under uniform
acceleration and completes one
5. A cyclist starts from rest and travels with revolution in 4th second. Find the
a uniform acceleration 0.4 m/s2. Find his angular acceleration and angular
displacement during the 5th second. velocity after 11 s from start.
6. A car moving with constant 15. A train crosses a tunnel in 40 seconds.
acceleration travels 40 m and 80 m At the entry of tunnel its velocity is
during 5th second and 10th second of 45 km/hr and at the exit of tunnel its
travel respectively. Calculate initial velocity becomes 30 km/hr. Find length
velocity of the car. of the tunnel.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Appl. Sci.- Phy. (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Mech. Engg.) MSBTE

16. A car starts from a station and moves 24. A car is moving with a velocity of
with a constant acceleration. It covers a 60 km/hr. The diameter of wheels is
distance of 19 m during 10th s of its 600 mm. Find the angular velocity of
motion. Find the acceleration and the wheel. Also find the angular
velocities after 9th and 10th second from retardation if the car comes to rest over
the start. a distance of 800 m under constant
retardation.
17. A bus starts from rest from a station P
and attains a velocity of 36 km/hr in 25. A motorcycle with 15 cm wheel
4 min. It continues to travel with this diameter has an angular velocity of
velocity for 12 min. and finally comes to 30 rad/s. Calculate its linear velocity.
rest at station Q after retarding for
26. The speed of truck is reduced from
2 min. Calculate the distance PQ.
100 kmph to 60 kmph over a distance of
18. A body starting from rest is moving with 200 m. Find uniform retardation and
uniform acceleration. If it gains a velocity distance further travelled before coming
of 90 km/hr in 5 second, find its to rest.
acceleration and distance covered in 7th
Answers to Practice Problems
second.
1. 1.6 m/s
19. A body is thrown up with a velocity of 2. 3600 m
30 m/s. Find the maximum height to 3. 0.3 m/s2
which it will reach and time required to 4. 4 m/s, 30 m
reach maximum height. 5. 1.8 m
6. 4 m/s
20. A pointer of a clock of length 8 mm is 7. 4.47 s
moving with angular velocity of 8. 5.53 s, 54.25 m/s
0.112 rad/s. What is the linear velocity 9. 4.5 m/s
of the tip of the pointer? 10. 12.57 rad/s, 3.771 m/s
11. 0.0104 rad/s2, 11291.28 rad
21. An automobile travelling at 45 km/hr has 12. 24 rad/s, 0.2 rad/s2
wheels of 80 cm in diameter. What is the 13. 0.628 rad/s2
angular speed of wheels about the axis? 14. 1.795 rad/s2, 19.745 rad/s
15. 416.8 m
22. A flywheel is rotating at 16. 2 m/s2, 18 m/s, 20 m/s
420 revolution per minute. It is brought 17. 9600 m
to rest in 40 revolutions. Calculate 18. 5 m/s2, 32.5 m
uniform retardation. 19. 45.87 m, 3.06 s
20. 8.96  10–4 m/s
23. In case of uniform circular motion, if 21. 31.25 rad/s
radius vector of 75 cm subtends an 22. 2.985 rad/s2
π 23. 0.196 rad/s, 0.147 m/s
angle of radian in 4 s, calculate 24. 5.57 rad/s, 0.579 rad/s2
4
25. 4.5 m/s
angular velocity and linear velocity.
26. 1.235 m/s2, 112.5 m
32