)2( ‫الكترونيات حيوية و قياسات‬

‫ نعمان النجار‬.‫إعداد د‬
Dr.Eng. Noman AL Najjar
[email protected]
Qualification : - PhD in biomedical engineering

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 Biomedical sensors

Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction in Biomedical sensors
•Introduction & concepts
•Biomedical sensor using &tech nology
•Measurements biosystem
•Optical Measurements are used in biomedical sensors

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 Biomedical sensors
Introduction
• Transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another
• In sensors, a transducer converts an observed change into a measurable signal
• Integrated with other parts to “read” out the signal (electrically, optically, chemically)
• Some are used in vivo to perform continuous, invasive or non-invasive monitoring of critical
physiological variables
– pressure, flow, concentration of gas
• Some are used in vitro to help clinicians in various diagnostic procedures
– electrolytes, enzymes, metabolites in blood
concept
• in vivo: inside a living body (human or animal)
• ex vivo: outside the living body
• in vitro: in a test tube
• in situ: right in the place where reactions happen (could be in the cells, tissue, test tube ,
etc.)
 Biomedical Sensor
Issues in developing a biomedical sensor
 1- Configuration
 2- Supply of power
 3- Individual sensing of variables
 4- Processing of different signals
 5-Interconnection to the other modules in the system
 6- Manufacturing

Biomedical Sensor technology

•Use of microelectronics
 Electronic components are incorporated into sensors for signal processing and conversion
•Use of Optical devices
calorimetry, spectrophotometry principles are used to develop biomedical sensors based on
optoelectronic systems

Slide-4
Biomedical sensor using force sensors
 1- Used to measure force required for grasping at the thumbs and finger tips
 2- Sensor based upon variable capacitance principle
 3- Used in spinal cord injury patients
 4- Sensor used as a feedback element in a closed loop control system.

Trends in biomedical sensors

Key technologies for miniaturization of biomedical sensors and realization of biochips:

Slide-5
Measurements biosystem
What are the Transduers, Sensors, and Actuators?
•Transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another
• In principle, Transducers are devices that convert signals in one form of energy into signals
in another form of energy.
• Sensors
• Actuator
• Conventional v.s. Intelligent Transducers
Transducer - A device that converts energy of one form to another.
• Sensor - A device that converts a physical parameter to an electric output.
• Actuator - A device that converts an electric signal to a physical output.

Slide-6
Measurements biosystem

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Measurements biosystem
What are the Transduers, Sensors, and Actuators?

Slide-8
Physiological output Signals
Three types of output signal
1- Self-generating (active) transducers:
– The electrical signal output of
transducer is generated from another
form of input energy.

2- Modulating (passive) transducer:

3-Tandem transducers:
– The original input signal energy is
converted to a final output of electrical
energy through two or three effects or
conversions in tandem. Slide-9
Measurements biosystem

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Measurements biosystem
Physical Quantities for Measurement
• Displacement measurement
– Resistive sensors: Potentiometers, Strain gages, and Bridge circuit
– Inductive sensors: Self-inductance, Mutual inductance, and Differential transformer
(LVDT)
– Capacitive sensors
– Piezoelectric sensors: Piezoelectric effect
• Temperature measurement
– Thermocouples: Thermoelectric effect (Discovered by Seebeck in 1821), Peltier effect,
Thomson effect,
• Three empirical thermocouples laws: Homogeneous circuits, Intermediate metals,
Successive (Intermediate temperature)
– Thermistors
– Radiation thermometry
– Fiber-optic temperature sensor

Slide-11
Optical Measurements are used in biomedical sensors
Optical Measurement
– Optical systems are widely used in medical diagnosis, especially in clinical-chemistry lab.
– Application example: Blood or tissue sample analysis, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin,
cardiac output.
– Radiation sources: Tungsten lamp, Arc discharges, LEDs, LASERS

Figure :
(a) General block diagram of an
optical instrument.
(b) Highest efficiency is obtained by
using an intense lamp, lenses to
gather and focus the light on the
sample in the cuvette, and a
sensitive detector.
(c) Solidstate lamps and detectors
may simplify the system.

Slide-12
Optical Measurements are used in biomedical sensors
Light sources and detectors
Sources Detectors
• Incandescent bulb • Thermal detector (pyroelectric)
• Light emitting diode (LED) • Photodiode
• Gas and solid state lasers
• Phototransistor
• Arc lamp
• Charge-coupled device (CCD)
• Fluorescent source
• Photoconductive cell
• Photomultiplier tube

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Optical Measurements are used in biomedical sensors
Absorption/Fluorescence
•Different dyes show peaks of different values at different
concentrations when the absorbance or excitation is plotted against
wavelength.
•Phenol Red is a pH sensitive reversible dye whose relative
absorbance (indicated by ratio of green and red light transmitted) is
used to measure pH.
•HPTS is an irreversible fluorescent dye used to measure pH.
•Similarly, there are fluorescent dyes which can be used to measure
O2 and CO2 levels.

Slide-14
References
• Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, edited by John G. Webster
• Chemical sensors and biosensors, by Brian R. Eggins
• Sensors in Biomedical Applications: Fundamentals, Technology & Applications,
by Gábor Harsányi – Ch7: Biosensors
• Information about glucose meters
http://www.diabetesmonitor.com/meters.htm#fcnim
• Biomolecular sensors, edited by Electra Gizeli & Christopher R. Lowe

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