Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

ASSIGNMENTS

SECTION - I
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
LEVEL - I
1. You are given unlabelled four packets of white substances of zinc, namely ZnO, Zn(OH)2, ZnCO3 and
ZnS. How will you proceed to identify each of them?
2. Complete the following
Acid
(i) PbS  Acid 
 Gas 
C
 Yellow ppt.
(A) (B) (D)

NH 4 OH
(ii) A  H 2S   White ppt.  2HCl
(B)

NaOH
A  NaOH 
(C)
ppt.   solution
(D)

heat in air B
(iii) PbS   A  PbS   Pb  SO 2
3. Explain the following:
(i) Lead (Pb2+) is placed in the first as well as second group of qualitative analysis.
(ii) The colour of mercurous chloride, Hg2Cl2, changes from white to black when treated with ammonia.
(iii) During the qualitative analysis of a mixture containing Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, H2S gas is passed
through an acidified solution containing these ions in order to test Cu2+ alone. Explain briefly.
4. Compound X on reduction with LiAlH4 gives a hydride Y containing 21.72% hydrogen along with other
products. The compound Y reacts with air explosively resulting in boron trioxide. Identify X and Y.
Give balanced reactions involved in the formation of Y and its reaction with air.
5. A certain salt (X) gives the following tests:
(i) Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus
(ii) On strongly heating it swells to give glassy material
(iii) When concentrated H2SO4 is added to a hot concentrated solution.
6. Identify the unknown species and complete the following
(i) (A) + dil.H2SO4 + K­2Cr2O7  (B) green coloured
(A) + dil. H2SO4 + (C)  MnSO4
H 2O
(A)  O 2  (D)
(D) + BaCl2  White ppt.
heat
(ii) (A)aq.  Zn  (B)gas
heat
(A)aq  (C)   PH 3
(A)aq  NH 4 Cl 
(D)gas
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

7. Element A burns in nitrogen to give an ionic compound B. Compound B reacts with water to give C and
D. A solution of C becomes ‘milky’ on bubbling carbon dioxide. Identify A, B, C and D.
8. A mineral popularly known as appetite, is used to prepare a fertilizer, which provides phosphorus
element to the soil:
(i) The fertilizer is obtained by treating appetite with H2SO4
(ii) When heated with silica and cake, it yields white phosphorus and calcium silicate. Suggest formula
for appetite
9. A white solid was added to sodium hydroxide solution and warmed. A colourless gas with a characteristic
odour evolved on heating, which turned moist red litmus to blue. Identify the solid and gas.
10. A white compound A gave a golden yellow flame colour on performing flame test. The aqueous solution
of A produced a precipitate with AgNO3 solution. On heating with conc. H2SO4 dense brown fumes
come out. Identify A.
11. When gas A is passed through dry KOH at low temperature, a deep red coloured compound, B and a
gas C are obtained. The gas A, on reaction with but -2-ene, followed by treatment with Zn/H2O yields
acetaldehyde. Identify A,B and C.
12. Gradual addition of KI solution to Bi(NO3)3 solution initially produces a dark brown precipitate which
dissolves in excess of KI to give a clear yellow solution. Write chemical equations for the above
reactions.
13. A colourless solid A liberates a brown gas B on acidification, a colourless alkaline gas C on treatment
with NaOH, and a colourless non-reactive gas D on heating. If heating of the solid A is continued, it
completely disappears. Identify A to D.
14. A compound (X) of S, Cl and O has vapour density of 67.5. It reacts with water to form two acids, and
reacts with KOH to form two salts (Y) and (Z). While (Y) gives white precipitate with AgNO 3
solution, (Z) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 solution. Identify X.
15. Identify A,B, C and D in the following sequence of reactions:
(i) A + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O
(ii) NH3 + CO2 + H2O B
(iii) B + NaCl  C + NH4Cl
  Na CO + H O + D
(iv) C  2 3 2
Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

SECTION - II
SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. For the precipitation of Group IV metal ions as their insoluble carbonates, a saturated (NH4)2CO3
solution is added to the salt sample in an ammonical medium, as a group reagent. But Na2CO3 or
K2CO3 should not be used as the group reagent because
(a) they will prevent the precipitation of Group IV metal carbonates by forming soluble complex salts
(b) this would interfere with the Group V tests the presence or absence of Na+ and K+
(c) they will prevent the precipitation of Group IV metal ions by forming soluble metal hydroxides
(d) they will precipitate out Mg2+ ions of Group V (if present) along with Group IV metal carboantes
2. Which of the following changes occur when a solution containing Mn2+ and Cr3+ is heated with an
NaOH solution and H2O2?
(a) Mn(OH)2 and Cr(OH)3 precipitates which are formed initially dissolve due to the formation of
Na2MnO4 and Na2CrO4
(b) Soluble yellow Na2CrO4 and a brown precipitate of hydrated manganese dioxide are formed
(c) A grey–blue gelatinuous precipitate of Cr(OH)3 and a white precipitate of Mn(OH)2 are formed
(d) Soluble Na2MnO4 and a grey–blue precipitate of Cr(OH)3 are formed
3. During the separation of Group IV metal ions as insoluble carbonates by the addition of a saturated
solution of (NH4)2CO3 to the salt sample in an ammonical medium containing an excess of NH4Cl,
magnesium is not precipitated either as Mg(OH)2 or MgCO3 because
(a) the concentrations of OH– and CO32– are so low due to the common–ion effect that the ionic
product values of Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3 cannot exceed their respective solubility product values
(b) the solubility products of Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3 decrease due to the common–ion effect
(c) the solubility products of Mg(OH)2 and MgCO3 increase due to the common–ion effect
(d) all of these
4. When a reagent A reacts with Fe3+ the solution turns red due to the formation of a compound B. The
reagent causes no change in colour when it reacts with Fe2+ in the pure state. A and B are respectively
(a) K4[Fe(CN)6] and Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (b) NH4CNS and [Fe(SCN)]2+
(c) K3[Fe(CN)6] and K2Fe[Fe(CN)6 ] (d) Na2 HPO4 and FePO4
5. Which of the following statement is incorrect for the borax–bead test of inorganic salts in an oxidizing
flame?
(a) The formation of a green bead which turns blue upon cooling indicates the presence of Cu2+ in the
salt
(b) The formation of a blue bead which retains its colour on cooling indicates the presence of Co2+ in
the salt
(c) The formation of a dark yellow bead in he hot condition which becomes green upon cooling
indicates the presence of Cr3+ in the salt
(d) The formation of a green bead in hot as well as cold conditions indicates the presence of Mn2+ in
the salt.
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

6. An insoluble salt (A) is readily soluble in concentrated ammonium acetate solution. The resulting
solution on treatment with K2CrO4 gives a yellow precipitate which is insoluble in mineral acid. Identify
A
(a) PbSO4 (b) Ag2 SO 4
(c) HgSO4 (d) CaSO4
7. An excess of an NaOH solution is added gradually to an aqueous solution of ZnSO4. Which of the
following happens?
(a) A white precipitate is formed which does not dissolve in the excess of NaOH
(b) A green precipitate is formed which dissolves on he addition of the excess of NaOH
(c) A white precipitate is formed which dissolves in the excess of NaOH
(d) No observable change takes place
8. The yellow precipitate formed by passing ammonia gas into Nessler’s reagent is due to the formation
of
(a) HgI 4 2– (b) NH2O—Hg—HgI
(c) NH2 —Hg—O—Hg—I (d) NH2—Hg—I
9. The green colour formed by adding KOH to KMnO4 is due to the formation of
(a) MnO4 2– (b) Mn2+
(c) Mn2O 7 (d) MnO2
10. When the solution of an inorganic salt in sodium hydroxide is boiled, a pungent gas is produce which
turns moist red litmus paper blue and a mercurous nitrate solution black. This experiment indicates that
the salt contains
(a) CO 3 2– (b) NH4+
(c) Sn4+ (d) NO 2 –
11. In third group of qualitative analysis, the precipitate employed is a mixture of NH4Cl and NH4OH. If
NH4Cl is not available in the laboratory and the mixture does not contain Mn2+, we can use
(a) (NH4 )2 SO 4 (b) (NH4 ) 2CO 3
(c) NH 4 NO 3 (d) all of these
12. Which of the following pairs of ions cannot be separated by H2S in dil. HCl?
(a) Bi3+, Sn4+ (b) Al3+, Hg2+
(c) Zn2+, Cu2+ (d) Ni2+, Cu2+
13. A compound produced blue mass in cobalt nitrate test and formed a brown ring with FeSO4 and
conc.H2SO4. The probable compound is:
(a) Al(NO3 )3 (b) Zn(NO3 )2
(c) Cu(NO3 )2 (d) MgCl2
14. When a fluoride is heated with conc. H2SO4 in a glass tube and if a drop of water is held at the mouth
of the glass tube, a white deposit formed is of
(a) H2SiF6 (b) SiO2
(c) H2SiO3 (d) SiF4 + H2F2
Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

15. The salt used for performing ‘bead test’ in qualitative inorganic analysis is
(a) K2 SO4 .Al2(SO4 )3.24H2 O (b) FeSO4 .(NH4 )2SO4.6H2 O
(c) Na(NH4 )HPO 4.4H2 O (d) CaSO4 .2H2 O
16. A gas ‘X’ is passed through water to form a saturated solution. The aqueous solution on treatment with
silver nitrate gives a white precipitate. The saturated aqueous solution also dissolves magnesium ribbon
with the evolution of a colourless gas ‘Y’. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
(a) X = CO2, Y = Cl2 (b) X = Cl2, Y = CO2
(c) X = Cl2, Y = H2 (d) X2 = H2, Y = Cl­2
17. A monobasic acid of phosphorus, which reduces HgCl2 to black Hg is
(c) Hypophosphorus acid (b) Phosphoric acid
(c) Metaphosphoric acid (d) Pyrophosphoric acid
18. When SO2 is passed through an aq. Solution of I2, it becomes colourless. This is due to
(a) Bleaching action of SO2 (b) Formation of HI
(c) Combination of SO2 and I2 (d) Formation of HNO3
19. When Cl2 water is added to an aq. Solution of potassium halide in the presence of chloroform, a violet
colour is formed. On adding more of Cl­2 water, the violet colour disappears and a colourless solution is
obtained. The test confirms the presence of ____________ in solution
(a) Iodide (b) Bromide
(c) Chloride (d) Iodide and Bromide
20. A white crystalline substance dissolves in hot water. On passing H2S in this solution, a black precipitate
is obtained. The black precipitate dissolves completely in hot HNO3. On adding a few drops of conc.
H2SO4 a white precipitate is obtained. This substance is
(a) BaSO4 (b) SrSO4
(c) PbCl2 (d) CdSO4
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

SECTION - III
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. An inorganic salt X is mixed with an equal quantity of MnO2, and heated with concentrated H2SO4. A
gas is evolved which reacts with potassium iodide, and one of the products will turn starch paper blue.
X may be
(a) NaHCO3 (b) NaCl
(c) NaNO 3 (d) KCl
2. The constituents of which of the following pairs of ions in a dilute HCl medium can be separated by
passing H2S through it?
(a) Cu2+, Zn2+ (b) Cu2+, Ni2+
(c) Sn4+, Bi3+ (d) Hg2+, Fe3+
3. The sulphides of which of the following metals are soluble in a yellow ammonium sulphide solution?
(a) Sn (b) As
(c) Hg (d) Sb
4. Which of the following cations can be detected by the flame test?
(a) K + (b) Ba 2+
(c) Sr2+ (d) Mg2+
5. On being heated with concentrated HNO3 and an ammonium molybdate solution, a salt solution gives
a yellow precipitate. The salt may be
(a) Na 2 HPO 4 (b) As 2 O 3
(c) FeSO4 (d) BaCl2
6. Acidified K2Cr2O7 changes to green on reaction with :
(a) SO2 (b) FeSO4
(c) KI and the adding hypo (d) NaCl + conc. H2SO4
7. There is formation of blue colour when (KI + starch) is added to :
(a) HNO 2 (b) CuSO4
(c) Cl2 (d) Cr 2 O7 2– /H +
8. Which give(s) yellow ppt with K2CrO4 :
(a) Ba 2+ (b) Pb2+
(c) Cu2+ (d) Ca 2+
9. Borate forms green edged flame when burnt with conc. H2SO4 + ethanol. Green edged flame has
formula.
(a) (C 2 H 5 O) 3 B (b) (C 2 H5 ) 2BO 2
(c) (C 2 H5 ) 3BO 3 (d) (C 2 H 5)BO 2
10. Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) An aq. solution of NH4Cl is acidic (b) NH4OH is a weak base
(c) With excess of Cl2, NH3 forms NH4Cl (d) (NH4)2SO4 is a fertilizer
Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
SECTION - IV
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
Write up - I

A coloured solution known to contain two metal ions, was treated with excess cold sodium hydroxide
solution. When filtered a whitish solid, slowly changing to brown, was retained on the filter paper and
a colourless solution collected as the filtrate. Dropwise addition of hydrochloric acid to the filtrate
produced a white precipitate which dissolved in excess acid. Treatment of the residue from the filter
paper with a solution of a strong oxidizer produced a reddish-violet solution.

1. Indicate any pairs of ions which on testing as above leads to the observed changes :
(a) Zn2+ and Mn2+ ions (b) Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions
(c) Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions (d) Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions
2. Filtrate obtained after separation of white solid contains :
(a) ZnO (b) Na 2 ZnO4
(c) MnO (d) Na 2MnO2
3. White solid changing to brown is due to formation of :
(a) Mn(OH)2 (b) MgO
(c) Zn(OH)­2 (d) MnO2

Write up - II
Consider following observations and answer the questions at the end of it.
(A) If CO2(g) under pressure is passed into Na2CrO4 (aq.), Na2Cr2O7(aq.) is formed.
(B) When Zn is added to acidic solution of Na2Cr2O7, the colour of the solution changes from orange
to green then to blue, and over a period of time, back to green.

13. Na2CrO4 (yellow) is converted to Na2Cr2O7 (orange) because of :

(a) formation of acidic solution by CO2(aq.)
(b) formation of basic solution by CO2 (aq.)
(c) oxidation by CO2 (aq)
(d) reduction by CO2 (aq)
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

14. Observation in reaction (B) are due to :

(a) reduction of Cr2O72– to Cr 3+ (green) and by nascent hydrogen formed when zinc is added to
acidified solution
(b) blue changes to green by oxidation of Cr2+ by atmospheric oxygen
(c) both of the above are correct
(d) none of the above is correct
15. Na2Cr2O7 can be converted into Na2CrO4 by :
(a) adding NaOH solution (b) adding H2O2
(c) passing CO2 gas at high pressure (d) none of these

MULTIPLE MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS

Match the following

7. Column – I Column – II
(a) Nessler’s reagent (p) Chromyl chloride test
(b) K2 Cr 2 O 7 (q) Prussian blue test of Fe3+
(c) NaOH (r) Chocolate brown test of Cu2+
(d) K4[Fe(CN)6 ] (s) NH4+ ion

8. Column – I Column – II
(a) CuSO4.5H2 O (p) Water insoluble
(b) PbSO4 (q) Water soluble
(c) BaSO4 (r) Blue coloured
(d) Ag2 SO 4 (s) White residue (in solid state)

ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

The question given below consist of an ASSERTION and the REASON. Use the following key for the
appropriate answers
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for
Assertion
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is not correct.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
9. Assertion : Phosphates are identified by the yellow precipitate obtained on adding ammonium molybdate
solution.
Reason : Lower the value of pKb , stronger is the base.
Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

10.Assertion : Boiling a solution containing Cl–, Br– and I– with potassium persulphate, violet and brown
vapours appear.
Reason : Br– and I– are oxidized to Br2 and I2 but Cl– is not oxidised.
11. Assertion : First group basic radical are precipitated as their chlorides
Reason : The solubility product of these chlorides are more than the solubility product of other basic
radical chlorides.
12.Assertion : Cu2+ and Cd2+ are separated from each other by first adding. KCN solution and then
passing H2S gas.
Reason : KCN reduces Cu2+ to Cu+ and forms a complex with it.
13.Assertion : V group basic radicals are precipitated as their carbonates in presence of NH4OH.
Reason : NH4OH maintains the pH of the solution basic
14.Assertion : NH4Cl is added in III group basic radicals to suppress the ionization of NH4OH.
Reason : In the presence of high concentration of OH– ions, basic radicals of other groups will also
get precipitated in III group.
15.Assertion : CaSO4 dissolves in (NH4)2SO4 solution
Reason : CaSO4 forms a soluble complex of (NH4)2[CaSO4)2].
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

SECTION - V
(PROBLEMS )

A. Only one option is correct (Objective Questions)

1. CuSO4 decolourises on addition of KCN, the product is :
(a) [Cu(CN)4]2–
(b) Cu2+ get reduced to form [Cu(CN)4]3–
(c) Cu(CN)2
(d) CuCN
2. A solution when diluted with H2O and boiled, it gives a white precipitate. On addition of excess
NH4Cl/NH4OH, the volume of precipitate decreases leaving behind a white gelatinous precipitate.
Identify the precipitate which dissolves in NH4OH/NH4Cl.
(a) Zn(OH)2 (b) Al(OH)3
(c) Mg(OH)2 (d) Ca(OH)2
3. A metal nitrate reacts with KI to give a black precipitate which on addition of excess of KI convert into
orange colour solution. The cation of metal nitrates is :
(a) Hg2+ (b) Bi3+
(c) Pb2+ (d) Cu+
4. A sodium salt of an unknown anion when treated with MgCl2 gives white precipitate only on boiling.
The anion is :
(a) SO 4 2– (b) HCO 3 –
(c) CO 3 2– (d) NO 3 –
5. [X] + H2SO4  [Y] a colourless gas with irritating smell
[Y] + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4  green solution
[X] and [Y] are :
(a) SO32–, SO2 (b) Cl–, HCl
(c) S2–, H2S (d) CO32–, CO2
6. A gas ‘X’ is passed through water to form a saturated solution. The aqueous solution on treatment with
silver nitrate gives a white precipitate. The saturated aqueous solution also dissolves magnesium ribbon
with evolution of a colourless gas ‘Y’. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’.
(a) X = CO2, Y = Cl2 (b) X = Cl2, Y = CO2
(c) X = Cl2, Y = H2 (d) X = H2, Y = Cl2
7. An aqueous solution of a substance gives a white precipitate on treatment with dilue hydrochloric acid,
which dissovles on heating. When hydrogen sulphide is passed through the hot acidic solution, a black
precipitate is obtained. The substance is a :
(a) Hg2+ salt (b) Cr2+ salt
(c) Ag+ salt (d) Pb2+ salt
Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

8. In nitroprusside ion the iron and NO exist. NO exist as FeII and NO+ rather than FeIII and NO. These
forms can be differentiated by :
(a) estimating the concentration of iron
(b) measuring the concentration of CN
(c) measuring the solid state magnetic moment
(d) thermally decomposing the compound
9. The following equilibrium is established when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in acetic acid :

HCl  CH 3 COOH CH 3COOH 2  Cl

The set that characterises the conjugate acid-base pairs is :
(a) (HCl, CH3COOH) and (CH2COOH2+, Cl–)
(b) (HCl, CH3COOH2+) and (CH3COOH, Cl–)
(c) (CH3, COOH2+,HCl, ) and (Cl–, CH3COOH)
(d) (HCl, Cl–) and (CH3COOCH2+, CH3COOH)

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
moist air Zn
B   MCl 4   A
1. ( white fumes
having smell)
M  (transition element (purple
colour)
colourless)

Identify the metal M and hence MCl4. Explain the difference in colours of MCl4 and A.
2. AlF3 is insoluble in anhydrous HF but when little KF is added to the compound it becomes soluble. On
addition of BF3, AlF3 is precipitated. Write the balanced chemical equations.
3. A mixture consists ‘A’ (yellow solid) and ‘B’ (colourless solid) which gives lilac colour in flame :
(a) mixture gives black precipitate ‘C’ on passing H2S gas
(b) ‘C’ is soluble in aquaregia and on evaporation of aquaregia and adding SnCl2 gives greyish black
precipiate ‘D’.
The salt solution with NH4OH gives a brown precipiate.
(i) The sodium extract of the salt with CCl4/FeCl3 gives a violet layer.
(ii) The sodium extract gives yellow precipitate with AgNO3 solution which is insoluble in NH3. Identify
A and B and the precipiates C and D.
4. When a white crystalline compound X is heated with K2Cr 2O7 and concentrated H2SO4, a reddish
brown gas A is evolved. On passing A into caustic soda solution, a yellow coloured solution B is obtained.
Neutralizing the solution of B with acetic acid and on subsequent addition of lead acetate a yellow
precipiate C is obtained. When X is heated with NaOH solution, colourless gas is evolved and on
passing this gas into K2HgI4 solution, a reddish brown precipiate D is formed. Identify A, B, C, D and X.
Write the equations of reactions involved.
5. A white substance A reacts with dilute H2SO4 to produce a colourless gas B and a colourless solution
C. The reaction between B and acidified K2Cr2O7 solution produces a green solution and a slightly
coloured precipiate D. The substance D burns in air to produce a gas E which reacts with B to yield D
and a colourless liquid. Anhydrous copper sulphate is turned blue on addition of this colourless liquid.
Addition of aqueous NH3 or NaOH to C produces first a precipiate, which dissolves in the excess of the
respective reagent to produce a clear solution in each case. Identify A, B, C, D, and E. Write the
equations of the reactions involved.
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

6. Write the chemical reactions associated with the ‘borax bead test’ of cobalt (II) oxide.
7. An aqueous blue coloured solution of a transition metal sulphate reacts with H2S in acidic medium to
give a black precipiate A, which is insoluble in warm aqueous solution of KOH. The blue solution on
treatment with KI is weakly acidic medium, turns yellow and produces a white precipiate B. Identify
the transition metal ion. Write the chemical reactions invlved in he formation of A and B.
8. Write the chemical reactions assocaited with the ‘brown ring test’.
9. During the qualitative analysis of a mixture containing Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, H2S gas is passed throug an
acidified solution containing these ions in order to test Cu2+ alone. Explain.
10. A colourless inorganic salt (A) decomposes completely at about 250°C to give only two products (B)
and (C), leaving no residue. The oxide (C) is a liquid at room temperature and neutral to moist litmus
paper, while the gas (B) is a neutral oxide. White phosphorus burns in excess of (B) to produce a strong
white dehydrating agent. Write balanced equations for the reactions involved in the above process.
Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

ANSWERS
SECTION - I
(Subjective Questions)
Answers are given in separate booklet.

SECTION - II
(Single Choice Questions)
1. (b) 2. (b)
3. (a) 4. (b)
5. (d) 6. (a)
7. (c) 8. (c)
9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (c)
15. (d) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (a) 20. (c)

SECTION - III
(Multiple Choice Questions)
1. (b, d) 2. (a, b, d)
3. (a, b, d) 4. (a, b, c)
5. (a, b) 6. (a, b, c)
7. (a, b, c, d) 8. (a, b)
9. (a, c) 10. (a, b, d)

SECTION - IV
(Comprehension Type Questions)
1. (a) 2. (b)
3. (d) 4. (c)
5. (a) 6. (a)
 Chemistry : Qualitative Analysis

(Multiple Matching Type Questions)

7. (a) (s) (b) (p)
(c) (s) (d) (q, r)
8. (a) (q, r) (b) (p, s)
(c) (p, s) (d) (q, s)

(Assertion Reason Type Questions)

9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (a)

SECTION - V

A. Only one option is correct (Objective Questions)

1. (d) 2. (a)
3. (b) 4. (b)
5. (a) 6. (c)
7. (d) 8. (c)
9. (d)
SUBJECTIVE
Answers are given in separate booklet.