Scribd
Upload
42 views

Unit 2 Lessons 2.1 To 2.2

This document introduces conic sections, beginning with circles. It defines a circle as all points equidistant from a fixed center point, and provides the standard equation forms. Examples are given of graphing circles and finding their equations given properties like the center and a point on the circle. The learning objectives are defined as understanding circles, their equations, centers, and radii. The document then begins an introduction to parabolas, defining them as all points equidistant from a fixed point and line, and identifying key parts of a parabola like the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry.

Uploaded by

cram eugnapen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views

Unit 2 Lessons 2.1 To 2.2

This document introduces conic sections, beginning with circles. It defines a circle as all points equidistant from a fixed center point, and provides the standard equation forms. Examples are given of graphing circles and finding their equations given properties like the center and a point on the circle. The learning objectives are defined as understanding circles, their equations, centers, and radii. The document then begins an introduction to parabolas, defining them as all points equidistant from a fixed point and line, and identifying key parts of a parabola like the focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry.

Uploaded by

cram eugnapen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

UNIT 2.

CONIC SECTIONS

Lesson 2.1 Circles

Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

 define and give the general equation of a circle,


 find the center and the radius of the circle of an equation; and
 determine the equation of the circle.
Introduction
A conic section is a curve of intersection of a plane and a double-napped right
circular cone to the ancient Greek geometers. The figure below shows the four conic
sections and circle, a parabola, an ellipse, and a hyperbola. The type of curve depends
on the inclination of the cutting plane relative to the cone's axis. We will define in the next
sections the four conic sections. We begin with the circle.
The Conic Sections

Image from google.com

Introduction to Circles
A circle is a set of all points on a plane equidistant
from a fixed point. The fixed point is called the center, and
the distance from the center to any point of the circle is
referred to as the radius. For example, we let the center of
a circle be at the fixed point C(h, k), and the radius is r.
Then if P(x, y) is any point on the circle, the distant from C
to P is equal to r. By applying the distant formula d =
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2 , we will arrive at the value of the
radius r = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 or equivalent to 𝑟 2 =
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 .

The standard form of an equation of the circle is (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 with radius
r and center (h, k), while its standard form radius r and center at the origin is

Calculus 1 Second Semester 2021-2022 Page 24


𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 . In addition, the standard form of an equation of the circle with radius r = 1
and center at the origin is called unit circle and has the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

The general form of the equation of a circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + Dx +Ey + F = 0

Form of a Circle

This section will discuss how to set up the graph of a circle and determine its
radius. The following examples will illustrate the following sets of problems.

Example 1. Graph the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16


Solution:
Note that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 is the standard equation of the circle
with a center at the origin (0, 0) and radius. We can represent
the equation into 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑇o determine the radius r.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 42 , thus r = 4.

To sketch the graph of the circle, we take all the points


that are 4 units form (0, 0) to all directions along the plane. The circle is reflected in the
left figure.

Example 2. Determine the general equation of the circle whose center is (3, -1) and
whose graph contains the point (7, -1). Sketch the
graph.
Solution:
We need to solve for the length of the radius.

We let (h, k) = (3, -1) and (x, y) = (7, -1).


r = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
r = √(7 − 3)2 + [(−1) − (−1)]2
r = √(4)2 + (0)2
r = √16
r=4

Then we substitute r = 4 and (h, k) = (3, -1), we get


(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − 3)2 + [𝑦 − (−1)]2 = 42
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 16
𝑥 2 - 6x + 9 + 𝑦 2 + 2y + 1 = 16
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6x + 2y + 9 + 1 – 16 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6x + 2y – 6 = 0

The equation of the circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6x + 2y – 6 = 0

Example 3. Find the general equation of the circle whose center is (2, 6) and whose
radius is 3. Graph the circle.
Solution:

Calculus 1 Second Semester 2021-2022 Page 25


We let (h, k) = (2, 6) and r = 3. We will make use of the
same formula to establish the equation of the circle.
(See the figure on the right.)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 32
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 6)2 = 92
𝑥 2 - 4x + 4 + 𝑦 2 - 1 2y + 36 = 9
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4x – 12y + 4 + 36 -9 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4x – 12y + 31 = 0

The equation of the line is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 4x – 12y + 31 = 0.

Activity 7
“Finding the General Equation of a Circle”

Instruction: Write your answer on a short bond paper.

References: Peterson, T.S. (1960). Calculus with Analytic Geometry; Sirug, W.S. (2015). Analytic
Geometry., Villanueva et al., Pre-Calculus Analysis and Applications, 2017.

Calculus 1 Second Semester 2021-2022 Page 26


Lesson 2.2. Parabola

Learning Objectives: At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

 describe and discuss the different parts of the parabola; and


 define and give the general equation of a parabola,
Introduction
The first conic section is the circle which was discussed in the previous lesson.
The second conic section that we are going to study is the parabola.
Parabola
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point and a
fixed-line. The fixed point is called the focus, and the fixed line is called the directrix.
The vertex of the parabola is the midpoint of the perpendicular segment from the focus
to the directrix, while the line that passes through the vertex and focus is called the axis
of symmetry. The line segment through the focus perpendicular to the axis of symmetry
is called the latus rectum, whose length is4c.

To derive the formula of the parabola opening to the right having the vertex at the
origin, let say F is the focus, and D is a point in a directrix as shown in Figure below, then
the parabola is the set of all points P(x,y) such that FP = Pd, The equation of the
parabola opening to the right is

d1 = d2
FP = PD
√(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = √(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2
=
√(𝑥 − 𝑐 )2 + (𝑦)2 √(𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 02
=
(𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑦)2 (𝑥 + 𝑐)2 + 0
=
𝑥 – 2cx + 𝑐 2 + 𝑦 2
2
𝑥 2 + 2cx + 𝑐 2
𝑦2 = 4𝑐𝑥

If we consider Figure on the left, then the parabola is the set of all points P(x, y)
such that FP = PD. The equation of the parabola opening upward is
d1 = d2
FP = PD
√(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑐)2 = √(𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑐 )2
=
√𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑐 )2 √02 + (𝑦 + 𝑐)2
2 2 =
(𝑥) + (𝑦 − 𝑐) 0 +(𝑦 + 𝑐)2
=
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 2cy + 𝑐 2 𝑦 2 + 2cy + 𝑐 2
2 =
𝑥 4𝑐𝑦

For simplicity the following will be represented as


V= vertex of the parabola
F= the focus of the parabola

Calculus 1 Second Semester 2021-2022 Page 27


P(x,y)= any point along the parabola
D=directrix of the parabola
E1, E2= endpoints of the latus rectum
c= distance from vertex to focus
e= eccentricity

Activity 8

References: Peterson, T.S. (1960). Calculus with Analytic Geometry; Sirug, W.S. (2015). Analytic
Geometry., Villanueva et al., Pre-Calculus Analysis and Applications, 2017.

Calculus 1 Second Semester 2021-2022 Page 28

You might also like