ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Department of Architecture
Course Code: Surveying (ARCH3124)

Report Writing on chaining on level ground.

Section: A

No. Group Name ID NO

1 Moges Zeleke ETS0906/13
2 Amanuel Meles ETS0124/13
3 Sara Mengistu ETS0 /13
4 Desta Fute ETS0381/13
5 Tsion Teferi ETS /13

Instructor :
Dr. Ephrem
Date Conducted :
24-03-2023 GC
Date Submitted :
10-05-2023 GC
 Table of Content

Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Objective.......................................................................................................................................... 3
Background information.................................................................................................................. 3
Instrument and Accessories............................................................................................................. 5
Procedures........................................................................................................................................5
Data Gathered and Results...............................................................................................................6
Calculations......................................................................................................................................7
Discussion........................................................................................................................................ 7
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 8
Reference......................................................................................................................................... 8
 CHAIN SURVEYING
TAPING OVER LEVEL GROUND: DIRECT RANGING

Introduction
Taping is the linear measurement of the horizontal distance between two points using a
surveyor’s tape. Observation of the horizontal distance by taping consists of applying the known
length of a graduated tape directly to the line a number of times. All distance is presumed to be
horizontal distance. This dictates that every field measurement taken be either measured
horizontally or if not, reduce to a horizontal distance mathematically.

Objective
To determine the horizontal length of the level ground with the tape by using the Ranging (by
eye) method throughout the distance.

Background information

The first step of any construction work is surveying and thus it is an important branch of civil
engineering. In general, surveying can be defined as the art of determining the relative position
of various features above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth utilizing different
instruments and preparing maps.
One of the important aspects of surveying is ranging in surveying. In general, ranging can be
defined as the process of fixing or establishing several intermediate points to measure the survey
line.

The establishment of fixation of such intermediate points is accomplished utilizing ranging rods
or ranging poles.

Generally, when the length of the survey line is longer than the length of the chain, the total
length cannot be determined by chaining alone. In such a case, the intermediate points along the
survey line are determined by ranging.

Direct ranging is the method of ranging that is adopted when the two survey stations are
inter-visible i.e. the two endpoints of the survey line are visible.

Ranging by Eye: this is a type of method of direct ranging that is done simply with the aid of the
eyes of the surveyor. As shown in the figure below, let A and B be the two inter-visible points at
the ends of the survey line. The surveyor then stands with a ranging rod at point A concerning
point B. Then, another person takes the ranging rod and fixes or establishes an intermediate point
between the line AB. Let the intermediate point established be C.

It must be noted that the distance of the intermediate point is not greater than one chain length
from the first point A of the survey line. The surveyor at point A then signals another person at
the intermediate
points so that the ranging rod is in perfect line with the endpoints A and B. Hence, the
intermediate points are determined.
Instrument and Accessories

Instrument

30-m or 100-ft Steel Tape

Range poles

Markers: We used pebbles at the site as markers

for tape ends.

Procedures
1. A distance of approximately 50 meters was put between the starting and ending points of the
line.
2. Both ends of the line were marked to be measured (A and B consequently).
3. The ranging pole was then placed behind each point and also establish intermediate points
along the line to ensure unobstructed sight lines. These intermediate points shouldn’t have a
separation of more than 10 meters.
4. Since the points to be marked are located on pavement, the surveyors have used marking
pebbles.
5. The rear tape man with one pin station at the point of beginning and the head tape man took
the zero end of the tap and advanced toward the other end of the line to be measured.
6. When the head tape man had gone nearly a full tape length, the rear tape man calls out to stop
the head tape man. The rear tape man then held the tape at the starting point and aligns the other
end of the tape held by the head tape man on the range pole set behind the endpoint or on any
intermediate points earlier established along the line.
7. The rear tape man picks up his chaining pin and the head tape man pulls the tape forward and
the process is repeated for the next full tape length.
8. When the end of the line was almost reached and the last full tape length is measured, the
remaining partial length is then measured, and the rear tape man holds the tape until he has a full
meter mark.
9. After the measurement of the whole line is completed, a second measurement was made in the
opposite direction. The mean of the two measurements is taken as the most probable value of the
length of the line.

Data Gathered and Results

Target 1 2 3 4 5 6

Forward(FW) 9.35 9.55 7.63 8.5 9.3 9.9

Backward(BW) 7.5 9.8 8.5 9.7 9.8 9.1

Calculations

Computing the total forward distance

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑊 = 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 2 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 3 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 4 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 5 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑊 = 9. 35 + 9. 55 + 7. 63 + 8. 5 + 9. 3 + 9. 9
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑊 = 54. 375

Computing the total backward distance

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑊 = 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 2 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 3 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 4 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 5 + 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑊 = 7. 5 + 9. 8 + 8. 5 + 9. 7 + 9. 8 + 9. 1
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑊 = 54. 400

Computing the actual difference between the forward and backward measurements
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐵𝑊 − 𝐹𝑊
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 54. 400 − 54. 375
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0. 025

Computing the allowable difference for the FW and BW

𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0. 004 𝑑 + 0. 001
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0. 03

Computing the Average distance which will be taken as the the measured distance of
the line
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝐵𝑊 + 𝐹𝑊)/2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (54. 400 + 54. 375)/2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 54. 385

Discussion
The beginning of the activity, the two rear tapeman is assigned to point A and point B. the
headtapeman starts to unreels and spreads out the 10m tape and pulls the zero mark uphill along
the point A where the rear tapeman is standing. This with the help of the other 3 stations will get
to 6 targeted distances. This distance collectively gives off 54.385m of distance. This result is
somehow precise and accurate due to the actual difference turning out to be less than the
allowable difference. This indicates that errors were very minimal during the experiment and
these mishaps were limited to an allowable extent and didn’t disrupt the chaining procedure.

𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

0.3 > 0.025

Conclusion
As per the above carried out surveying experiment it can be concluded that the distance between
station “A” and “B” is 54.385 meters. This was reached after stationing 2 start and end ranging
poles as well as 3 intermediate ranging poles in-between and measuring the distances sectioned
into these 6 intervals by the total 5 poles. The measurements were taken forward and backward
directions and taking the average was the measured distance of the line. This aids us to reach the
conclusion that the chaining result of the measurement of the given line is to be 54.385 meters.

Reference
Ranging In Surveying. (April 4, 2020). Dreamcivil.
https://dreamcivil.com/ranging-in-surveying/

Surveying Archives. (January 14, 2017). The Constructor.

https://theconstructor.org/surveying/page/2/