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CCEC Lec06.1 Excavation

The document discusses methods for estimating excavation quantities for construction projects. It covers determining the type and volume of excavation needed based on site plans, accounting for swell and shrinkage of soil types, and using the cross-section method to calculate cut and fill volumes by dividing sites into grids and determining elevations at grid line intersections. Example problems demonstrate calculating excavation quantities, loads for hauling, and addressing situations where cuts and fills occur in the same grid or where pavements require below-grade rough grades.

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Asim Sultan
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60 views36 pages

CCEC Lec06.1 Excavation

The document discusses methods for estimating excavation quantities for construction projects. It covers determining the type and volume of excavation needed based on site plans, accounting for swell and shrinkage of soil types, and using the cross-section method to calculate cut and fill volumes by dividing sites into grids and determining elevations at grid line intersections. Example problems demonstrate calculating excavation quantities, loads for hauling, and addressing situations where cuts and fills occur in the same grid or where pavements require below-grade rough grades.

Uploaded by

Asim Sultan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Estimating in Building

Construction
Excavation
Excavation
◼ Type of soil
◼ Required slope
◼ Bracing or Sheet piling
◼ Groundwater / pumping required
◼ Excavation
◼ be left on site
◼ or must be removed
◼ how far must be hauled
◼ Top soil be stock piled for future use
2
Calculating Excavation
◼ Determined from the site plan
◼ Scaled in feet (no inches)

◼ Measured in cubic yards

3
Example-1 Required accuracy
Given the following dimensions, determine
the quantity to be excavated.
Length = 52.83 ft
Width = 75.75 ft
Depth = 6.33 ft
Volume = 52.83 x 75.75 x 6.33
=25,331.85 cf
= 25,332/27
= 938 cy
4
Swell and Shrinkage
◼ Excavation measured in cubic yards
◼ Must separate bank, loose, or compacted
◼ Bank: soils in original state (bcy)
◼ Loose: soils after excavation and before
compaction (lcy)
◼ Compacted: Soils after placement and
compaction (ccy)

5
Swell and Shrinkage
◼ Swell: increase in volume between bank
and loose condition.
◼ Expressed as percentage gained above the
original volume.
◼ Shrinkage: decrease in volume between
bank and compacted condition
◼ Expressed as a percentage of the bank
volume

6
Swell and Shrinkage
Percentage of Swell & Shrinkage
Material Swell Shrinkage
Sand and Gravel 10 to 18% 85 to 100%
Loam (sand, silt, clay) 15 to 25% 90 to 100%
Dense Clay 20 to 35% 90 to 100%
Solid Rock 40 to 70% 130%
Solid rock when compacted is less dense than its bank condition.

7
Formulas

Lcy = bcy x (1+swell)

bcy = Required ccy / Shrinkage

ccy = Lcy * Shrinkage / (1+swell)


Lcy = (1+swell) * ccy / Shrinkage
Example-2 Determining Swell and Haul
If 1,000 bank cubic yards (in place at natural density) of dense clay
(30% swell) needs to be hauled away, how many loose cubic yards
would have to be hauled away by a truck having a capacity of 7cy?
Also calculate the truck loads.

Dense clay = 1,000 bcy


Swell = 30%
Loads to be hauled = ?
Lcy = bcy x(1+swell)
Cubic yard of haul = 1,000 (1+30%)
= 1,300 lcy
Dump truck = 7cy
Load = 1,300 lcy / 7 lcy per load
= 185.71 = 186 loads
Example-3 Determining Shrinkage and Haul
If 500 compacted cubic yards in-place of sand/gravel is required,
how many truck loads would be required, if the material has a swell
of 15% and shrinkage of 95%? Truck capacity is 7cy per load.

Required compacted sand/gravel = 500 ccy


Swell of the material= 15%
Shrinkage of the material = 95%
Loads to be hauled = ?
Required bcy = required ccy / Shrinkage
= 500/0.95 = 526 bcy
Loose cubic yard of haul = 526 bcy (1+15%)
= 605 lcy
Dump truck used = 7cy
Load = 605 lcy / 7 lcy per load
= 86 loads
Manual Labor

Useful where equipment access and/or operation is


impossible due to space constraints or for small jobs for
economy.
Equipment
◼ Trenching machine
◼ Bulldozer
◼ Power shovels
◼ Scrapers
◼ Loader
◼ Backhoe
◼ Clamshell
Equipment

Scraper – Used for grading


operations

Bulldozer – Used for shallow


excavation
Equipment

Front End Loader –


Shallow excavation

Backhoe Excavator – Used for


digging trenches or in open cut
excavation
Equipment

Front Shovel – Used in large


excavation works and
facilitates loading in
addition to excavation.

Dragline – Mostly used in Mining


Operations
Equipment

CLAMSHELL
Earthwork- New grades
◼ Contour lines connect points of equal
elevation
◼ Existing elevation are shown with
dashed contour lines while proposed
new elevations are denoted with solid
lines.
Cut and Fill
◼ Cut: removal of soil to meet required
grade

◼ Fill: addition of soil to meet required


grade
Cross-Section Method
◼ Divide the site into grids. Assign a no.
to each grid.
◼ If the horizontal lines are numeric, the
vertical lines would be alphabetic. The
opposite is also true.
◼ At intersection of grid lines, determine:
◼ Existing grade
◼ Desired grade
◼ Cut or fill
Grid with Elevations
Figure 6
Cross-Section Method
◼ Calculate cut or fill for each area

◼ Cut = Sum of cuts × Area


Number of cuts

◼ Fills= Sum of fills × Area


Number of fills
Example - 4 Fill Volume
Using grid 13, Determine the fill quantity

Point Planned Existing Fill


Elevation Elevation (ft)
F2 104.9’ 103.6’ 1.3
G2 104.5’ 103.0’ 1.5
F3 104.0’ 103.6’ 0.4
G3 105.0’ 103.2’ 1.8

ccf of fill = Sum of fill at intersections/Number of intersections x Area


= (1.3 + 1.5 + 0.4 +1.8) / 4 x 2500
= 3125 ccf
Example - 5 Cut Volume
Using Grid 40, Determine the cut quantity

Point Planned Existing Cut


Elevation Elevation (ft)
E6 104.0’ 104.1’ 0.1
F6 104.0’ 104.8’ 0.8
E7 103.6’ 103.6’ 0.0
F7 104.2’ 104.2’ 0.0

bcf of cut = Sum of cut at intersections/Number of intersections x Area


= (0.1 + 0.8 + 0 +0) / 4 x 2500
= 563 bcf
Cross-Section Method
◼ Cuts and fills in same grid
◼ Divide grid into separate cut and fill areas
Example 6
Cut and Fill in the same grid

Using Grid 10, Determine the cut and fill quantity

Along line 2,
Between lines C & D, there is a point where there is no change in
elevation. This point is found first.
Total change in elevation (C – D) = 0.3’ + 0.7’ = 1.0’
Change in elevation per foot of run (C – D) = 1.0/50 = 0.02 per foot of
run Thus distance from C2 = 0.3/0.02 = 15’ (Point of no change in
elevation)

Along line 3
Total change in elevation (C – D) = 0.4 + 0.3 = 0.7
Change in elevation per foot run (C – D) = 0.7/50 = 0.014 per foot of run
Thus, distance from C3 = 0.4/0.014 = 29’ (Point of no change in
elevation)

Having this information , Grid 10 is divided into two distinct grids: One
for cut and one for fill
For further calculation, you can divide the area into rectangles/triangles
Cut and Fill in the Same Grid (Grid 10)
Example - 6 Cut and Fill in the same grid

Using Grid 10, Determine the cut and fill quantity

Fill area (Rectangle) = 15’ x 50’ = 750 sf


Fill area (Triangle) = 1/2x14 x 50 = 350 sf
Total fill area = 750 + 350 = 1100 sf
Fill = (0.3 + 0.4 + 0 + 0) / 4 x 1100 = 195 ccf of fill

The area of cut = Area of grid – area of fill


= 2500 – 1100 = 1400 sf
Cut = (0.7 + 0.3 + 0 + 0) / 4 x 1400 = 350 bcf of cut

These cuts and fills are entered into the cut and fill columns of the
worksheet (Fig. 9.16)
Cross-Section Method
◼ Always keep cuts and fills separate
◼ Need to take into account shrinkage
◼ Cuts are in bank cubic yards
◼ Fills are in compacted cubic yards

◼ When dealing with pavement, the finish


grade is below the base under the
pavement
Example - 7 Cut and Fill
Occasionally when Grid is divided, a portion of the grid will neither be cut
or fill. Now considering Grid 3, the change from fill to cut occurs on line 2
between C and D.
Example - 7 Cut and Fill
Total change in elevation (C – D) = 0.3’ + 0.7’ = 1.0’
Change in elevation per foot of run (C – D) = 1.0/50 = 0.02 per foot of run
Thus distance from C2 = 0.3/0.02 = 15’ (point of no change in elevation)

Fill area = ½ x 15 x 50 = 375 sf


Cut area = ½ x 35 x 50 = 875 sf
Remaining area = 2500 – 375 -875 = 1250 sf (Fig 9.14 shows no cut or fill)

Fill = (0.3 + 0 + 0) / 3 x 375 = 38 ccf of fill

Cut = (0.7 + 0 + 0) / 3 x 875 = 204 bcf of cut


Example - 8 Cut with Paving
Determine cut for Grid with pavement.

In shown Fig, the top of the rough grade is 0.50 foot below the top of pavement.

Point Top of Top of Existing Cut (ft)


Pavement Rough elevation
grade
C2 100.9 100.4 101.8 1.4
D2 101.0 100.5 101.9 1.4
C3 100.7 100.2 101.4 1.2
D3 100.8 100.3 101.6 1.3
Cut = (1.4 +1.4 + 1.2 +1.3) / 4 x 2500 = 3,313 bcf = 123 bcy
Cross-Section Method
Example - 9 Perimeter
See Fig below
Perimeter = 85+25+15+35+30+10+30+10+40+60
= 340 ft
Example - 10 Building Area
See Fig below Basic Area 100’ x 60 = 6,000
Bottom recess 10’ x 30’ = -300
Top recess 15’ x 25 = -375

Net building area = 5,325 sf


Thank You

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