ABSTRACT

Supermarkets were first introduced in the 1920s and 1930s, inspired by European
supermarkets. Today, customers face challenges such as lost time, cost, and limited
time, leading to the introduction of online shopping platforms. Online platforms
provided a solution to these issues that clients were experiencing.The lack of an
online platform for supermarkets and mini-marts in rural areas presents a number of
challenges to people living in rural areas, such as risky relocation, customer
dissatisfaction, and limited profits for the supermarkets.Call in orders and traditional
shopping methods are inefficient, time consuming, inaccurate, and not consistent,
making them inconvenient for customers with limited mobility.Covid-19 has created a
gap in online e-commerce for rural areas.We step in at this point to create a system
that will serve supermarkets in remote places that need an internet platform for their
customers.The project will focus on bridging the gap between grocery stores and
clients in the outskirts of cities. Waterfall methodology is used to define the project
scope, develop a timetable, and design the application. Incremental waterfall
methodology is a modification of the traditional waterfall methodology that applies
the concepts of incremental development. It allows for flexibility and early
deployment and testing, promoting efficiency in the system.

Gantt Chart
 Chapter 1
1.1BACKGROUND

Humans use different ways of getting what they need. One way through hunting and
gathering which then evolved further into people trading things, which through a series of
events resulted in the birth of supermarkets. In the United States, supermarkets first appeared
in the 1920s and 1930s, and they really took off in the late 1950s. Supermarkets have been
operating for fifty years or more in a number of developing countries, but the concept was
primarily confined to large cities, upper-middle class or wealthy consumer sectors, and
domestic capital chains. (Reardon, 2008) This development was highly inspired by the way
the Europeans run their own supermarkets, which was that of people going into the
supermarket, getting what they want and then going to pay for it at the counter. This way of
running supermarkets may seem normal to us now, however it was very revolutionary when
it was first introduced. However, in today’s time and age where the market has become more
customer-centric there are challenges facing the traditional way of shopping in a supermarket.

Some of these challenges are the lose of time for customers, in that customers always have to
set aside some time to go to the supermarket to get whatever they need, which is time that
they could have been using to do something more productive. There is also the cost that the
customer has to incur of travelling to the supermarket itself, which increases the general costs
for the customer. There could also be a situation where the customer goes all the way to the
supermarket and finds that the thing they wanted is currently not stocked in the supermarket,
thus resulting in the customer having wasted their time. Furthermore, there is also the
limitation of time when it comes to how long the supermarket is opened for. (Khan, 2022)
These kinds of problems are what are facing the current customers of todays supermarkets.
This led to different solutions being made to solve this problem, one of the solutions included
having an online platform to sell their products.

Online platforms were an answer to the problems facing customers. With online shopping
platforms people do not have to leave their homes to get the groceries that they require,
making it more convenient. Also, with online platforms the people will be able to see all the
available goods from the comfort of their home, without having to go to the supermarket
itself. People can also order their goods at any time and so do not have to worry about closing
times, which are there for traditional supermarkets. (Hk, 2013)

The lack of online platforms for supermarkets and minimarkets in rural locations is
problematic since it can restrict inhabitants' access to necessary goods and services. Due to
possible limited transportation options, it may be challenging for rural dwellers to drive
across large distances in order to buy groceries or other requirements. Rural populations
could not have access to the same level of goods and services as their urban counterparts
without an online platform, which might exacerbate already-existing inequities. The potential
market for rural supermarkets and minimarkets may be constrained by the lack of access to
internet marketplaces. (N.R.Jere, 2013) Businesses who don't provide these choices risk
 losing out on a substantial part of customers who prefer the ease of online purchasing as a
result of the growing popularity of online shopping and delivery services.

As rural areas around the country have better access to the internet, one solution to this issue
would be to create an open source system that rural grocers could use. (Bologa, 2022)
Because they may use this software to create their own online platforms to sell to their
clients, rural areas will be able to do so, improving both the well-being of the customers and
the revenues for the supermarkets.

 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The major problem is the lack of an online platform for supermarkets and mini-marts in rural
areas and outskirts of Nairobi to enable potential online clients to buy commodities and non-
perishable foodstuffs. With some interactions with friends and personal experiences, in most
of our home areas we are not accessible to online delivery which is very time wasting in that
we have to physically go to the mini marts and purchase the products. (Rangasamy,
2020/12/09) in his study says that logistics is one of the many problems affecting online
shopping. This is subject to many causes such as location where people living far from
destined delivery areas cannot easily get their products and some deliver beyond the
estimated time hence by the time the product reaches the clients no longer need it. It is a
problem because most of the available platforms that have been developed have been limited
to only urban centers. The gap as a result of the problem is lack of a stable online
link/relationship between store owners in rural areas and the final consumers.

This problem presents a number of challenges to people living in rural areas such as the
following: Firstly, it is risky on the side of the clients whereby in case it is late in the night
and a family has run out of a basic need like tissue, they can be forced to move out late hence
putting their lives in danger. Secondly, one is not sure if the specific product they want is
available or not. Many times they find themselves moving to minimarts that are a bit distant
from their place of stay only to find out what they need is not available which is a big
inconvenience. (Alam, 2022/12/15) says that customer dissatisfaction occurs whereby the
customers can consider alternatives or spread negative word of mouth. Lastly, on the side of
the supermarkets, it limits their profits since they do not cater to potential online clients.

1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To develop a web-based system that will bridge the gap between supermarkets and the
consumers in the outskirts of cities hence enabling them to get their day-to-day groceries and
other products in the comfort of their homes. 

1.4 SPECEFIC OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.4.1 SPECEFIC OBJECTIVES

i.
                     To review the various available online shopping and delivery platforms in Kenya.

      ii.            To find out the limitations of the available online shopping platforms in Kenya.

                  iii.            To design a web based platform for supermarkets in rural areas to facilitate online
shopping.

                  iv.            To develop the web based platform.

      v.            To test the developed system.

1.4.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

i.
                     How do the existing online shopping platforms work in Kenya?

      ii.            What are the limitations of the available online shopping platforms?

                  iii.            What design techniques will be used to design the proposed system?

                  iv.            How will the proposed system be developed?

      v.            How will the proposed system be tested?

1.5 JUSTIFICATION

Most of the Kenyans living in outskirts of cities do not have a reliable online platform to
enable them purchase home products. Therefore, there is need for an online grocery store
focusing mainly in outskirts to enable residents buy products and have them delivered to
them at their convenience. The developed system aims at providing a link between clients
and local minimarts in an efficient and effective way through enabling clients to easily order
and be delivered to.

 The developed system will be of great significance to both customers out of town and
supermarket owners. This is because the clients out of cities will be able to buy commodities
from their local grocery stores online and have them delivered to them while on the side of
the supermarket owners, there business will now be able to get a wider market base by now
considering the online clients hence leading to profit maximization. (T.Lalithaa, 2022) says
that many people in rural areas lack trust in online shopping platforms since they are mostly
based in urban centers therefore creating an online platform focusing on people in these areas
will increase trust since they are now close to them. A web based online platform would
therefore benefit both parties and reduce time wasted by the clients physically moving to the
store.

1.6 SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS

1.6.1 SCOPE

The project will mainly focus on bridging the gap between grocery stores and clients in
outskirts of cities. The platform shall be able to focus on displaying the products in stock and
divided into categories, trending products with their prices. Furthermore, a delivery approach
for clients will be put in place together with multiple payment methods like PayPal, apple pay
and mpesa. The system will be able to display prices of these products in kshs and also
include currency conversions to cater for any foreigners. AI will also be put in place through
integrating a personalized chat bot for communication with clients. In addition, a client will
be able to register, add items to the cart, place an order and rate and review the purchased
products while a non-registered user will only be able to view the products. Additionally, the
system will include a simple and straightforward checkout system to avoid frustrating clients
that may end up leaving the order hanging. In conclusion, the system will only focus on fast
selling consumer goods.

1.6.2 LIMITATIONS
Time constraint. Given the time for completion of the project, the time may not be enough
due to the many processes.

Skills. At the point of developing the web application, we have minimal developing skills
which will make it a bit difficult to develop the proposed system.

1.6.3 DELIMITATIONS

The project will be sub divided into smaller processes that will each have deliverables to help
cop the issue of time.

We will use YouTube tutorials and other reading materials to improve on our knowledge of
coding languages.

CHAPTER  2

2.2 Overview of the existing online shopping platforms and how people shop in rural areas.

2.2.1 Existing shopping techniques in rural areas

Call in orders. A few of supermarkets that have tried to adopt to online delivery and shopping
are using call in orders for their customers. This is whereby a customer calls the delivery
contact of the specific supermarket, makes an order, specifies delivery location and the
products are delivered and payment is made either upon or before delivery. This method is
inefficient since there is limited product information. Customers may not get full product
descriptions of products hence resulting into making purchases that do not meet their
expectations. Secondly, this method is time consuming. This is because there are long wait
times on calls and clients need to repeat their order multiple times so that its understood by
the recipient. (Lopez, 2021) says that call in orders are inaccurate since there is lot of room
for mistakes when taking the order. Additionally, this method is not consistent. This is
because it is only available during certain hours and days whereby if clients call at a certain
time the contacts may be off hence inconveniencing clients.

Traditional shopping methods. Many supermarkets and minimarts in outskirts of cities use
traditional methods of shopping whereby the customers need to physically move to the
supermarket to purchase the products they need. This method of shopping is very time
consuming as customers have to travel to the physical supermarket, navigate through crowds,
and wait in line to make purchases. This can be particularly challenging for customers who
have busy schedules or limited mobility. According to (Vigg Kushwah, 2019), convenience is
very crucial to clients whereby through the internet, online shopping does away with the
hassles of adverse weather, bad traffic, limited parking and saves time hence scrapping off
the traditional shopping methods. Furthermore, Traditional shopping methods often require
customers to travel by car or public transport, which can contribute to environmental
pollution.

 2.2.2 Process of online shopping and delivery in Kenya.

According to (Fuscaldo, 04/28/2023) e-commerce is the process of buying and selling goods
over the internet. To begin with, a client logs on the online platform and is able to see the
products available, prices and the trending products. A client is then able to register, create an
account, add products to the shopping cart, input delivery details, confirm order, select
payment method and then place order. On the side of the platform administrator, they are able
to add items to the catalogue in various categories together with their prices. When an order
is placed by the client, the information is reflected on the admin side whereby they are able to
see the ordered items, delivery details, order tracking number and payment confirmation. The
responsible personals then package and deliver the products to the destined address.

2.3 Limitations of the existing online supermarket shopping platforms

2.3.1 Limited accessibility. The available supermarket shopping platforms in Kenya are
majorly based in urban centers. This limits the choices available to people in these areas since
the supermarkets that offer delivery are only found in city centers and only deliver to areas
within close proximity. This reduces profits of the supermarkets due to failure to cater for the
potential online clients.

2.3.2 Very detailed user interface. Some of the available online supermarket platforms have a
complex user interface for users with a large number of products, categories and filters. This
can make it difficult for users to find what they are looking for hence leading to frustration
and abandonment thus reducing sales.

2.3.3 Check out process. Some shopping platforms have lengthy fill out forms that require
users to fill in a lot of unnecessary information. This is very frustrating to the users and may
lead to cart abandonment whereby the users will give up on placing the order after placing the
items in the cart. Additionally, there is repetitive requesting of the same information from the
users. For example, after users registering and creating an account with the platform, they are
required to reenter the same information such as name, email during the checkout process.
This leads to increased time and effort required to complete the checkout process. According
to (Butnampetch, 2020), Customers may choose to cancel their purchase transactions as a
result of a confusing or complicated checkout process.

2.3.4 Limited payment options. Potential clients may become discouraged if the payment
options are restricted during the checkout process. Offering a range of payment options is
important to satisfy the different clients. Most of the online supermarket platforms in Kenya
are limited to either cash or Mpesa. This limits clients who may want to pay with debit cards,
PayPal and apple pay. Therefore, including multiple payment gateways will give customers
more flexibility and increase the chances of them completing their purchase. (T.Lalithaa,
2022) says that various modes of payment depending on a country should be implemented to
streamline online transactions.

2.4 Review of Existing Systems

2.4.1 Carrefour
The creation of a web application for the Carrefour firm is the approach taken to address
the issue. The website is called carrefour.ke. 

An online platform for clients to make purchases has been added to the operations of the
well-known international retail firm Carrefour. The issue of access to physical stores and
online platforms in remote areas is resolved by the Carrefour online platform. Previous
studies have revealed that consumers are more motivated to shop online for convenience and
time savings. Carrefour employed the html, css, and javascript languages to design the web
application they use.
Customers may explore products, place orders, and make payments online thanks to the
platform. The products are subsequently delivered to the customer's address in the rural
region after the orders have been filled by Carrefour's physical stores, which are situated in
urban areas.

The algorithm for the carrefour web application works like this. The first thing that is done is
data gathering which is when the platform gathers information about user behavior, including
browsing habits, search terms, and past purchases. Then next is data analysis which is to find
patterns and trends. The acquired data is next examined. The platform can better understand
client preferences, identify popular products, and improve product recommendations with the
aid of this information.

After that we have product recommendations which are using data analysis, the platform may
produce product suggestions that are customized to the preferences of each consumer. This
facilitates clients finding goods they are interested in and may enhance platform sales.
Finally, we have personalization which is when the algorithm can personalize the consumer
experience by showing products and content that are pertinent to each customer's interests
and demands by analyzing customer data.

By giving clients a comfortable way to shop from the comfort of their homes, the Carrefour
online platform addresses the issue of access to physical stores and online platforms in rural
areas. The platform's distribution mechanism also makes sure that customers in remote
locations have access to a greater selection of goods that might not be offered in their
neighborhood retailers. The platform also encourages the expansion of e-commerce in rural
areas and generates jobs for delivery employees.

2.4.2 Jumia
The creation of a web application for the Jumia cooperation is the approach taken to
address the issue. The website is called jumia.co.ke.

An online marketplace where clients may buy a variety of goods is offered by Jumia, an e-
commerce platform that operates in various African nations. Previous studies have revealed
that consumers are more motivated to shop online for convenience and time savings.
(Reuben, Global Scientific Journal , 2019)By giving clients in these locations a simple means
to shop for goods, the Jumia online platform addresses the issue of limited access to physical
businesses and online platforms in rural areas. Jumia used the html, css, and javascript
languages to design the web application they use. 

Customers can explore products, place orders, and make payments online using the Jumia
platform. The products are then delivered to the customer's address in the rural area when the
orders have been fulfilled by Jumia's network of urban-based suppliers. To accommodate
clients with different payment preferences, Jumia also provides a variety of payment
alternatives, such as online payments, mobile money, and cash on delivery.

The algorithm for the jumia web application works like this. The first thing that is done is
data gathering which is when the platform gathers information about user behavior, including
browsing habits, search terms, and past purchases. Then next is data analysis which is to find
patterns and trends. The acquired data is next examined. The platform can better understand
client preferences, identify popular products, and improve product recommendations with the
aid of this information.

After that we have product recommendations which are using data analysis, the platform may
produce product suggestions that are customized to the preferences of each consumer. This
facilitates clients finding goods they are interested in and may enhance platform sales. Finally
we have personalization which is when the algorithm can personalize the consumer
experience by showing products and content that are pertinent to each customer's interests
and demands by analyzing customer data.

By giving clients in these locations an easy and simple means to buy things, the Jumia online
platform addresses the issue of limited access to physical stores and online platforms in rural
areas. By bridging the gap between rural and urban locations, this may assist increase access
to goods and services. The platform also supports the expansion of e-commerce in urban and
rural areas by generating job possibilities for vendors and logistical staff in these locations.

In conclusion, the Jumia online platform offers a solution to the issue of restricted access to
physical shops and online platforms in rural areas by giving customers a convenient and
accessible way to buy products, while also generating employment opportunities and
promoting the growth of e-commerce in these areas.

2.4.3 Naivas

The creation of a web application for the Naivas cooperation is the approach taken to
address the issue. The website is called naivas.online.

Among the things sold by the Kenyan retail chain Naivas are food, electronics, apparel, and
household goods. By giving clients a simple means to buy things without having to drive far
to a physical store, the Naivas online platform helps alleviate the absence of internet
platforms in rural areas.

Customers can browse and buy products online thanks to the Naivas online store. Previous
studies have revealed that consumers are more motivated to shop online for convenience and
time savings. (Reuben, Global Scientific Journal , 2019) Customers can register for an
account, do product searches, add things to their shopping carts, and then pay for their
purchases using a variety of methods, such as mobile money and credit/debit cards. The
products are subsequently delivered to the customer's address, even remote areas, through
Naivas' network of stores, which is spread out over Kenya. Previous studies have revealed
that consumers are more motivated to shop online for convenience and time savings.

Naivas used a variety of technologies, such as web development tools (vie), e-commerce
platforms, payment gateways, and logistics management software, to establish the platform.
Additionally, in order to streamline operations and enhance customer service, Naivas has
formed partnerships with a number of technology and logistics firms.

By giving clients an easy and simple option to buy things, the Naivas platform helps to
address the issue of limited access to physical stores and online platforms in rural areas. By
bridging the gap between rural and urban locations, this may assist increase access to goods
and services. The platform also fosters employment prospects for logistics professionals in
both urban and rural locations, fostering the expansion of e-commerce in these regions.
In conclusion, the Naivas online platform helps address the issue of the absence of online
platforms in rural areas by giving customers a quick and accessible means to buy products,
while simultaneously generating employment opportunities and promoting the expansion of
e-commerce in these areas.

2.5 Gaps

The problem with the current systems is that they are primarily designed to serve
metropolitan communities rather than rural ones. The lack of internet literacy and lower
purchasing power than in metropolitan regions may be to blame for this. However, the covid-
19 event served as a catalyst for the IT sector, as a great deal of activity moved online. Due to
this, a large number of people—including those who reside in rural areas—embraced IT. As a
result, there is a gap in the online e-commerce sector since the large corporations haven't
modified their systems to accommodate the small supermarkets in rural areas that want to
offer an online option.We step in at this point to create a system that will serve supermarkets
in remote places that need an internet platform for their customers.

2.6 Conceptual Framework

The supermarket's goods for sale would be the input. After that, we would put those items on
the menu of products that are currently available so that customers could place their orders.
The customers would have a cart, and once they were finished ordering, they would be given
the full amount to be paid. They would then input their location information and have the
choice of paying on delivery or before delivery. If they decided to pay after delivery, the
payment would be made after, and the transaction would be finished. The transactional
information would be kept in our database.   

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Introduction

The proposed system will be developed using the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design
paradigm (OOAD). OOAD provides a comprehensive understanding of the system, improves
communication among stakeholders, and enables reusability and maintainability. The chosen
methodology is the Incremental Waterfall approach since it allows flexibility and early
deployment hence ensuring efficiency. This chapter outlines the various phases of the
methodology, which include requirements analysis, system design, coding, and testing. Tools
like PHPUnit for unit testing and Mockito for integration testing will be utilized, ensuring the
system's reliability and functionality.
3.2 Research paradigm

The proposed system will be developed using the Object-oriented analysis and design
paradigm (OOAD). This focuses on employing object-oriented principles to model and build
software systems. For example, encapsulation and abstraction. The OOAD paradigm will be
used due to the following reasons: To begin with, it provides a proper system understanding
in that researchers can examine requirements, recognize system components, and specify
their interactions by using OOAD approaches. This leads to efficient system development.
Improvements in communication between members of the development team as well as
between users and developers are another significant advantage cited for OOAD says
(Pandey, 2011) . Class diagrams and use cases are examples of OOAD models that offer
visual representations to enable both technical and non-technical stakeholders understand the
system. To end with OOAD enables reusability and maintainability. This is because while
developing the system, we will not start from scratch and will just inherit some of the already
developed functions and redesign them to fit our system needs. This reduces time wastage.

3.3 Methodology

Waterfall methodology. This methodology takes the fundamental process activities of

software engineering and represents them as separate process phases. This methodology will
be used since the system to be developed is a new version of existing systems therefore
requirements are well known and less likely to change. According to (Sherman, 2015), early
requirements completion allows the team to fully define the project scope, develop a detailed
timetable, and design the overall application.

Incremental waterfall methodology is a modification of the traditional waterfall methodology

that applies the concepts of incremental development. The development process is divided
into several increments with each increment following a mini-waterfall lifecycle process.
Every increment includes steps for requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing,
and deployment. However, each increment is developed in phased manner. This model will
be used since enables flexibility as a result of early deployment and testing. This will ensure
that concerns and technical difficulties are fixed early before moving on to the next iteration
hence promoting efficiency.
Figure 2:Incremental Waterfall model as presented by (Martin, 2023).

3.3.1. Requirements analysis and specification

Under this phase, requirements will be gathered through stories and scenarios, and
observations from all stakeholders such as the supermarket owners to find out the return
policy and the methods of payment they can accommodate. Potential clients will also be
consulted to find out how they would want the user interface to appear. The requirements will
then be analyzed and specified through of documents like the software requirement
specification and the business requirement specification.

3.3.2 System design

During this phase, the hardware and system requirements will be specified. The operating
system, the minimum CPU speed, main memory and storage space of both the computers that
will be used to develop the system and the computer that will run the system will be
specified. All this will be included in the design specification document. Furthermore, OOAD
diagrams such as class diagrams and use-case diagrams will be used to show the relationship
between all users of the system and how the system will operate. Lastly, tools like Microsoft
Visio will be used to draw the use-case and sequence diagrams. This is because it is feature
reach since it contains a variety of features that will be used to draw the diagrams. Microsoft
Visio also allows collaboration among users. This will be of great importance to the
developing team since they will be able to work on the same project simultaneously.

3.3.3 Coding

During this stage, the source code will be developed using the requirements specified from
the prior stages. The proposed system will be a web based application because multiple users
will be able to access the same version of the system, users will not need to install the system
and the system will be accessed through various devices like phone and computer. PHP and
HTML 5 will be used to develop the frontend of the system because they are platform
independent in that they can run on any operating system and they are both open-source and
free making it viable for the student developer. The backend of the system will be developed
using laravel framework. (Mangukiya, 2020) says that laravel has a built in authentication
system hence keeping authentication application simple for developers. MySQL will be used
for the database since it is a cross platform database server. To end with, VS Code will be
used as the IDE since it is lightweight, powerful and can be installed on any platform.

3.3.4 Testing

Unit and integration testing will be done. (A.Hunt, 2003) describes unit testing as a piece of
code written by developers so as to test a certain functionality on the code. After developing
each unit, it will be tested independently to ensure it meets the set standards and all the
requirements of the involved stakeholders. Through incorporating unit testing within each
iteration of the incremental methodology, defects will easily be detected and corrected hence
improving system performance. PHPUnit will be used to perform the unit tests. This is
because connects to well-known PHP development environments. Integration testing is the
testing of groups of components combined to create a system. After all units are developed
and tested, they will be integrated together and tested to allow detection of compatibility
problems, data inconsistencies between units, ensuring the overall system functions correctly
and meets the desired requirements. Mockito will be used for integration testing. This is
because during the integration testing process, it enables creation of fake objects to mimic the
behavior of the systems.

3.4 Deliverables

3.4.1 Proposal

This is the first deliverable of the project. It focuses on explaining in detail, the problem
experienced, the area in which the problem is experienced and the proposed information
technology solution to counter the problem. Furthermore, the proposal highlights the present
systems that have tried to solve the identified problem and the gaps they experience. In
conclusion, the proposal shows how the proposed system will be designed, developed and
tested.

3.4.2 Design Diagrams

These are visual representations, such as class diagrams, use-case diagrams that provide a
clear overview of the system architecture and interactions within the system. Use case
diagrams will be drawn using Microsoft Visio to show how all the users of the system will
communicate efficiently and effectively.

3.4.3 Database

The third deliverable is to create a database using the information from the design diagrams.
The database will be created using MySQL on a local host known as xampp so as to store and
retrieve all the data of the system. For example, user login details, orders and products.

3.4.4 User Module

The user module will enable new users to create accounts through providing personal
information. Additionally, it will handle the authentication process by granted access to
authenticated users. After logging in, the users will be able to add items into the shopping
cart, place orders, update personal information and view order history.

3.4.5 Supermarket admin Module

This will enable the supermarket administrator to manage product inventory, add products to
the system, remove products, update prices and divide products into categories. Finally, it
will also enable the supermarket administrator to track and manage the customer order.

 
 

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