MSA University

Faculty of Engineering

Communication Systems I
ECE 432

Dr. Hatem ZAKARIA

Course Outlines

1 Communication System and Modulation

2 Analysis of Signals

3 Linear Modulation Schemes (AM, DSB, SSB)

4 Angle Modulation (FM, PM)

5 PCM System and Delta Modulation

Dr. Hatem ZAKARIA, 2016 2

Dr. Hatem ZAKARIA, 2016 3
Bandwidth-Efficient AM Modulations:
Bandwidth-Efficient Amplitude Modulations
For a baseband signal m(t) with bandwidth B Hz, DSB
modulations require twice the RF bandwidth of transmit

(a) Original message spectrum and (b) the redundant bandwidth consumption in DSB modulations.

To Improve the spectral efficiency of AM

• Single-side (SSB) modulation
• Remove either LSB or USB
• Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
• Sending two messages over the same bandwidth of 2B Hz.
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Amplitude Modulation: Single Sideband (SSB)
Demodulation of SSB signal is identical to that of the DSB-SC
! no additional cost to receivers while utilizing half of the DSB-SC bandwidth

Bandpass filtering

SSB Demodulation
SSB spectra from suppressing one DSB sideband.
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Hilbert Transform

Using Duality on pair 12 of Fourier

Transform Table yields
Convolution property yields

Transfer function of an ideal π/2 phase shifter (Hilbert transformer).

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Time Domain Representation of SSB Signals

Expressing SSB spectra in terms of M+(f ) and M−(f ). 7

Time Domain Representation of SSB Signals
The USB spectrum can be expressed as

Similarly, we can show that

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Time Domain Representation of SSB Signals

• We can confirm analytically that SSB-SC signal can be

coherently demodulated

Baseband Signal

• A low-pass filter will suppress the unwanted SSB term

giving the desired baseband signal m(t)
• The demodulator is identical

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Tone Modulation: SSB

Solution

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Tone Modulation: SSB

SSB spectra for tone modulation.

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Tone Modulation: SSB

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SSB Modulation System

Phase shift method

Using the phase-shift method to generate SSB.

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

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QAM Modulator and Demodulator

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 QAM Modulator and Demodulator
Similarly for X2(t)

Cochannel Interference
" An error in the phase or frequency of the carrier at the demodulator
in QAM will result in loss and interference between the two
channels
!1 #$% = 2()*+ #$% cos#/0 $ + 2%
= 31 #$%0452 − 32 #$%5782 + 31 #$%#0452/0 $ + 2% + 32 #$%sin #2/0 $ + 2%
Output of the low-pass filter will be

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Vestigial Sideband Modulation (VSB)

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VSB Spectrum

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VSB Modulator

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VSB Demodulator

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VSB Demodulation Filter
The carrier frequency of a certain VSB signal is fc=20kHz, and the baseband signal bandwidth
is 6kHz. The VSB shaping filter Hi(f) at the input, which cuts off the lower sideband gradually
over 2kHz, is shown in (a). Find the output filter Ho(f) required for distortionless reception.

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VSB Demodulation Filter

Transmitter filter HT (f), receiver front-end filter HR(f ),

and the receiver output low-pass filter Ho(f ) in VSB Television systems.
Using VSB instead of DSB saves
about 3 MHz and allows a carrier
tone.
The shaping filter satisfies

Television signal spectra: (a) DSB video signal plus audio; (b) signal transmitted.

VSB bandwidth: 6MHz

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Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC

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Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC
Costas Loop

Phase Discriminator

Costas phase-locked loop for the generation of a coherent demodulation carrier. 24

Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC

" VCO is a an oscillator whose frequency can be linearly

controlled by an input voltage.
" The VCO has a nominal frequency fc (when its input
voltage is zero).
" As the input voltage increases, the VCO frequency
increases and vice versa.
" The LPF in the phase discriminator is sufficiently narrow
to function as averaging element for m2(t).
" As φ drifts from zero, the VCO output phase change to
bring φ down to zero.

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Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Several signals share the band of a channel, each signal is modulated by different
carrier frequency. The various carriers are separated to avoid overlap. These
carriers are referred as subcarriers.

This is done because of the difficulty in

obtaining a high degree of selectivity in
BPF’s at high frequency.

L-carrier hierarchical long-haul analog telephone frequency division multiplexing system.

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Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

The positioning of several signal spectra in non-overlapping

spectral bands using frequency translation for transmission over
a common channel.

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Comparison Between AM schemes

Modulation BW Power System Demodulator

Scheme Efficiency Efficiency Complexity type
(TX & RX)
DSB-SC 50 % (2B) 100% moderate Coherent
AM 50% (2B) < 33% Low Envelope Detector
QAM 100% (2B/2) 100% High Coherent
SSB-SC 100% (B) 100% V High Coherent
SSB +C 100% (B) <<33% Low Envelope Detector
VSB 50<efficiency 100 % moderate Coherent
<100 %
(B+Bv)
VSB+C 50<efficiency <<33% Low Envelope Detector
<100 %
(B+Bv)
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 Next:
Lecture 10
Angle Modulations

(ISA)

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Hatem ZAKARIA, 2016 30