PHARMACEUTICAL DISPENSING

FINAL ASSIGNMENT SPRING-2020

Submitted to, Submitted by,

Dr. HASAN MAHMUD REZA SUMAIYA ZAMAN PROME
PROFESSOR & DEAN (ACTING), ID: 1822001649
NORTH SOUTH UNIVERSITY. COURSE:226.2
SECTION: 02

JUNE 8, 2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
[Company address]
 The Significance of Calculation in Quality control, Manufacturing and
Dispensing

Introduction:

Pharmacy is the health science that connects medical science with chemistry and is responsible
for the discovery, manufacture, control, disposal, safe and effective use of drugs. The
pharmaceutical calculation is a branch of pharmacy. The Pharmaceutical calculations is a unit of
measurement and methods of calculation help to solve pharmacy math problems using
dimensional analysis and ratio-proportion methods of calculation, converting between units of
measurement, and determining the supply of medications. The use of calculations in pharmacy is
varied and broad-based. It uses not only in academic study but also industry, research and
specialized field. Knowing the calculation is very important in for quality control, manufacturing
and dispensing.

Description:
Important of calculation in quality control, manufacturing and dispensing is described below:
A. Quality control:
The term quality control refers to the sum of all procedures undertaken to ensure the identity and
purity of a particular pharmaceutical industry. Quality control is a very important sector in the
industry because, for a pharmaceutical product, it is very essential to possess Purity, Safety,
Stability and Efficacy. There are lots of calculation id required to establish a quality product.
Every measurement should be correct and the quality should be consumers sufficient.

Method of calculations use in quality control is given with their importance:

1.Measurement:
Pharmaceutical measurement is an important part of pharmacy practice. Accurate measurement
is very important as patients lives depends on it. Some measurement related math is given;

Aliquent method:
This method is used to measure the small quantity of product.
During laboratory experiment, there are a possibility of getting error in measurement. By this
strategy estimation error can be avoided and exact result can found.
MATH:
Weight measurement:
1.Calculate a smallest quantity of a substance that weight on a balance with a sensitivity
requirement of 5mg, and with an acceptable error of no greater than 5% .

Percentage of Error in Volumetric Measurement

1.A prescription calls for 800 milligrams of a substance. After weighing this amount on a
balance,the pharmacist decides to check by weighing it again on a more sensitive balance, which
registers only 750 milligrams. Because the first weighing was 40 milligrams short of the desired
amount, what was the percentage of error?
Importance of measurement in quality control:

As quality control deals with the stability of the drug stability every volume, concentration of
the drug should be according to the formula. But sometimes when measuring the unit can be
more or less from the actual measure. To identify if there is any error this method is very
important.

2.Percentage calculations:

These calculations are extremely important when calculating any type of dosage preparation . In
essence, percentage defines the ratio of any value to an entire value multiplied by 100. The
percentage symbol used to denote is "%."

Math:

1. how many gram of dextrose are required to prepare 4000ml of a 5% solution?

2.how many mg of drug required to prepare 10g of a0.12% ointment?

Importance of percentage in quality control:

There is chance of occurrence of fraction during the calculation. Percentage makes it easy to
calculate this fraction and ratio and give a decimal answer.

3.Ration-strength :

The concentrations of weak solutions are often expressed in terms of the strength of the ratios.
Because of All percentages are a ratio of parts per hundred, the strength of the ratio is simply
another way to express it the percentage power of solutions or liquid preparations.

Math:

1.Express 0.01% as ratio strength .

2.An injection contains 3mg/ml of drug. What will be the ratio strength ?
3.How many milligram of NaCl should be used to prepare 500ml of 1:2500 solution?
Importance of Ratio-strength:

This method is used in quality control to determined the ingredient concentration in the
preparation. If the ration strength of the preparation id given it is easy to determined the
percentage and quantity of the ingredient.

Buffer:

In a liquid preparation maintaining the pH of the drug is must. If the pH of the preparation is
more or less its might change the body’s pH 7.4. To avoid the pH change the buffer preparation
is used.

Buffer is the combination of weak acid and its salt or weak base and its salt. It keep the pH same
of the product.

Math:

1.The dissociation value of acetic acid is 1.73x10-5 . what is the pka value?

2.what is the pH of a buffer solution prepared with 0.03 M sodium borate and 0.003 M boric
acid? The pka value of boric acid is 9.24.
3.The molar ratio of sodium acetate to acetic acid in a buffer solution with a pH of 5.76 is7:3.
Assuming the total buffer concentration is 2.2 x 10-2mol/L, how many grams of sodium acetate
and how many grams of acetic acid should be used in preparing a liter of the solution? sodium
acetate molecular weight =82 and acetic acid molecular weight =60.
Important of buffer use:

For product stability and purity buffer is necessary. Any unwanted reaction can change the pH of
the preparation and make it more acidic and basic which is undesirable. Buffer maintain the pH
of the preparation and keep it stable.

B. Manufacturing:

Manufacturing is one of the most important department any industry. Every product in the
market is manufacture in this department. In pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical calculation
is greatly used. Here the formula is determined for big batch and small batch planning.

Reducing and enlarging of formula:

pharmacists may have to reduce or expand formulas for pharmaceutical preparations in them. In
Pharmacopeia formulas are generally based on 1000 mL or 1000 mL preparation gram. For large
production of the product this calculation is needed.

Math:

1.If a formula for 10000 mL contains 7 g of a drug, how many grams of drug are needed to
prepare 70mL of the formula?

2. calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to make 100 mL of calamine lotion.
3. calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to prepare a dozen 30-mL containers.
4. calculate the quantity of each ingredient required to prepare 1 lb. of gel.

Importance of enlarging and reducing:

Many formulations may be based on the preparation of a drug, as found in the literature Unit (for
example: 5 mL, 11 capsule) or other (e.g. 100 mL) quantity. Production formulations may be
scaled up to the amount of ingredients that are needed to prepare hundreds of thousands of
dosage units in one batch growth. In each case, the quantities of each can be calculated by a
pharmacist. Ingredient provided by reduction or expansion of the stated formula for a smaller or
greater quantity, Whilst holding the business.

Isotonicity:
The fluids which have same osmotic pressure as the body fluid is called isotonic fluid.
If the preparation is not isotonic it may cause string of cell or explosion of body cells. Every
isotonic preparation have specific preparation method.so large volume and small volume product
have different calculation method.

Math:
1.Make an isotonic preparation for eye drop

2.A solution contains 1 gm ephedrine sulfate in 100ml solution. How much dextrose is required
to make it isotonic. E=0.16. (NaCl is needed 0.67g)
Importance of isotonic calculation in manufracturing:
A saline in the IV and treatment for eye drop are not the same. Large batch saline production and
a small concentration eye drop require different ingredient measurements. That is why this
formula is required in manufacturing.

C. Despising:
pharmacist usually dispense the particular drug to the patients. Sometimes they may have to
customized the drug according to the patient need. It may depend on patients age, immune
system, disease and recommended dose. For those preparation during dispensing a particular
drug this calculation is needed.

Dose calculation:
For certain drugs and for certain patients, drug dosage is determined on the basis of specific
patient parameters. These parameters include the patient’s age, weight, body surface area, and
nutritional and functional status. Among patients requiring individualized dosage are neonates
and other pediatric patients, elderly patients with diminished biologic functions, individuals of
all age groups with compromised liver and/or kidney function (and thus reduced ability to
metabolize and eliminate drug substances), critically ill patients, and patients being treated with
highly toxic chemotherapeutic agents. Certain drugs with a narrow therapeutic window often
require individualized dosing based on blood level determinations and therapeutic monitoring.
Digoxin, for example, at a blood level of 0.9 to 2 ng/mL is considered therapeutic, but above
2 ng/mL it is toxic. Since age, body weight, and body surface area are often-used factors in
determining the doses of drugs for pediatric and elderly patients, these parameters represent the
majority of the calculations presented in this chapter. The dosing of chemotherapeutic agents
also is included because it represents a unique dosing regimen compared with most other
categories of drugs.

Math
1.If the dose of a drug is 500 mg, how many doses are contained in 10 g?

2. If 1 tablespoon is prescribed as the dose, approximately how many doses will be contained in
1 pint of the medicine?
3.How many teaspoonfuls would be prescribed in each dose of an elixir if 150 mL contained 15
doses?
4.How many drops would be prescribed in each dose of a liquid medicine if 15 mL contained 60
doses? The dispensing dropper calibrates 32 drops/mL.
5. If a preparation contains 5 g of a drug in 500 mL, how many grams are contained in each
tablespoonful dose?
6. How many milliliters of a liquid medicine would provide a patient with 2 tablespoonfuls twice
a day for 5 days?
Importance of dose calculation:
That process benefits patients more than the pharmacist. For treatment some patients need
special dose of drug. Even if they are administered a regular dosage of medication, there could
be a risk of opioid overdosing happening. But customizing the drug prevents it, and patients can
easily complete the treatment period without any problems.

Concentration and dilution:

The dilution of a liquid drug form can be needed as a solution or suspension.
Product strength that is more suitable for use by a patient (e.g., pediatric, elderly, those
In state of illness). The diluent is chosen based on its compatibility to the original vehicle
Product; i.e., aqueous, alcoholic, hydroalcoholic, etc. The diluent, once again, is
Chosen based on its compatibility with the original wording. Pharmacists have to consider
for diluting condensed toxins, chemical compounds or extremely active therapeutics before the
production of the preparation.

Math

1.If 500 mL of a 15% v/v solution are diluted to 1500 mL, what will be the percentage strength
(v/v)?

2.If 50 mL of a 1:20 w/v solution are diluted to 1000 mL, what is the ratio strength (w/v)?
3.If 1 gallon of a 30% w/v solution is to be evaporated so that the solution will have a strength of
50% w/v, what will be its volume in milliliters?
(1 gallon = 3785)
Isotonic solution:
In dispensing pharmacist also have to make isotonic solution for specific group of pateints
according to the prescription written by the physician.

Math:

1.Oxymetazoline Hydro- chloride 1⁄2% , Boric Acid Solution q.s., Purified Water ad 15. Make
isotonic sol. for the nose, as decongestant. How many milliliters of a 5% solution of boric acid
should be used in compounding the prescription?

2.Sol. Silver Nitrate 0.5% 15 How many grams of potassium nitrate prescription? should be
used to make the prescription isotonic?
Importance of dilation of drug:

Sometime physicians suggests diluted drug for some group peteint. When drug is too
concentrated it may give the effect but it may damage certain organ as they are weak to absorb it.
Patient like children and aged people does not have good immunity system. For them drug must
be diluted with good diluent by a pharmacist

Conclusion :

Calculation is important in pharmacy. Pharmaceutical calculation is needed in every field related

to pharmacy. Pharmaceutical calculations are important for patient safety. Verification of dose
appropriateness, preparation of IV solutions, dose adjustments, flow rate to provide proper
dosing and for compounding prescriptions. An mistake in calculation can lead to the serious
consequence such as over dosing and under dosing which may lead to drug toxicity. So , this
should be done with great importance.