Current Psychology (Part-I) 4 what is perception? Explain the factors in perception? ee Perception perception is a more active process in which the sensory information ., through the nervous system to the brain and is organizes and p od. ‘When sensation is giv ing i i i ing P perience, it 18 called perception. xplains the formula of Perception involves other cognitive processes such as memory, <- aking and an ability to form meaning through the sense proces: ays ation and thinking jointly result in perception. The study of perception ays that perception is a Frplesi es a Whi f A ative synthesis in which, setioation, meaning, learning and memory are nally organized. sent Perceptual expectancy: Peroeptualexpectanc can be thought of as culmination of all our riences that direct us to perceive the world depends upon our previous ing experiences, our culture and our biological make up. Factors of Perception (A Factors of perception are those causes, forces and conditions which fect our sensation and form perception. These forces may be external stimulus and environment) or internal (reaction to the : Stimulus and physical ini br mental condition). Perception involves the perceiver and the reas pbject. All facts related to both perceiver and the object, are deter factors of perception. There are three factors of perception; 1) — Subjective factors. ‘ previous © expel dams) 2) Objective factors. v : cout a ail 3) Social factors. 9 er Canes 1) Subjective factors of perception: aoe Subjective factors are related to perceiver’s internal, psychological or physiological c perception. Some of the subjective factors aré classifications are know3n a(2) @ (i) (itty (wv) oO) i) (wv) Physica ) (vi) ty weakening of sense organs an (vil) Mental abili le of s—'S Site tej;,, Mes by cp 2 i htal condition that he} t is a ment 7 and ne inter In an experiment, en of 4,4 Interests 90" eive ‘Hine abject more readily than those ¥ 7 ' en we are in ere not hun” 1. illusions occur wh a itl hasty Fotions: Most Of TY oady we are scared, a MUC Voice " ie. When frighten to a great extent. emotional Stale nt makes US : iment ; Change in or os Proper sensory function of our ced orn L wel - jmpairment may lead to sory impair fel, is i Sen: essential in PerCePHIOR 4 gate oF WP entia! na Porte «1g is not fully awake during sleep our conscious | yay a baie Si perceptbility gets weak. Similarly, the hunger, thy via sickness influence one’s perception. : ; ~ ‘Age: Perception changes with the increase in age. Perception of, Agri fand an adult ig seldom alike, This is also due to & d changing pattern of thinking. th different 1.Q tend to percein 4 People wit differently. Objective factors: Clarity of environment: visible when the sky is clear. quiet around. On the other hand the drive way is less vis morning. Intensity of stimulus: Intensity or strength of a stimulus determin the clarity of perception, A stimulus to be perceived requires a rang! of strength from minimum ‘to the maximum magnitude. Human et can sense a range of colors from red (minimum frequency detectabl) to violet (maximum frequency detectable).” Extensity: The more extensive or loud stimulus is perceived casi and earlier than the less one. Bright lights, loud sound and stingy s™ catches more attention. ‘ es moving object is perceived earlier than a station®? € molt o Novelty: Something new always inspires us. Old end familiar obje* do not capture attention. milion Duration: A stimulus requires exposure to the sense organ for* certain period of time to be percei wansmited to thebrtin, >t Sensory message mA? ‘As an easy example, Eid moon is mor Faint sounds are heard only when thereis ‘ible in foggyween Paychalony (Part!) Change: Abrupt change in brightness, loudness or clari ie inore attention. And continuously changing. remains in focus for long time. Social factors: geal euerueunet. al limitations: Restricted walters of. thinking “in certain influence the perception of its followers. In sub cultures of women are considered to be dependent on men for decision making. Social values are important in of stimulus, eceives i & stimulus Cultur: cultur many regions, financial matters and | their respective societies. Social taboos: Cultural demonstrated in our reactions words connected with cultural taboo: pleasant one. TV drama, advertisement and poetry are exam, Social suggestion: Social suggestion can influence the direction of our attention. We tend to perceive an object the way those around us ate Ne Spaces ~ womnpeimde Caer prenune to perceiving it. enor e oh cep hen Attitudes: Perception depends a great deal on an individual perception, likes and dislikes. Stereotypes: A stereotype is a_conceptual fixation about any Stereotypes create prejudice against or in favor of certain creed, ¢. i u indivi: yace nation, group or individual) Mis ante erceptual Organization: ~~ 5%" wand be \CA number of German psychologists, including Max Wertheimer. Kurt offka, and Wolfgang Kohler, were disturbed with the way structuralism an¢ taviorism broke things down into elements. They argued that people view whole or complete picture, not merely parts. The greatest influence of lt Psychology has been in the field of perception. The rules of perceptual nization were discovered by’ the Gestalt psychologists earlier in this tury and published by Koffka in 1935 are still valid today. ctivity: Pia the following sentence quickly and count the number of fin it. DM °f psychology is full of fascinating facts.” How many Js did you vd login people will say four. Try counting them again. Gestalt q yee would argue that the reason you did not count six fs is because indy oking at the sentence as a whole and were not breaking it down q Dobab units. Therefore, the ofs were not of major consideration, and Keound didn't count their fx. In a sense, the off were part of the « of the sentence. : Ye influences on perception are clearly Sine to social taboos. People tend to perceive much less readily than neutral or ples. 30%Current Py BSL. Part Dd : Types of Perception ay \N ohequele fyrved ret egie i) Object or form perception the (ji) Depth and space perception. (iii) Perception of mo nt. (iv) Perception of time . (v) Perception in specific conditions. (vi) Extra sensory perception. . eos Q.4.5.What is form perception? Explain the laws o Per cen organization? f (i) Form / Object Perception Anything we want to perceive or focus on is called object. An a may have many shapes or forms in it. Perception of different forp, patterns depends on i Perceptual Organization: Organization is one of the basic characteristics of Peteer experience. Our environment is full of stimuli and we receive many sens the same time. But we perceive the things only which are concerne organize our perception in such a way that creates better understanding of environment and leads us to the fulfillment of certain needs. (i) Figure and Ground: i objects are usually seen as figu ground and the Surrounding space is see: “ba d z and the su Nas gro figure is distinctive Sapna oes often the fi igure € is se focus while grounFor example we oe UPON proun oF example eeund “mpic we see moon a: ister to the lyrics : ack ground kK In the back grou i “4 : . ‘ack g tru Thi gure-ground relationships are oad beat. W hi with our other se tend t fe many in ive - nses. In he; = Perceive fgure-ground talking with som, Visual, we also ‘ating, for example, » When we are at a noisy y Cone, that person's Voici ci ithe ne l t ¢ become: gi of the talking becomes the backg eae wee Cane ct ar) “eXground, In olfacti visit a friend in the hospital fade into the background. Camouflage: If color; it might be difficult ¢ with the background called camouflage, ‘ation and patterns of figure and ground are very © separate figure from ground, Many of their environment to hide them fro and is. often and effective tool t similar, animals blend in Sometimes it is difficult to identify 0 aid in survival, the figure-ground relationship. In a ground appear to reverse themselves. ambiguous reversible figures isthe Rubin vase (vase- profile), in which the figure can either be a vase in themida Ile OF WO profiles on either side. ws of Perceptual Organization Nvertheimer., a gestalt psychologist formulated the following laws of perceptual organization. All the laws and Principles of perceptual organization are related to these three basic laws, A. Law of proximity or nearness. B. Law of similarity or likeness. C. Law of good form. 1. Law of Nearness or Proximity: Bee StimulfcTose to one anotherjare perceived as belonging eee . ¥. imity is inciple i ic imuli near to one another are Proximity is the peel am wich stim sok ea een included together. For example, lines ha i ee People stendiie close together are perceived:as a group. See Higute 7 - Rib is i 8 2. Law of Similarity or Likeness: Tins ue : ceivefsimilar stimuli as bein 0} a a euiite black and white circles, the black ones are perceived as WE ay erecilction in Ones are perceived as another. Similarity is ihe nee 5 aloes Which similar stimuli are perceived as a unit. Se igure 3. Law of good form: 86 86 ° 8 >ev0e cuce Osage(pat D pay cbQlOel 4 7 1 mo pees = continui fare bry go Pes continuity ~~ In the rouping may be 0: yp sini td Sa Closure: Through the P! image and see 2 triang) with notches 1n them. rocess of closure, we are able to close the ga $j Je resting on top of three circles rather than three § Fig. 4.11 closure The Gestalt psychologists discovered that people have a tendene group_stimuli ding to certain rules or principles. This grouping association, of separate sensory stimuli into a whole a complete pati provides structure for our perceptions. What would you call a circular form made out of dashed line’ circle of course. Why? You filled in the gaps and provided the missing sf for yourself. Closure is the principle. of filling in the gaps to perce complete form. Closure allows us to see a whole stimulus even when pat is out of view. For example, you recognize a house as a house, even if b¥ and trees block your view partially, (i) Continuity: Continuity is the principle of perceiving a line as continuing " Course. The principle that ‘groups together stimuli or objects that are mov together is continuity or common fate. Thus, we see a flock of birds, ag of marathon runners, or a collection of lines converging together as unil Continuity helps to explain the success of camouflage. We see the obje* Scene continuing, even if something foreign is blocking part of our vie’ figure C.Oo 00000 jigure 4.12: Perceptions according to gestalt principles: A, Proximity. Spacing, influences whether we see rows or columns. Here we perceive columns rather than rows because the stimuli in the columns are closer together. 3, Similarity. When all of the stimuli are equally spaced we group similar ones together. Here we perceive distinct rows of circles and rows of dots. Continuity. When one shape is interrupted by another, we perceive the original form 2s continuing and complete the whole image in our minds. (ii) Symmetry: A symmetrical figure is perceived soon. We see the following dots in symmetry not as separately scattered dots. Fig. 4.13 Symmetry (iv) Common Fate: ie When the stimuli are presented in straight line or, semi-circular form, ear ote, grouping in perceptual organization is classified index groups because «i Common direction. e ° ° o%e 2. ° re A ° ‘ e Common tate Fig. 4.14 common fate\ ] | yenes _ , ; Inclusive are tncuaed FN AN understandable jay, - When stimuli are 3 en 8 Maan called inclusi¢ . . ° ° Inclusiveness Fig. 4.15 Inclusiv Like all factors mentioned above, our past experience, Moly desires, social set up and expectations influence our perception, They hal perceive things in whole good form. Q.4.6.What do you know about depth perception? >, pisni, (ii) Depth Perception ead sy Think for a minute about walking down a street, It’s relatively cay dge the distance between buildings, even though the path might no i. This is partially possible because of depth perception which js} to judge the distance to an object. Fig 4.12 Interposition: When one object partially blocks the vi being closer. © view of another, we perceive the blocking abl We can even perceive d i f ; lepth in two-dimens} A at! cues we use to a e “dimension: What Judge depth? Is depth Perception lane ha we | he cues fe cuss Work when we use only one &% ¢ bikin need both eyes, and are called bint ‘merpret the images received 00 cues. Both types retina.Current Psychology (Part-I) nocular depth cues: Mo Monocular’ depth cues onl inal sensations into three-dimensional visual erecplicnst Senet ote Fide interposition. size perspective, i rise i ot Hosctive. and motion peraline aired linear perspective, texture gradient, {i Interpositio aon object partially blocks our view of another, we assume thal this overlap is due to the first one being closer. Interposition helps ys realize that a tree in front of the library is closer to us than the library itself. fants 05 ¥¢ ung as 7 months can judge distance on the basis of interposition. perspective: Perspective refers to changes in the appearance of objects or faces aS the distance from the perceiver increases. The monocular depth ove of size perspective helps us recognize that the smaller an object becomes £5 away it is perceived to be. We normally interpret distance by the relative size of one object to another. In the school’s parking lot, for example, 2 closest Cars appear larger, so we perceive the smaller curs as being farther gay. We also use the cue of familiar size, in which our past experience and knowledge about an object helps us to judge its distance. Parallel lines/linear perspective: Parallel lines. as they become more * sant from the observer, appear to converge. The convergence of rail tracks ja the distance is an example of linear perspective often used in drawings’ to jlustrate distance. We interpret the converging lines as being farther away fom us, a three dimensional perception even though the drawing is two- . Fig. 4.13 Linear perspecti : ae tracks converge, suggesting a farther distan Bales gp « Bradient: As we stand on grass, we the texture be near our feet can be identified, but é ‘comes blurred and we just see gret Theee ont Papo m—— : 215 curent PID dient is an important depth cue because many Texture arevdewalks, and floors have texture. ings, Si Aerial perspective is a monocular cue in, wil lor, and detail to determine distance. On a hazy day brightness. fe riher away than on a bright sunny day. Also, Objecigh th appear et and clear. Objects that are farther away often have sha appear brig rallax: Motion parallax causes us to perceive that vi, Mot Ee of the road are'flying by when we're riding in g es at the si the moon appearso Be standing still relative tg wt or istant scenery is ‘the important monocular cues. Binocular depth cues: fe While we have many cues for judging depth that depend on eye, for even greater accuracy at judging depth, we have binocular | that depend on both eyes working together. The principal binocular deyg are retinal disparity and convergence. i, Retinal ‘disparity: A very important binocular cue for depth is disparity. Our eyes are about 5 cm apart. This means that each eye ( receives slightly different (disparate) sensations, which must be Combing the brain for normal vision. Look at an object in your room with only yoy eye. The close your left eye and look at the object with your right eye object will appear to move to the right, especially if you hold your} finger out at arm’s length while you ate looking at the object. The less disparity we havé, the greater the distance of the object we are looking a, Retinal disparity has been used to create the feeling of depth ia movies. If a scene is photographed simultaneously by two cameras: together, and the viewer wears special glasses which permit the image! each camera to go to one eye only, a three-dimensional effect is obit Retinal disparity has also been suggested as one of the problems ins children with learning disabilities. . ii. Convergence: When we look at objects in our immediate enviro our eyes have to converge, or move inward toward one another, to foct the objects. The kinesthetic sensations produced by the muscles ° eyeballs send this information to the brain. The brain interprets the amo! Convergence as.a cue to depth. The farther away an object is, convergence we experience. Distant objects do not create any converge all. Putting all off these monocular and binocular depth cues together ? us to be fairly precise in judging the distance between us and objects” environment, iii. Perception of motion: As we look out of ‘our window, we s€ f " and cars moving by. How do we know that the people are movint perception of movement is a complex process that involves the yective: ==>401 Current Paychology Part-I) in the retina, the eye ptors i a, the eye muscles and the i i Seni 7 y a interpretation, ‘i \ val sensations provided by the environmental simul, Although oceasic e me ee o eh : a ae we may misinterpret the object that is movin, lly we ar fly adept a detecting real motion, ot movement that i" ily created by objects in motion, The real motion occurs when an object rece?’ the visu gene! actual setts a distance {TOM a supposed point A to another supposed point B corm motion is another term that refers to motion of an object with 4 specific point but at the same time, not with reference to ference 1 re ent, Sometime: i another point Sometimes, however, we perceive movement when in fact there This is apparent motion. Apparent motion has interested pone. This p ists since the Gestalt psychologists first studied it er n the types of apparent motion? —_/~ Types of Apparent Motion am payehol Q..7- Explai Induced motion: Have you ever seen the sun jon. Actually, the sun i But we sce the sun as the background, so we often incorrectly perceive t The tendency to see the. figure move against th mpetimes we misinterpret what is happening. tion occurs when we are waiting at a stoplight and the car next to us begins ‘ move forwards. We will likely try to put on our brakes as we feel our car moving backward. Because our car is the figure, we induce movement to it rather than the car next to us. go behind a cloud? If so, you experienced eee alationary and the clouds move |G central figure and the clouds as hat the sun is doing the moving. BC e background is so strong that re Another example of induce 5 Fig, 4.14 Induced motion Phi phe , eghig, ak SRS off: Phenomenon: "Mb Na rovn4) One type of appa ' thar pe of apparent motion occurs when we look at a neon sign with ie eet el This is an application of the phi phenomenon. If we | ed laboratory room and see two lights alternately turning on toyscholOBy. (pat D Current PSY" ee eerns oj f light that seems t0 jump, certain distance apan hieve the effec, +% fe source 0 ve to be @ a f course: , othe right time to ac misinterpreted sensation snd off, we wil a 5. 0! the two point second ons tn TU of an illusion. OF phenomenon js an exampre Bs te ° stroboscoPi motion: pian ee preter * We all are jliat with movement produced in stro , th ; is the basis for movernent that occurs in motion picture Beat 5 of still pictures: each one jus! slightly di RN d succession and we ni Pett, see is 4 series of S i ; nevi s one. The pictures are presented in rapi s : ment. Part of the explanation for strobo:. ) is the afterimage that a previous one Pe oveme smooth, coor inated moverme”'~ : motion (aS well as for the phi phenomenon 1 erimage % the stimulus is gone. Thus. the last image is still in the na, » js received. The Gestalt prin i ofc, system and brain as the : ile helps us fill in the gaP and produces & smooth motion from: individug , pictures, gy awe teen netic motion: a dark room for a few minus —_— - a Auto ki wi agit bg ose ro. the light is stationary, wes, back and forth in the darkness. Wile we don’t know; ffect may be caused by the: move randomly tively, the auto kinetic reason for this posi muscles moving to keep the eyes moist. Q.4.8.What is perceptual constancy its types? Perceptual constancy: the tendency to in a consistent man Perceptual constancy is despite the changing sensations that are received by our senses. Vi constancy plays an important role in helping us adapt to our environ It if you could! eae Can you imagine. the chaos that would resu i pe your ends boonies they wore different clothes each time yous em? ncy allows us to focus on th 16 objects rather than the changing retinal images. A oead = Brightness constancy: A ite pa au eerie cao exo baer apen eh SE e same sheet of paj - ee jes ee et we perceive the paper Sane tele se. an example of bri; is Tee is our ability to see objec bnehings 4 “ ons Brit rightness even though light fs is as continuing to have thes Properties. Psychologists have deol pa explain with reference eflects 2" that ni me wh!showy Wat vctbuygine (ores tne Fig. 4.15. Brightness and shape constancy Constancy: Jthough you probably do not notice, the illumination of the t determines what color you receive. For example, if you took it otograph (without flash or filters) of an outdoor scene, it would be er at daybreak and bluer at midday. Photos taken with tungsten light (in your home) are yellowish. The different colors result from’ the different syelengths of the illuminating source. However, we do not normally notice le changes in color. Color constancy is the perceptual tendency to see vjiar objects as the same color consistently, regardless of the 's is why we tend to see our blue shirt-as blue, irrespective of Color fami . ‘Wumination. Thi the circumstances. Shape Constancy: | Do you eat from round dinner plates? Do they look round while you | are eating? Unless your sit directly above it, chances are good that more often your plate appears oval rather than round, because of the angle from which you view it. Yet we see dinner plates as round and doors as. rectangular. Shape constancy allows us to perceive familiar objects as having a permanent shape, even if we look at the objects from different angles. \n a oe theater, if we are forced to sit very close to the screen or far off to one Ee 7 aes and objects we see at first may look distorted. After a short ee jowever, we partially make up for this distortion and see scenes In mal perspective, Size constancy: ; fet ten aeagaly. ne perceive a familit | Bay from e image it casts on the us, the retinal image of that °to be any ” bil ve bn re PELPIUpL foblel iy (on & ’ lage, ‘ 1 fhe Bee at ie ie) ww had fewer GeO pean nae ea hn obi can be inceayer Wau can be vic = sites yer Apuerer SAME Size ¢ foo Abswar An agceder tl (Us 34 e8 of experiel aiiemaan wba ae lived his cil ppRemelIeennte aameLuerTe c= iT distant obj) walAetn wher fe, they sam & herd the pygmy rat sort of insect y, buffalo sev > he had never bef, were. He ¢ ad experienced eetnimeeeg errr Fig, 4.16 Size constancy: Actie distance of an object from us increases, is retinal image becomes smaller. We conectly perceive it as being farther away, rather than it changing size. Sometines! perceptions can be fooled, as in this figure, where the light posts are really the same siz aevause of the changing background, we interpret the one on the right to be taller. (iv) Perception of time: Perception of time depends on our internal ¢!s Internal clock is a term that refers tothe perention of passage Perception of time usually depends on our metabolism rate, emotional * and rate of mental activity. You can remember that hard times seem je joyful moments seem to fly rapidly. v42 Current Paychotogy Party) ive things in their absence or deny th > ive of theii al s ¥ the presence of some object unde ce of t heir Mental state, De Fession and anesthe. Inder ee ion of individual, ~~“P*SSion and anesthes; epuion ay change ! : y Perception: This type of pero. : ie, a-sensory i F YPC Of perception May occ) ‘i : “he ry experience and without any eens? Mion or thout fy sons dreams, vi medication or disease, xisions and « ¢xamples of extra sensory a Thi type of perception is not ntific nature as it cannot be dor replicated. {Perceptual Problems What is meant by visual illusion, 9. t Of scies discuss in detail? en i sions s *tusion or misperception is an incorrect Ant Perception that occurs tion is distorted or interpreted incorrectly, za sgsation js Hie Although many of our vs are visual, they are not limited strictly to the sense of sight. The gon | illusion help psychologists understands better how we process of oy? : Fae | condition, habits, incomplete analysis of environment mt | common causes of illusions. Constancy can me wer! q sss eo in monster movies, a small “monster” close to tl fi =. For example, i aa false perception of bigness. Monocular depth cues are s es nil noi of depth in a two-dimensional painting or Pees Pee ie a arent motions of the auto kinetic effect and stro ae eae ne of movement, as is the Ray we See in o pane ape ; make lines in a figu i ‘h as a more pattern; Certain patterns, suc] Ey it been studied. extensively in illusions that have. ‘ : y ch i we we sample only some of the more interesting and familiar tology; here 0 s of “jsome of the more interesting and familiar ones. i + tele ak $ ume ft me Dine rhs gett ioinee ist to some extent even Visual disturbance ‘that causes image to pers. aH known as after their corresponding stimulus has left; these images are i Swi vision. Many “These after images occur in persons with normal “adtions der, tumor like severe anxiety, See “Sil Beeston can —Current Paychology (Part) mples: A very fast moving object will COR lee ee bay, . And in an unlit room, a point of light ie sitive afterima, a nt hand-held flash light. These both are examples 0 P ae of original i ive aft nage, 4 ii A. (a)-Negative after image: In negative ale a So ensity aly "inverted, which tends to last comparatively. " aticg a igi i nage. sbilfoxal afterimage depends on that of original it wen Ml ve afterimage dep' mage can occur after prolonged ex E stil pative afteri Examples: A lasting negative a! et of cone 'cells. d to an tnchanging visual stimulus due to the eee iene hn are ata patch of green color without moving you y' 7 tn, will turn red. Mn ible Figures: ; ; " pea is ae takgSensatio that is two Sea and Brody Eesti tis ee a Tigre oa aoe avn ; contains information that is incompatible with the i oe Impossible figure demonstrate the complexity of percent a ey re that Togically cannot exist. of the est known is the three-pronged fig, that has only two sides at the opposite end. Fig. 4.17. Impossible figure: ‘As shown here, sometimes a figure can be dgawn that contains information tht incompatible with the visual processing system. This three pronged figure only has twos! at the opposite end. iii _Meversible figures: Closely related to impossible figures are reversible figures. Reverst figures present ambiguous information that can be interpreted in more # one way. One well-known reversible figure is the Rubin vase fis’ mentioned earlier. Most of us alternate between making the vase the domi! foreground (with the profile in the background) ? i cues to confirm which perception is correct, Another example of a reversible fj a : r PI igure is; which can bewther a beautiful young woman Young woman is looking to the side, whereas forward, The nose ofthe ld woman i the eh eye of the old i a . woman is the ear of the yepiguous enough that we a i abe isa deaing Brean alternate between the two pere jc is toward the alae Sisigned so that iis dif elo dt in i aeats 1 atin was Snes ide is shaded and as we acer : cal i ic front to the f ‘ually, side appears to shit fro 0 the 4 Se we 100k at reversible figures, the more ane fi thes booeuriae .zmbiguous they appear. anil od them ig 418. Reversible figure: ce a beau young woman oF 21 ly Old woman eat ao girl is 5 you see a be d ne to the side, whereas the old woman is looking forward, We tend (o organize complex yal into meaningful relationships. y i 7 i ped ees weg _/ Muller - Lyer Illusion: a tan es (toon One of the most popular illusions is the muller-Lyer. In this illusion, two horizontal lines of equal length appear to be different lengths due to the wings or arrows at the end of each line. When the end Tines}point back toward the line, the line appears shorter. than when the end Tines point out away from the line. Because the end lines going away from the horizontal tend to produce mrillusion of depth, we perceive this line as longer. One application of the Muller-Lyer illusion occurs when looking at the ac viewing it from within the room, the ceiling and floor 3 appear to flair out forming a “v” shape, giving the illusion of a taller vill, When viewing the corner. from outside the room, the ceiling and floor “ appear to form the shape of arrow! ving the illusion of a shorter a : /Ponzo illusion: com antler well tow illusion is the Ponzo_ illusion. Here the two rl tansy likely to be interpreted as two parallel lines Ines are of ¢ distance. much as railroad tracks might. The two ; tal Peeve the equal length, but because of linear perspective. we ten to ¢ top line as longer since the background (the converging lines) : vernet Makes 7 appear farther away from-us. ¢ poe ee heads, giCurrent Paychology Part-D Poggendorff illusio! ; “ork A sical and cos, The Poggendorff illusion involv ou eee and cognitive t Look at the straw in the glass of wate As it emerges ’ rom te Water, it as if it is bent. Actually, it i a straight line. The poggendorff illusion in ina variety of everyday situations. For example, if the middie part ofa is covered by an index card, one end of the pencil will look bent, g: My vertical architectural lines of a building are partially blocked from view § s or columns, one end of the architectural lines will appear bent, Yi pil : on The moon ilJusion: ROS ye 1 — he ©" Wien we look at the moon on the horizon, it looks larger than it when it is high in the sky. When we view the moon on the horizo compare it to the objects on the terrain, such as houses, trees, and tclephe poles. Next to these, it is large. But in the sky, what do we compare ity Since there are no familiar objects in the sky to. compare to the Mop, appears smaller. The moon is actually the same size in both cases, Try this; a sheet of paper, cut a hole just large enough though which to see the M0004 the horizon. Latter on, when the moon is higher in. the sky, look'at it throy the same hole. The view of both the moon on the horizon and the moon ing sky will fit the same sized hole. UBierenice between illusion and hallucination: Hallucination is perception that occurs in the > absence of exten stimuli while illusion is a misperception.or wrong interpretation of stimu: Illusion is experienced by all normal people equally in ambigue environment whereas hallucination is experienced by abnormal peop suffering from psychotic disease. >_< = — — (A) (B) (C) oO) _| Fig. 4.19 Visual illusion: ‘ A. In the Necker Cube illusion, one side appears to shift from the front to the back of cube, , B. In the Muller-Lyer illusion, the two horizontal lines of equal length appear to be diff Iengths due to the wings at the ends of each line. : 2 C. In the Ponzo illusion, the two horizontal lines of equal length appear to be different due to the linear perspective of the converging lines. : i D. In the Poggendorff illusion, the straw appears to jump to one side as it emerges #sight. Physt yn CALS and suggestions ar comm 19, What is perceptic : 7 soty in ion i + active proce the: sense non. | Ans: Perception is 4 more Set system (0 the brain and is Organip, y is carried through Lee is given meaning in the light of sy interpreted. When Se" is ealled perception, Pillsbury exp learning and exper! pes +M ‘ formula of perception 2 Perception is the sum of 20. What is difference Oe is Ans: Perceptual organization 180° Fi jon and meaning. ure and ground? sd on figure and ground, ami ionship. When we look at a scene, we sen to separa = Ram o backgro"ind. Familiar shapes and o) jects are Fgue o e or fore ground and the surrounding space is sq round Prac ground, Often the pe distingliveand solid the ground is vague and formless. And ° ten A eo een wig in front of the ground. Figure is our point of focu ile grounds periphery of that point of focus. What is motion parallax? ; , ; Motion parallax causes us to percelve that near objects like teleph,, poles at the side of the road are flying by when we're riding inag while’ the distant scenery or the moon appears to be standing ¢ relative to us, It is one of the important monocular cues. 22. What or monocular and binocular cues? ‘Ans: The visual cues for judging depth that depend on only one eyez called monocular cues e.g. texture gradient, aerial perspective « motion parallax, For even gredter accuracy at judging depth, we bx binocular depth cues that depend on both eyes working together. Ii principal binocular depth cues are retinal disparity and convergent 23, What is difference between real and apparent motion? Ans’ The real motion occurs when an object covers a distance fro Sone A to another supposed point B. Relative matit specific eal te ree motion of an object with reference 4 Sometines eer time, not with reference to another PY none. Thi is apparent motion movementywuejin fat. 24, What is afterimage? . : ge? Ans: Visual disturbance that cai after their Corresponding si after image. I, ni il rela uses image to persist io some extet! timulus has lefts these images are kno’Ans: ans N Aas; Current Paychology Part D Describe sound w sound waves are rapid changes in air pressure caused by a vibrating t such as vocal cords or a guitar string, in contact with the air. objec the air are similar to ripples on the water caused by a sound waves in pebble dropped into a still pond. ow sound waves vary from each other? d waves vary in three ways, each with a distinet sensory effect: amplitude, timbre. id hree parts of ear? The sense organ of hearing is ear. It consists of three parts. Outer ear or the collector. (i) Middle ear or the transmitter. Inner ear or the receptor. (ii) : Write short note on hearing process? travels from the cochlea through the auditory Auditory information nerve to the thalamus before reaching the auditory cortex in the temporal lobes of the brain. Next to the auditory cortex is a part of the remporal Jobe which is important in speech perception. How many types of deafness are there? There are two basic types of deafness. : Conduction deafness: It usually involves problems with the structures in the outer or middle ear not functioning properly. Nerve deafness: Nerve deafness is a more serious condition that occurs itory nerve i when inner ear Or audi s damaged or missing. Nerve deafness could result in the loss of high frequency sounds, or in total loss of hearing. How is deafness caused? There are many genetic and pre-natal factors that can cause deafness. Prolonged exposure to extremely loud noise can cause nerve deafness. a drugs and aging process may also be responsible for this isability. Soun frequency. Name the How many and which chemical Senses are there? are sometimes called the chemical The senses, sense of smell and taste senses because the sensory stimulation of the receptors involves oe with chemical substances in liquid or gaseous form. ee eee How the flavor of food is determined? Ls ur face of the tongue is covered with little | dj walls of the papi ; feceptors. Substances i —— Pores or space: uds. Anythi F a oannything that is absolutely dry al Iva contributes to making33. Ans: 34. Ans: ON Oe Se ‘% . Ser Pevinigg Peed the receptors for pain. They C2itY 5 utilize hig per often, post ep CeO ne iss the absence of Hallucination is perception thet occurs in = stimuli while illusion is 2 misperception or wrong interpre stimulus. Hlusion is experienced by all normal people aga ene eareees pallucination is experienn) abnormal people suffering from psychots eooosocococse Detailed Questions: CRA AW AW A Deseribe structure and function of human eye? Describe structure and function of human ear? Which are chemical senses. how they work? What is perception, explain the factors in perception? Explain the laws of perceptual organization? What do you know about depth perception? Explain the types of apparent motion? var sarcasm Discuss in detail? Seecccococes