CSM 153 Circuit Theory

Akwasi Acheampong Aning

KNUST, GHANA

February 15, 2021

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Outline I

1 Unit Four
Delta and Wye Networks
Superposition Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
Circuit Theory Network Theorems

UNIT FOUR
Network Theorems
Delta and Wye Networks
Superposition Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems

Delta and Wye Networks

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Delta and Wye Networks

Wye(Y) - Circuits

Delta(∆) - Circuits

There are circuits that are neither The ∆ - Y and Y - ∆ transformations are
series, parallel or series-parallel mathematical techniques use to simplify the
analysis of an electrical network. The name derives
circuit.
from the shapes of the circuit diagrams, which look
Though these circuits can be analyzed respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital
using either the mesh or nodal letter ∆
analysis techniques, the number of
linear equations are many.
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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Delta and Wye Networks

∆ - Y Conversion

Y - ∆ Conversion

The relation to convert ∆ to Y is

RA R B
R1 = (4)
RA + RB + RC
The relation to convert Y to ∆ is RB RC
R2 = (5)
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 RA + RB + RC
RA = (1) RC RA
R2 R3 = (6)
RA + RB + RC
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
RB = (2) For an ideal situation RA = RB = RC , and R1 = R2 =
R3
R3 the equation is reduced to
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
RC = (3) 1
R1 RY = R∆ (7)
3
and
R∆ = 3RY (8)
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Delta and Wye Networks

Question: Find the total resistance, RT , and the

Question: Find the ∆ network
total current, I in the circuit below
equivalent of the Y network below

Solution:
Solution: Let’s convert the Y into ∆ equivalent. The equivalent
Substitute the resistances in ∆ will have all resistors given as
equations 1, 2 and 3, we obtain R∆ = 3(10)Ω = 30 Ω
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Delta and Wye Networks

Question: Find the current through the 4 Ω resistor

using the superposition Theorem

The sides of the resulting ∆ are in

parallel, which allows us to simplify the
circuit even further. The equivalent
circuit will be

Answer I0 = 4.29 mA ↓
Question:Find the current I drawn by the circuit
below

The total resistance of the circuit is

RT = 15Ω || (20 Ω + 22.5 Ω) = 11.09 Ω
30
I= = 2.706 A
11.09

Hint: Transform ∆ R1 , R2 and R5 to Y and solve

Answer I = 0.6 mA
Circuit Theory Network Theorems

Superposition Theorem

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem

In any linear resistive network, the voltage across or Question: Use superposition theorem to
the current through any resistor or source may be find the currents and voltages in the circuit
calculated by adding algebraically all the individual
voltages or currents caused by the separate
independent sources acting alone, with all other
independent voltage sources replaced by short
circuits and all other independent current sources
replaced by open circuits
Replace all sources except one by their Solution
internal resistances Replace E B with its internal resistance, we
get
Calculate all the currents and voltages for that
one source. Note the current directions and
terminal polarities
Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each source
Determine the currents by algebraically
adding the currents due to each source EA
I1A = and
Determine the voltages by either algebraically ReqA
(200Ω)(300Ω)
adding the voltages for each source or using ReqA = R1 + R2 ||R3 = 120Ω +
the total current and Ohm’s law 300Ω + 200Ω
= 240Ω

method
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem
120V
I1A = = 0.5A ↓ EB
240Ω I2B = and
ReqB
using the current divider theorem, (120Ω)(200Ω)
ReqB = R2 + R1 ||R3 = 300Ω +
Req
!
120Ω
! 120Ω + 200Ω
I2A = I1A = 0.5A = 0.2A ↑ = 375Ω
R300 300Ω
75V
Req
! ! I2B = = 0.2A ↑
120Ω 375Ω
I3A = I1A = 0.5A = 0.3A ↑
R200 200Ω
using the current divider theorem,
V1A = I1A R1 = (0.5A)(120Ω) = 60 V Req
! !
75Ω
I1B = I2B = 0.2A = 0.125 A ↓
V2A = I2A R2 = (0.2A)(300Ω) = 60 V R120 120Ω
! !
V3A = I3A R3 = (0.3A)(200Ω) = 60 V Req 75Ω
I3B = I2B = 0.2A = 0.075 A ↓
R200 200Ω
Replace E A with its internal resistance, we get
V1B = I1B R1 = (0.125A)(120Ω) = 15 V

V2B = I2B R2 = (0.2A)(300Ω) = 60 V

V3B = I3B R3 = (0.075A)(200Ω) = 15 V

Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem

By superposition theorem, I1A and I1B are in the

For V2 , the polarity is the same for all
same direction
sources
I1 = I1A + I1B = 0.5 + 0.125 = 0.625 A in the direction
V2 = V2A + V2B = 60 + 60 = 120 V
of I1A
The bottom terminal is negative
I2A and I2B are in the same direction
For V3 , the polarities are different for all
I2 = I2A + I2B = 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 A in the direction of I2A
sources
I3A and I3B are in opposite direction, so
V3 = V3A - V3B = 60 - 15 = 45 V
I3 = I3A - I3B = 0.3 - 0.075 = 0.225 A in the direction of
The bottom terminal is positive
I3A

By superposition, the voltages are:

For V1 , the polarity is the same for all sources

V1 = V1A + V1B = 60 + 15 = 75 V

The left terminal is negative

method
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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem

Question: Find I0 using superposition

V12 12V
Is = = = 1.2 mA
Req1 10kΩ

using the current divider theorem,

! !
Req 4000
I01 = Is = 1.2 mA = 0.4 mA
R1200 12000
Solution
Replace 6 mA source with its internal resistance, we Replace 12 V source with its internal
get resistance, we get

By superposition theorem,
By superposition theorem,
Req2 = 6000 + [6000||6000]
Req1 = 6000 + [6000||12000]
(6000)(6000)
(6000)(12000) = 6000 + = 9 kΩ
= 6000 + = 10 kΩ 6000 + 6000
6000 + 12000

method
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem

Find I0 in the following circuits using superposition

theorem

Answer I0 = 1.2 mA
(9000)(6000)
Req = [Req2 ||R6000 ] = = 3.6 kΩ
9000 + 6000
! !
Req 3600
I02 = I6 = (−6) mA = - 3.6 mA
R6000 6000
∴ I0 = I01 + I02 = −3.2 mA

Answer I0 = -2 mA
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Circuit Theory Network Theorems

Thevenin’s Theorem

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Thevenin’s Theorem

Thévenin’s theorem for linear electrical networks states Question: Find the power in the 2 Ω
that any combination of voltage sources, current resistor R6 using Thevenin’s theorem
sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically
equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single
series resistor R. For single frequency AC systems the
theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not
just resistors
Identify the circuit that is to be Thévenized and the
load that is connected to it
Solution
Disconnect the load from the circuit that is to be Remove R6 from the circuit
Thévenized
Use circuit concepts to find the voltage across the
open circuited two terminals. This is ET H
Find the resistance looking into the two terminals
with the sources replaced by their internal
resistances. This is RT H
Redraw the circuit after finding the
Voltage source is replaced with a short circuit and resistance, RA of the parallel branch
current source replaced with an open circuit R3||R4
Reconnect the load to the Thévenin equivalent and R3R4 (10)(10)
make any required analysis of the load condition RA = = =5Ω
R3 + R4 10 + 10
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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Thevenin’s Theorem

Redraw the circuit and calculate the This action also short circuits R1 out of the circuit
(RA)(R2)
voltage across the break AB which is the RT H = + R5 + R7 = 14.5 Ω
RA + R2
voltage across RA = VT H . Remember that
20 V is dropped across R1 and also across
R2 + RA. Since R2 = RA = 5Ω half of the
voltage is dropped across each resistor
VT H = 10 V

VT H 10
I= = = 0.606 A
RT H + R6 16.5
Power dissipated by
Remove V1 and replace it with a short R6 = I 2 R = 0.73 W
circuit
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Thevenin’s Theorem

Question: Find the current through the 20 Ω

resistor in the fig below
Applying KVL to mesh 2
5(I2 ) + 5(I2 − I1 ) + 10(I2 − I1 ) = 20
∴ −15I1 + 20I2 = 20.......(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii) we’ve
I1 = -3.2 A and I2 = -1.4 A
45 - VT H - 10(I1 − I2 ) = 0
VT H = 45 - 10 (I1 − I2 )
= 45 - 10[-3.2 - (-1.4)] = 63 V
Solution

Calculation of RT H
Converting the delta formed by resistors of
Calculation of VT H 10 Ω, 5 Ω and 5 Ω into an equivalent star
Applying KVL to mesh 1 network
15(I1 ) + 5(I1 − I2 ) + 10(I1 − I2 ) = -75
∴ 30I1 − 15I2 = -75.......(i)
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Thevenin’s Theorem

Question Find the current through the 1 Ω

resistor in circuit below using Thevenin’s
Theorem

using
RA R B 10x5
R1 = = = 2.5 Ω
RA + RB + RC 20
10x5 5x5 Answer RT H = 2 Ω, IL = 4 A
R2 = = 2.5 Ω, R3 = = 1.25 Ω Question Using Thevenin’s theorem
20 20
calculate the current flowing through the
load resistance RL

RT H = (16.25||2.5) + 2.5 = 4.67 Ω

63
IL = = 2.55 A
4.67 + 20 Answer RT H = 10.67 Ω, IL = 0.193 A
Circuit Theory Network Theorems

Norton’s Theorem

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Norton’s Theorem

Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc

network can be replaced by an Question: Find the Norton equivalent of the circuit
equivalent circuit consisting of a below
current and a parallel resistor
Identify the circuit that is to be
Nortonized and the load that is
connected to it
Disconnect the load from the circuit
that is to be Nortonized Solution
Remove RL from the circuit
Short circuit the terminals and use
circuit concepts to find the short
circuit current. This is IN
Open the terminals, replace the
sources by their internal resistance
and find the resistance looking into
the terminals. This is RN
E 60V
Reconnect the load and make any IS C = = =2A
R2 30Ω
required analysis

method 21/26
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Norton’s Theorem

Question: Determine the Norton equivalent of the

circuit below. Use the Norton equivalent circuit to
Replacing E by its Ri a short circuit also calculate the current through RL .
eliminates R1

Solution
Remove RL from the circuit
So RN = R2 = 30 Ω

This is the Norton’s equivalent circuit ∴ RN = 24 Ω

The short-circuit current is determined by finding the
current through the short due to each source

method
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Circuit Theory Network Theorems

Norton’s Theorem

From the superposition theorem, we find the Norton

current as

IN = Iab1 + Iab2 = 0.833 - 2.00 = -1.167 A

The current due to the voltage source: We can calculate the current through RL by using
the current divider rule
E
20V 24Ω
Iab1 = = 0.833 A IL = (1.167)A = 0.700 A ↑
24Ω 24Ω + 16Ω
The current due to the current source:
I
Iab1 = - 2.00 A

Note that the current is indicated as

negative because the actual current is
This is the Norton’s equivalent circuit
opposite to the assumed reference
direction
method

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Norton’s Theorem

Question: Find the Norton equivalent of

the circuit external to resistor RL in the
circuit below. Use the equivalent circuit to
determine the load current IL when RL is 0,
2 Ω, and 5 Ω.
The current due to the voltage source: E
15V
Iab1 = = 2.50 mA
6kΩ
the short circuit between terminals a and b
Solution eliminates resistor R2
Remove RL from the circuit
The current due to the current source: I

Iab2 = 5.00 mA

the short circuit between terminals a and b

eliminates both resistors R1 and R2

From the superposition theorem, we find the Norton

The Norton resistance of the circuit is current as
found as
IN = Iab1 + Iab2 = 2.50 + 5.00 = 7.50 mA
RN = 6 kΩ || 2 kΩ = 1.5 kΩ 24/26
Circuit Theory Network Theorems
Norton’s Theorem

Let RL = 0
Question Find the current I0 in the circuit using
The current IL must equal the source Norton’s theorem
current ∴ IL = 7.50 mA Let RL = 2 kΩ

The current IL is calculated using the

current divider rule
1.5kΩ
∴ IL = (7.50mA) = 3.21 mA
1.5kΩ + 2.0kΩ
Let RL = 5 kΩ 4
Answer RN = kΩ, IL = 0.75 mA
The current IL is calculated using the 3
Question Find the current I0 in the circuit using
current divider rule
Norton’s theorem
1.5kΩ
∴ IL = (7.50mA) = 1.73 mA
1.5kΩ + 5.0kΩ
This is the Norton equivalent circuit

Answer RN = 3 kΩ, IL = 0.75 mA

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Circuit Theory Network Theorems

THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

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