rmgd

notes in rdl 2

second semester

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 5. Experimental Research

- process of collecting and analyzing numerical data ⁃ study conducted with a scientific approach

- can be used to find patterns and averages, make

predictions, test and casual relationships, and VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESIS

generalize results to wider populations

- opposite of qualitative research (which collects and What is a Variable?

analyzes non-numerical data such as text, video, or - A variable is a variation within a class of objects

audio) (i.e., eye color).

- A constant is a characteristic with no variations

QUANTITTATIVE vs QUALITATIVE RESEARCH within a class of objects (i.e., grade level of ninth

graders).

What you should try to achieve in your research: - Researchers choose certain variables to study

1. A clearly formulated problem since they are suspected to be related to a

2. Systematic collection of data

possible relationship to be discovered.

3. Appropriate analysis of data

Quantitative vs. Categorical Variables

QUANRES Research Strategies

§ Variables are classified as either quantitative or

• Non-experimental strategies (except quasi-

experimental) categorical

• Correlational research strategy § A quantitative variable is conceptualized and

• Descriptive research strategy analyzed in distinct categories, with no continuum

• Single-subject research designs implied (i.e., height).

o can be subdivided into smaller units

§ A categorical variable does not vary in degree,

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND EXAMPLES amount, or quantity, but are qualitatively different

work on the title of your research and the introduction (i.e., political party).

of the research o there is no middle ground or in-between

measurement

1. Descriptive Research

⁃ answers the questions of who where what when Independent vs. Dependent Variables

how BUT NOT WHY § The independent variable is what the researcher

studies to see its relationship or effects. –

2. Correlational Research Presumed or possible cause

⁃ relationship between the variables § The dependent variable is what is being influenced

⁃ how the variables affect each other or affected by the independent variable –

Presumed results

3. Survey Research § Independent variables may be either manipulated

or selected
⁃ focuses on preferences

o A manipulated variable is a changed

⁃ percentage

condition the researcher creates during a

study, also known as an experimental or

4. Quasi-Experimental / Casual-Comparative Research

treatment variable

⁃ evaluate interventions that do not use

o A selected variable is an independent
randomization

variable that already exists

⁃ intervention and outcome

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What is a Hypothesis?
Example: Amount of studying (IV) affects test grades - A hypothesis is a prediction regarding the possible

(DV) outcome of a study

- Advantages of stating hypotheses include:

The Relationship between Independent and o Forces us to think more deeply and

Dependent Variables specifically about possible outcomes of

the study

o Enables us to make specific predictions

based on prior evidence or theoretical

argument

o Helps to clarify whether we are or aren't

investigating a relationship

Other Types of Variables - Disadvantages of stating hypotheses include:

§ Outcome Variable o May lead to a bias on the part of the

- A dependent variable that is quantitative researcher

- Most studies demonstrating this would o In some studies, it would be

have a categorical independent variable presumptuous to predict what findings

- The investigator is interested in the would be Focusing on the hypothesis could

effects that might lead to differences in prevent the researcher from seeing other

methods = outcomes phenomena that might be important to

§ Moderator Variable the study

- Special type of independent variable

- Selected to determine if it affects

(modifies) the basic relationship between

the primary independent variable and the

dependent variable

- A variable that delineates how a

relationship of interest changes under

different conditions or circumstances

§ Extraneous Variable

- Independent variables that have not

been controlled

- Considered a basic problem in research

- The task is to control these variables by

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

reducing or eliminating their effects

- A method to control extraneous variables Graphical representation of one's concepts or ideas on the

is to hold them constant basic structure and components of the research as well as

§ Mediating variable on the relationships of the elements with one another

- A variable that comes in between variables;

helps to delineate the process through A broad outline or plan that will give shape to research

which variables affect one another owing to a carefully constructed arrangement of the

- Example: Amount of studying leads to input components of the study.

and organization of knowledge in one's

long- term memory (mediating variable)

Purpose:
which affects test grades (DV) - Show the order, organization, direction of the

research

- Provides essential initial activity

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- Gives idea to the readers the research activities • To know more about theories or concepts
that are to be performed and the manner in which underlying your research

they r carried out • To discover the relation of your research with

- Clarifies concepts and their relationships previous research studies

• To obtain information on the accuracy or

Pointers In Writing A Conceptual Framework (Baraceros, relevance of your research questions

2016) • To familiarize yourself with technical terms

1. Familiarize yourself with the objective of the related to your research

conceptual framework

2. Base the contents of the conceptual framework on IN-TEXT CITATIONS AND REFERENCING

your own understanding of the elements and of the • In-text citation or citation - referring to the

relationships of the research features author/s within the main body of the paper

3. See to it that all aspects of the conceptual • Reference or bibliography - list of authors and

framework are related to the objective of the their works with publication details found at the

research end of the paper

4. Let others read your conceptual framework for o Difference between reference or

comments and feedback for improvement bibliography explained

purposes

Styles

• APA – American psychological association

• MLA – modern language association

• For citation and referencing styles, refer to 54-61

of the textbook

Ethical Standards in RRL writing

1. Cite authors

2. Put quotation marks on borrowed terms

3. Plagiarism defined

SAMPLE OUTLINE FOR RRL

I. LITERATURE RELATED TO THE CONDITIONS WHICH

LEAD TO THE LEARNERS INTEREST ON THE TOPIC

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/BACKGROUND

A. DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT

CONDITONS RELATED TO THE TOPIC OF

THE STUDY

B. THEORIES, LAWS, PRINCIPLES WHICH

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE SUPPORT THE STUDY

curiosity or familiarity about a subject à inspire you to III. LITERATURE RELATED TO THE VARIABLES OF THE

know more about the subject à acts of proving the STUDY

truthfulness of your claim about a topic à relate and align IV. PRESSING CONCERN LEADING TO THE NEED TO

your thinking with other people's ideas legally and CONDUCT A STUDY

professionally à renders credibility to your claim A. CONCERN ASSOCIATED WITH THE SOCIETY

B. CONCERNS ASSOSIATED WITH THE

Purposes: INDIVIDUAL

• To find out the connection of your research to the V. LITERATURE THAQT DESCRIBES THE IMPORTANCE

current conditions or situations of the world OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC UNDER STUDY TO

DAILY LIFE

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VI. SYNTHESIS e. Gather data

V. Analyze and Interpret Data

a. Take the data apart to look at an

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS individual responses

b. Represent the data in tables, figures,

Research is a process of steps used to collect and pictures

analyze information in order to increase our c. Explain conclusions from the data that

understanding of a topic or issue. address the research questions

VI. Report and Evaluate Research

Problems with research today:

• contradictory / vague findings Ethical Considerations in Research

• questionable data o Respect the rights of the participants

• unclear statements about the intent of the o Honor the requests and restrictions of the

study research site

• lack of full disclosure of the data collection o Report the research fully and honestly

procedure

• inarticulate rendering of the research problem Quantitative Research

A type of educational research in which the researcher

The process of research decides what to study; asks specific, narrow questions;

I. Identify the research problem collects quantifiable data from participants; analyzes

a. Specify a problem these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry

b. Justify a problem in an unbiased, objective manner.

c. Suggest a need to study the problem for

audiences

II. Review the Literature

a. Locate resources: books, journals,

electronic resources

b. Select resources: determine the relevant

resources for the topic

c. Organize the resources by developing a

“literature map”

d. Summarize the resources in a literature

review

III. Specify a Research Purpose

a. Identify the purpose statement: major

intent, participants, and site of the study

b. Narrow the purpose statement:

quantitative (write research questions/

hypothesis), qualitative (identify a central

phenomenon & write subquestions)

IV. Collect Data

a. Determine the collection method

b. Select the participants

c. Design the data collection instruments and

outline the procedures for data collection

d. Obtain permissions

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- Guidelines in Giving Operational Definition

• Base your definition on the concept under

study

• Express the operational definition in only one

sentence

• Let the operational definition explain the

measurement of the variables clearly

• Construct an operational defitinion that the

other researchers can understand, assess, and

repeat in other research studies

RESEARCH DESIGN AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Quantitative Research Designs

I. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• Utilized a controlled and an experimental group

where intervention, treatment, or manipulation

is applied to the experimental group

• Pre-test à intervention à post-test

• Types

A. True experimental design

o Random selection of participants –– bias-

free selection –– ensures objectivity of

results

B. Quasi-experimental design

o Does not select participants randomly ––

cannot establish cause and effect

accurately

II. NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

• Capable of giving both qualitative and

quantitative data

• Does not control the variables

• Involves variables the way that they are

• Types

A. Descriptive – depicts an image of the indiv /

grp

B. Comparative – shows the similarities and

DEFINITION OF TERMS differences between variables / subjects

C. Correlative – shows the extent of the

Operational Definition variables’ relationship / shows whether

- Making the concept meaningful by specifying the there is a positive or negative relationship

way the research should measure such concept among the variables

or subject

- Not dictionary definition

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D. Survey – describes the attitudes, d. Ratio Scale

preferences, views, feelings, or other • Example is the grading system in

behavioral patterns of the participants academic subjects

Sampling Methods II. QUANTITATIVE SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

I. Probability Sampling

- All members of the population get equal chances

of being chosen as samples Midterm Coverage:

- Bias-free o hypothetical case (complete title – identify the

- Techniques: (refer to p. 129 of the textbook) research design, participants, sampling

A. Simple Random Sampling techniques)

B. Systematic Sampling o Diff parts of your own paper

C. Stratified Sampling

D. Cluster Sampling Test Contents:

II. Non-probability Sampling • 10 items, 2 actual cases given the title and we will

- Not chosen randomly answers the pertinent questions as follows: give

- Depends on the researcher's control and the logical usefulness in daily life of the sample,

preferences; therefore, is prone to bias study the type of study, the variables (dependent

- Techniques (see page 130 of the textbook) and independent variables)

A. Quota Sampling 130 unemployed, 250 employed
• another set of hypothetical title wherein we will be

B. Voluntary Sampling Researchers

ask volunteers

stating the current condition of where the study

C. Purposive Sampling Researchers choose participant

was most likely conducted, write the possible

D. Availability Sampling Sample being drawn from that part implication of the study, the significance of the
of the population that is close to

hand
study (indicate for whom the study would be most

Quantitative Data-Collection Techniques beneficial to), scope and limitation of the study

I. Observation • TEST 2: based on the answers of the multiple choice

II. Survey portion, give the definition of terms, the

a. Questionnaire appropriate research design and the sampling

b. Interview procedure, for a given scenario you are to indicate

III. Experiment whether the definition of term given is correct,

IV. Content Analysis discuss the appropriate research design, and the
sampling procedure (probability and non-
Measurement Scales for Quantitative Data probability), study the cyclic processes involved in
Two categories: making the research
I. QUALITATIVE SCALES OF MEASUREMENT • study your own paper
a. Nominal Scales
• Categorizing variables based on
certain profiles
• Summing up the points per variable
in terms of percentage
b. Ordinal Scales
• Ranking or arranging the tables
c. Interval Scale
• Shows equal differences of people’s
view or attitudes
• Likert scale