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Modal Verbs of Probability

This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express probability and speculation about present and past situations. It explains that modal verbs like must, might, could, may, can't are used to talk about varying degrees of certainty in the present, while must/might/could/may/can't have + past participle are used to speculate about the past. Modal verbs like will/won't express very high certainty in both present and past situations, and should/shouldn't assume something is probable based on expectations.

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131 views

Modal Verbs of Probability

This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express probability and speculation about present and past situations. It explains that modal verbs like must, might, could, may, can't are used to talk about varying degrees of certainty in the present, while must/might/could/may/can't have + past participle are used to speculate about the past. Modal verbs like will/won't express very high certainty in both present and past situations, and should/shouldn't assume something is probable based on expectations.

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Profa Evelin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modal Verbs of Probability

We can use these modal verbs (also called modals of deduction, speculation or certainty) when
we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we are.

1. Talking about the present

Must / might / could / may / can't + infinitive

For example:

I am waiting for Julie with another friend, David. I ask: 'Where is Julie?'

David guesses:

• She must be on the bus. (I'm fairly sure this is a good guess)

• She might come soon. (maybe)

• She could be lost. (maybe)

• She may be in the wrong room. (maybe)

• She can't be at home. (I'm fairly sure this isn't true)

*Notice that the opposite of 'must' is 'can't in this case.

Will / won't

We use will and won't when we are very sure:

• She'll be at work now.

Should / shouldn't

Should and shouldn't are used to make an assumption about what is probably true, if everything
is as we expect:

• They should be there by now.

• It shouldn't take long to drive here.

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This use of should isn't usually used for negative events. Instead, it's a better idea to use will:

• The underground will be very busy now (not: 'should be').

Can

Can is used for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes happens:

• Prices can be high in London.

Can is not used to talk about specific possibilities:

• He could be on the bus (not: 'can be').

2. Using modal verbs to talk about the past:

Must / might / could / may / can't + have + past participle

• must have + past participle

• might / might not have + past participle

• could / couldn't have + past participle

• may / may not have + past participle

• can't have + past participle

For example: You: Where was Julie last night? David:

• She must have forgotten about our date.

• She might have worked late.

• She could have taken the wrong bus.

• She may have felt ill.

• She can't have stayed at home.


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Will / won't + have + past participle

Will and won't / will not + have + past participle are used for past certainty (compare with
present use of 'will' above):

• The parcel will have arrived before now.

Should + have + past participle

Should + have + past participle can be used to make an assumption about something that has
probably happened, if everything is as we expect (compare with present use of 'should' above):

• The train should have left by now

Could

We can use could + infinitive to talk about a general possibility in the past (compare with the
use of 'can' above):

• Prices could be high in the sixteenth century.

This is not used to talk about specific possibilities in the past (instead we use could + have +
past participle):

• He could have been working late (not: 'could be'. As this is a specific possibility,
'could be' is present tense)

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May be freely copied for personal or classroom use.

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