• Introduction • Klein PART 1 Eysenck

DAY 1

DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4
• Kohut Allport Sheldon &
• Freud • Kernberg • Cattell & Stevens
• Adler • Mahler Eysenck Plumin & Buss
• Jung • Bowlby • Costa & Gray
• Horney • Fromm McCrae Zuckerman
• Erikson • Filipino
Psychology
• Maslow
• Rogers
• PART 2
• May
• Skinner
• Murray
• Dollard &
• Sullivan
Miller
• Bandura
• Rotter &
Mischel
• Kelly
TRAIT/
DISPOSITIONAL
THEORIES
ALLPORT, CATTELL & EYSENCK, COSTA & MCCRAE
GORDON
ALLPORT
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY OF THE INDIVIDUAL

 Major emphasis was on the uniqueness of

each individual,
 Allport’s theory of personality
is a reaction against what he regarded as
the non-humanistic positions
of both psychoanalysis and animal-
based learning theory.
 However, Allport was eclectic in
his approach and accepted many of the
ideas of other theorists.
 Allport's Approach to Personality
1. Conscious Motivation: psychologically healthy humans are motivated
by present, mostly conscious drives;
they not only seek to reduce tensions but to establish new ones.
2. Psychologically healthy individuals: He was the first personality theorist to study
and hypothesize attributes of healthy & mature people.
3. Proactive Behavior: suggests that people can
consciously behave in new and creative ways that foster own change & growth.
4. Uniqueness of each individual: called his study of the morphogenic science (in
depth study of an individual) and contrasted it with traditional
nomothetic methods.
5. Favored Eclecticism over Particularism: did not emphasize a singular approach.
Much of human nature cannot be explain by any single theory
Personality Defined
 Initially, “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those
psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment.”
(1937)
 Then changed to “Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of
those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought”
(1961)

 Dynamic: Personality Not only is something, but it does something

 Psychophysical: Personality is everything, both physical and psychological
 Behavior and thought: Includes both overt and covert thoughts
Structure of Personality

Personal Dispositions Proprium

Motivational/Sylistic
Dispositions

Secondary
Cardinal Dispositions Central Dispositions
Dispositions
Personal Dispositions
 Allport distinguished common traits (permit inter-
individual comparisons) and
personal dispositions, which are peculiar to the
individual
1. Cardinal dispositions
 is a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves
around it
 Not everyone has a cardinal disposition;
 obvious and dominating that they can not be hidden from
other people
 Most people do not have cardinal dispositions = these few
are often known by that single characteristic
 examples: quixotic, chauvinistic, sadistic, narcissistic,
Machiavellian, imeldific
Personal Dispositions
2. Central dispositions
 are qualities that characterize a person’s
daily interactions
 All people have 5 to 10 central dispositions
 Allport: those Listed in a letter of
recommendation written by someone who
know the person well

3. Secondary dispositions
 are characteristics that are exhibited in
specific situations
 everyone has a great number
 are less reliable and less conspicuous than
central traits
Personal Dispositions

 All personal dispositions are dynamic

(have motivational power)
1. Motivational dispositions
 which are intensely experienced
dispositions strong enough to
initiate action
 Receive their motivation from basic
needs and drives
2. Stylistic dispositions
 Guide actions
 The manner in which person behaves
in accordance to the motivation
 Proprium
 Rrefers to all those behaviors and characteristics that
people regard as warm and central in their lives
 These are aspects of life that a person regards as
important to a sense of self-identity and self-
enhancement
 Include: values, conscience
 Does not include: basic drives, needs, tribal customs,
habits
 preferred the term proprium over self or ego
Motivation:
Reactive and Proactive Theories of
Motivation
 people not only react to their environment,
also shape their environment and cause it to react to them
 proactive approach emphasized the idea that people often
seek additional tension
 they purposefully act on their environment in a way that
fosters growth toward psychological health

 Motives:
1. Peripheral Motives – reduce a need
2. Propriate Strivings – aim to seek tension and disequilibrium
Motivation: Functional Autonomy
 Defined as “any acquired system of motivation in which the tensions involved are not
of the same kind as the antecedent tensions from which the acquired system
developed”
 Holds that some (but not all) human motives are functionally independent from the
original motive responsible for a particular behavior
 If motive is functionally autonomous = it is the explanation for that behavior; No need
to look beyond it for hidden or primary causes
 Purports that adult motives are built primarily on conscious, self-sustaining
contemporary systems
 Is Allport’s most distinctive and controversial postulate
 Represents a theory of changing motives
 Is the capstone on Allport’s ideas on motivation
Motivation: Functional Autonomy
 4 Requirements of an Adequate Theory of Motivation
1. Must acknowledge the contemporaneity of motives
 “Whatever moves us must move now”
2. Must be pluralistic theory – allow motives of many types
 Motives that appear to be different are really different; No single drive exists
3. Ascribe dynamic forces to cognitive processes – planning and intention
 Future orientation – although not always rational, we have future plans that affect
present behaviors & intensions
4. Allows for the concrete uniqueness of motives
 There must be an actual unique motive, not generalized & based on preexistent
theory
 Some behaviors are done simply for the sake of doing it
Motivation: Levels of Functional Autonomy
1. Perseverative functional autonomy
 which is the tendency of certain
basic behaviors (such as addictive behaviors) to continu
e in the absence of reinforcement
 Perseveration – tendency of an impression to leave an
influence on subsequent experience
 Found in animals and humans based on simple
neurological principles
 Eg. Addiction to alcohol yet no physiological hunger for
it; Zeigarnik effect
2. Propriate functional autonomy
 which refers to self-sustaining motives (such as interests)
related to the proprium
 Eg. Hobbies, occupations, etc that have become a
passion and done simply because the person likes doing
it
Criterion for Functional Autonomy

 A present motive is functionally autonomous to the extent that it

seeks new goals
 The behavior will continue even the motivation for it changes
 Eg. PAPJA quiz team review

 Processes that are NOT Functionally Autonomous include:

 Biological drives, motives linked to reduction of basic drives, reflex
actions, physique, habits in the process of being formed, behavior that
require primary reinforcement, sublimations tied to sexual desires, some
neurotic/psychotic symptoms
Conscious and Unconscious Motivation

 Emphasized conscious motivation more th

an any other personality theorist
 Adults are generally aware of what theyre
doing and their reasons for doing it
 But did not completely overlook the
possible influence of unconscious
motivation of pathological behavior
 EG Compulsive behaviors which are
automatic repetitiions are often motivated
by some hidden impulse from childhood
experience
 The Psychologically Healthy Personality
 Allport believed that people are motivated by both the need to adjust to their env
ironment (reactive) and to grow toward psychological health (proactive)
 Psychologically healthy persons are more likely to engage in proactive behaviors
 6 Criteria for psychological health:
1. an extension of the sense of self
2. warm relationships with others
3. emotional security or self-acceptance
 Emotional Poise – not become overly upset when things don’t go as planned

4. a realistic view of the world

5. insight and humor
 Self-objectification

6. a unifying philosophy of life

 The Study of the Individual
1. Morphogenic Science
 Morphogenic – patterned properties if the whole
organism and allows for intraperson comparison
 Traditional psychology relies on nomothetic science,
which seeks general laws from a study of groups of p
eople
 Allport used idiographic or morphogenic procedures t
hat study the single case
 Allport was willing to accept self-reports at face value
 Eg. Verbatim recordings, interviews, dreams,
confessions, diaries, letters, art works, doodles, body
gestures, handwriting
 Semimorphogenic approaches – self-rating scales
adjective checklists
The Study of the Individual
2. The Diaries of Marion Taylor
 In the late 1930's, Allport and his wife studied diaries written by woman they called Marion
Taylor
 Descriptions of Marion Taylor by her family and friends provided a large quantity of
material to be studied using morphogenic methods
3. Letters from Jenny
2. did publish a second case study of Jenny Gove Masterson. Jenny had written a series of
301 letters to the Allports, whose son had been a roommate of Jenny's son
3. Personal structure analysis (Alfred Baldwin), Factor analysis (Jeffrey Paige), &
commonsense approach (Allport) yielded similar results on Jenny’s personality structure
suggesting morphogenic studies can be reliable
4. Religious Orientation Scale (ROS)
2. Created by Allport and J. Michael Ross to measure orientation/motivation towards religion
of churchgoers
CATTELL &
EYSENCK
FACTOR ANALYSIS
Basics of Factor Analysis
 Factor analysis is a mathematical procedure for reducing a large nu
mber of scores to a few more general variables or factors.
 Correlations of the original, specific scores with the factors
are called factor loadings.
 Traits generated through factor analysis may be either:
 Unipolar (scaled from zero to some large amount)
 bipolar (having two opposing poles, such as introversion and extraversion).
Basics of Factor Analysis
 For factors to have psychologi
cal meaning, the analyst must
rotate the axes on which the sc
ores are plotted.
 Orthogonal rotation – (Fewer traits)
Right angled axes. Scores on the x
variable increase, scores on the y
axis may have any value. The
values on the y axis are unrelated
to the scores on the x axis.
(Eysenck, FFM)
 Oblique method - (More traits)
There is an assumption that there
is some negative or positive
correlation. And this method
implies an angle of less than of
more than 90 degrees. (Cattell)
The factor analytic procedure:
1. Make specific observations on several people.
2. Qualify the observations. For example: the height of the individuals is
gathered in in inches.
3. Establish which variables are related to one another
 This is done by calculating the correlation coefficient between each
variable.
 For example: positive correlation between leg length and height. -
Relationships may correlate because they fit under the same overarching
trait.
4. Factor analysis is able to represent the large quantity of variables using
a smaller number of more basic dimensions.
RAYMOND B.
CATTELL
TRAIT-TYPE FACTOR THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Cattell and Eysenck on Factor
Analysis
 Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck have ea
ch used factor analysis to identify traits (that
is,
relatively permanent dispositions of people).
 Cattell has identified a large number of pers
onality traits, whereas Eysenck has extracted
only three general factors.
 Introduction to Cattell's Trait Theory
 Cattell used an inductive approach to identify traits: began with a large body of
data that he collected with no preconceived hypothesis or theory
 TECHNIQUES

dR (differential R) techniqu
R Technique P Technique
e

• Correlational method • a correlational procedure • correlates the scores of a

typically used that uses measures large number of people
• Involves many persons collected from one on many variables
taking two or more tests person on many different obtained at two different
on one occasion occasions occasions
• Yields more permanent • attempt to measure
traits individual or unique,
rather than common,
traits
Introduction to Cattell's Trait Theory
 By combining these two techniques P and dR
techniques, Cattell has measured both:
states traits

• temporary conditions within an individual • relatively permanent dispositions of an

as results of immediate environment individual
• derived from P & dR • derived from R
• Defined by Cattell “that which defines
what a person will do when faced with a
defined situation”

 Media of Observation
1. L data, or a person's life record that comes from observations made by others
1. L (T) – objective; eg number of residences in 10 year period
2. L (R) – subjective; eg evaluation by supervisor
2. Q data, which are based on questionnaires; self observations & introsepections
3. T data, or information obtained from objective tests
 Division of Traits

1st Dimension 2nd Dimension 3rd Dimension

Common Temperament Dynamic

Source Traits Surface traits Unique Traits Ability Traits
Traits Traits Traits

First Order Second Order Attitudes

Normal Ergs

Pathological SEMS
1st Dimension
 Personality Predictions may defined by
Cattell as “ that which permits a prediction
of what a person will do in a given situation”
humor
 be made through identifying Source traits
rather than Surface traits
 Source Traits
 refer to the underlying factor or factors
responsible for the intercorrelation among
FRIENDLINESS
surface traits
 smaller in number gregariousness unselfishness
 can be identified by either of the 3 media
of observation
 Surface traits
 are starting points and indicators of source
traits
2nd Dimension and 3rd Dimension
 Personality traits include both
1. common traits (shared by many people)
2. unique traits (peculiar to one individual).

 Personality traits can also be divided into:

1. Temperament Traits (how)
2. Dynamic Traits (why)
3. Ability Traits (how far or how fast)
Temperament Traits
(Primary/First Order Traits)
 Cattell has identified 35 Primary traits or First Order Source traits which are mostly
Temperaments
 Normal = 23
 Out of 23 Normal traits,
16 were obtained through media and compose Cattell's famous 16 PF scale
 Pathological = 12
 Found using L and Q data
 Both adult and child samples
 There are also Second Order Source Traits
 It grouped together some of the 35 primary traits, forming 8 (eight) Second order traits
 The two strongest of the second-order traits might be called
extraversion/introversion and anxiety
Temperament
Primary/First-order: 23 Normal Traits
A. Affectia – Sizia M. Autia – Praxernia
B. High Intelligence – Low Intelligence N. Shrewdness – Naivete
C. High Ego strength - Low Ego strength O. Guilt Proneness – Untroubled Adequacy
D. Excitability – Phlegmatic P. Sanguine Casualness – Cautious Inactivity
E. Dominance – Submissive Q1. Radicalism – Conservatism
F. Surgency – Desrgency Q2. Self-sufficiency – Group Dependency
G. High Superego strength – Low Superego Q3. High Self sentiment – Low self sentiment
strength
Q4. High Ergic Tension – Low Ergic Tension
H. Parmia – Threctia
Q5. Group Dedication with sensed inadequacy –
I. Permsia – Harria Lack of Social concern
J. Coasthenia – Zeppia Q6. Social Panache – Self Effacement
K. Social Role Concern – Social Unconcern Q7. Explicit Self expression – Lacks explicit self-
expression
L. Protension - Alaxia
Temperament
Primary/First-order: 12 PATHOLOGIAL TRAITS
Depressive Traits Clinically Serious
D1. High hypochondriasis – Low Pa. High Paranoia – Low Paranoia
hypochondriasis
Pp. High Psychopathic Deviation - Low Psychopathic
D2. Suicidal disgust – Zestfulness Deviation
D3. High Brooding Discontent – Low Sc. High Schizophrenia - Low Schizophrenia
Brooding Discontent
As. High Psychasthenia – Low Psychasthenia
D4. High Anxious Depression – Low
Ps. High General Psychosis – Low General Psychosis
Anxious Depression
D5. Low Energy Depression – High Energy
Euphoria
D6. High Guilt & Resentment – Low Guilt &
Resentment
D7. High Bored depression – Low Bored
depression
Temperament:
Second-Order Source Traits
 Assigned Roman numerals
 Consistent with the traits discussed by Jung (extraversion/introversion),
Freud and Sullivan (Anxiety), Eysenck (Neuroticism) which shape different
personalities
 QI: Exvia (Extraversion)
 QII: Anxiety
 QIII: Corteria (Cortical Alertness)
 QIV: Independence
 QV: Discreetness
 QVI: Subjectivity
 QVII: Intelligence
 QVIII: Good Upbringing
Dynamic Traits
(Motivation traits)
1. Attitudes
 Defined as “a specific course of action or desire to act in response to a given situation”
 Cornerstone of Cattell’s Dynamic Traits
 Not an opinion for or against something
 Includes: Particular stimulus or situation, An interest, The response, and An object (eg.
Michelle who has a desire to play badminton with Joshua)
 A dynamic lattice, or a network of motives, underlie nearly in all atitudes
 A subsidization chain, underlies nearly all motivation. It means some motives are
subsidiary to others in that they are directed towards subgoals which must be reached
n order to reach the next goal.
 A sibsidiation chain could be revealed by asking the person series of “why” questions
Dynamic Lattice
Dynamic Traits
(Motivation traits)
2. Ergs
 Defined as “energy inherent in primary or unlearned drives such as sex, hunger,
curiousity, anger and other motives, most of which are not limited to humans but also are
found in other primates or other higher mammals.”
 Innate drives or motives
 Not acquired through enculturation
 Human equivalents of animals instincts
 Using T-data, he mapped out mathematically these innate motives
 10 Ergs identified: Food-seeking (Hunger), Mating (Sex), Gregariousness (Loneliness),
Parental protectiveness (Pity), Exploration (Curiousity), Escape to security (Fear), Self-
assertion (Pride), Narcissistic Sex (Sensousness), Pugnacity (Anger), Acquisitveness
(Greed)
Dynamic Traits
(Motivation traits)
3. SEMS (Socially shaped Ergic Manifolds)
 Defined as “learned or acquired dynamic traits”
 Receive energy from ergs’ gives some stability to attitudes
 Their number differ from culture to culture since they are culturally acquired. (eg
profession, family and home, spouse, religion, self-sentiment, etc)
 The Self-Sentiment is crucial as it integrates other SEMS; It is equivalent to “Self-concept”
which is peculiarly human and learned through culture

Ergs (innate drives) eg. sex

SEMS (screens the ergs) eg. religion

Attitudes (desire to act) eg. Desire to have sex only after wedding
Genetic Basis of Traits
 Cattell and his colleagues provided estimates of heritability of the various
source traits.
 Heritability (H)
 is an estimate of the extent to which the variance of a given trait is due to heredity.
 It is the ratio of the genetically determined variance to the total variance in trait (if H
is 0.60 for intelligence, it means 60% of total variance in intelligence is due to genetic
factors)
 Statistical technique: MAVA or Mutliple Abstract Variance Analysis
 Cattell has found relatively high heritability values for both fluid intelligence
(the ability to adapt to new material) and crystallized intelligence (which
depends on prior learning), suggesting that intelligence is due more to heredity
than to environment.
HANS J.
EYSENCK
TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY
 Compared to Cattell, Eysenck
 (1) was more likely to theorize before collecting and factor
analyzing data;
 (2) extracted fewer factors; and
 (3) used a wider variety of approaches to gather data.
Measuring Personality
 Eysenck believed that genetic factors were far more important than
environmental ones in shaping personality and that personal traits could
be measured by standardized personality inventories.

A. Criteria for Identifying Factors

Eysenck insisted that personality factors must
1. be based on strong psychometric evidence,
2. must possess heritability and fit an acceptable genetic model,
3. make sense theoretically, and
4. possess social relevance.
Measuring Personality

B. Hierarchy of Measures
 Eysenck recognized a four-level hierarchy of behavior organization:
1. specific acts or cognitions;
2. habitual acts or cognitions;
3. traits, or personal dispositions; and
4. types or superfactors.
Dimensions of Personality
 Eysenck's methods of measuring personality limited the number of perso
nality types to a relatively small number.
 SUPERFACTORS are the major personality factors : Extravesion,
Neuroticism, Psychoticism
 N and P are not limited to pathological individuals
 have strong psychometric evidence
 Strong biological bases
 Make sense theoretically
 Relate to social issues (drug use, sexual behaviors, preventing diseases)
 The three factors are Bipolar yet Unimodal. Bipolar in that they have two
extremes on the opposite poles, Unimodal, meaning people’s levels
move along one continuum
 He did not believe that people can be neatly divided into mutually
exclusive personality types
Extraversion (-Introversion)
 Extraversion includes being: sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking,
carefree, dominant, sergeant and venturesome.
 On the opposite end is: Introversion. This is described as being quiet, passive,
unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober and
controlled.
 Biological bases: Difference of E and I = Difference in Cortical Arousal Level
 Cortical Arousal Level – a physiological condition largely inherited than learned
 E = Lower level of cortical arousal, higher sensory threshold, less reaction to stimuli
 I = higher level of cortical arousal, lower sensory threshold, greater reaction to stimuli
 To maintain optimal levels of cortical arousal, E need higher level of sensory
stimulation
 Because E have lower levels of cortical arousal, they become quickly
accustomed to strong stimuli and less responsive to the same stimuli.
Neuroticism (-Stability)
 Neuroticism encompasses being: anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-
esteem, tense, irrational, shy, moody, and emotional. They also have physical
ailments like: headaches and backaches. And psychological problems like
anxiety.
 The opposite end of the spectrum is Stability. People at this end have ability to
resist neurotic disorders.
 N has strong hereditary components
 N does not suggest Neurosis necessarily:
 Diathesis-stress model of psychiatric illness – some people have the vulnerability to
illness because their have genetic or acquired weakness that predisposes them to
illness. Predisposition (diathesis) may react with stress to produce neurotic behavior
 High N, even when low stress, produces Neurosis
 Several people can score high on N yet display different symptoms depending
on degree of I or E.
Psychoticism (-Superego)
 Psychoticism hierarchal structure includes being: aggressive, cold, egocentric,
impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unempathic, creative, and tough-minded.
 The opposite end of the pole is Superego. Characteristics include: altruistic,
highly socialized, empathic, caring, cooperative, conforming, and
conventional.
 P is independent of E & N
 High P > Low P = Genetically more vulnerable to stress
 High P = not necessarily suffering psychosis; BUT hay a high predisposition to
succumb to stress & develop psychotic illness
 People with High P only need a minimal amount of stress to precipitate a
psychotic reaction
Measuring Superfactors:

 Eysenck and his colleagues developed four personality inventories t

o measure superfactors, or types.
 Maudsley Personality Inventory or MPI ( E& N only)
 The two most frequently used by current researchers: Eysenck
Personality Inventory or EPI (which measures only E and N) and the
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire or EPQ (which also measures P).
 EPQ has versions for adult and children (junior)
 Criticisms of the P scale led to revision Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire-revised
Biological Bases of Personality
 Eysenck believed that P, E, and N all have a powerful biological component, and
he cited as evidence the existence of these three types in a wide variety of
nations and languages.
1. Researchers found nearly identical factors among people in various parts of the
world
2. Individuals tend to maintain their position over time on the 3 dimensions
3. Higher concordance between identical twins than between same-gender
fraternal twins reared together = genetic factors play dominant part in
determining individual differences.
Personality and Behavior

 Eysenck argued that different combinations of P, E and N relate to a

large number of behaviors and processes, such as academic
performance, creativity, and antisocial behavior.
 He cautioned that psychologists can be misled if they do not
consider the various combinations of personality dimensions.
 Effective theory of personality should predict proximal and distal
consequences
 Proximal (experimental studies; or inner process)
 Distal (social behavior; or in relation to other people)
Personality and Disease

 For many years, Eysenck researched the relationship between

personality factors and disease.
 He teamed with Ronald Grossarth¬Maticek to study the connection
between characteristics and both cancer and cardiovascular
disease and found that people with a helpless-hopeless attitude
were more likely to die from cancer, whereas people who reacted
to frustration with anger and emotional arousal were much more
likely to die from cardiovascular disease.
Robert
McCrae &
Paul T.
Costa, Jr
FIVE FACTOR TRAIT THEORY
The Big Five: Taxonomy or Theory?

 A large number of researchers, including Robert McCrae and Paul

Costa, Jr., have insisted that all personality structure can be
subsumed under five, and only five, major factors.
Biographies of Robert McCrae and
Paul T. Costa, Jr.
 Robert Roger McCrae was born April 28, 1949 in Maryville, Missouri,
the youngest of three children
 After completing an undergraduate degree in philosophy from
Michigan State University, he earned a PhD in psychology from
Boston University.
 Following the lead of Raymond Cattell, he began using factor
analysis as a means of measuring the structure of human traits.
 After completing his academic work, McCrae began working with
Paul Costa at the National Institute of Health, where he is still
employed
Biographies of Robert McCrae and
Paul T. Costa, Jr.
 Paul T. Costa Jr. was born September 16 in Franklin, New Hampshire.
 He earned his undergraduate degree in psychology from Clark
University and a PhD from the University of Chicago.
 In 1978 he began working with Robert McCrae at the National
Institute of Aging, where he continues to conduct research on
human development and aging.
 The collaboration between Costa and McCrae has been unusually
fruitful, with well over 200 co-authored research articles and
chapters, and several books
In Search of the Big Five

 In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Costa and McCrae, were building
elaborate taxonomies of personality traits,
 They used taxonomy to examine the stability and structure of
personality
 As with many other factor theorists, they quickly discovered the traits
of extraversion (E), neuroticism (N), and openness to experience (O).
Five Factors Found
 Aside from Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E),
Openness to experience, they added
Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C)
 Costa and McCrae fully develop the A and C
scales with the revised NEO-PI personality
inventory (1992)
 the five factors have been found across a
variety of cultures and using a number of
languages.
 the five factors show some permanence with
age
 adults tend to maintain a consistent personality
structure as they grow older
Description of the Five Factors
 Bipolar: Some people score high on one factor & low on its
counterpart
 N & E = most ubiquitous & strongest traits
1. Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure,
unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience.
2. Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully,
and aim for achievement against outside expectations; Related to
the way in which people control, regulate, and direct their impulses
3. Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities (as opposed to
depth), surgency from external activity/situations, and energy
creation from external means; engagement with the external world
4. The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general
concern for social harmony
5. Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such
as anger, anxiety, or depression; Sometimes called emotional
instability; Not the same as Neurosis (Freudian)
Some Characteristics
FACTORS High Low

O imaginative, creative, original, prefers down-to-earth, uncreative,

variety, curious, liberal and question conventional, prefer routine, incurious,
traditional and conservative
C conscientious, hardworking, well- negligent, lazy, disorganized, late,
organized, punctual, ambitious and aimless and quitting
preserving, self-discipline
E affectionate, joiner, talkative, fun loving, reserved, loner, quiet, sober, passive
active, and passionate and unfeeling
A softhearted, trusting, generous, ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic,
acquiescent, lenient and good-natured critical and irritable
N anxious, temperament, self-pitying, self- emotional stability, less easily upset,
conscious, emotional, vulnerable stress- calm, free from persistent negative
related disorders feelings
Evolution of the Five-Factor Theory
(FFT)
 Originally, the five factors were simply a taxonomy - a classification
of personality traits
 late 1980s, Costa and McCrae were confident that they had found
a stable structure of personality
 The personality structure was able to incorporate change & growth
into its tenets and to stimulate empirical research, & organize
research findings.
 Five-Factor taxonomy was transformed into a Five-Factor Theory
(FFT)
Units of the Five-Factor Theory :
3 Core components
1. Basic tendencies
 the universal raw material of personality
 Stable and Biologically-based
2. Characteristic adaptations
 acquired personality structures that develop as
people adapt to their environment
 Flexible and experience-based
3. Self-concept
 the knowledge and attitudes about oneself
 is a character adaptation including sense of
purpose, beliefs, attitudes and feelings one has
about their self
Units of the Five-Factor Theory :
3 Peripheral components
1. Biological bases
1. the sole cause of basic tendencies
2. Physiological structures, chemicals, bodily functions
2. Objective biography
1. everything a person does or thinks over a lifetime
2. Part of the cumulative record of our life events
3. External influence
1. Our choice on how to respond to the opportunities and
demands of the external world
2. The response = behavior
3. Behavior is interaction between characteristic
adaptation and external influence
Basic Postulates: Basic tendencies
and Characteristic adaptations
 Basic tendencies have 4 postulates
1. individuality postulate stipulates that every adult has a unique
pattern of traits.
2. origin postulate assumes that all personality traits originate solely
from biological factors, such as genetics, hormones, and brain
structures.
3. development postulate assumes that traits develop and change
through childhood, adolescence, and mid-adulthood.
4. structure postulate states that traits are organized hierarchically
from narrow and specific to broad and general.
Basic Postulates: Basic tendencies
and Characteristic adaptations
 Characteristic Adaptations have 3 postulates:
1. Overtime people adapt to their environment by acquiring
patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent
with their personality traits and earlier adaptations. Basic
tendencies result in our desire to find certain environments that
align with our current disposition.
2. Our responses are not aligned with our goals or cultural values.
When habits and competencies become rigid or compulsive
they become maladaptive.
3. Basic traits may change over time in response to biological
maturation, changes in the environment or deliberate
interventions. (frontal lobe matures etc)
Heritability of the five traits

 Twin studies suggest that heritability and environmental

factors equally influence all five factors to the same
degree
 Genetic influence:
 openness to experience 57%
 extraversion 54%
 conscientiousness 49%
 neuroticism 48%
 agreeableness 42%
Related Research

1. Costa and McCrae have developed a widely used personality

inventory: the NEO-PI (Costa & McCrae, 1985, 1992)
1. Personality is shaped by both nature and nurture.
 Personality has a strong biological bases, the structure of personality should
not differ much from culture to culture
 how and when traits are expressed are influenced by cultural and social
context.
2. Traits have been linked to vital outcomes such as physical health, well-
being, and academic success
 conscientiousness = most important trait for predicting GPAs in HS & college
 high on neuroticism (highly anxious) = very adaptive in terms of studying
3. Traits have also been linked mood
 when people act in a certain way (extraverted or introverted), their
behavior does indeed influence their mood to fit the behavior
SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
VIRGILIO G. ENRIQUEZ
Virgilio G. Enriquez
 Born: November 24, 1942 in Santol, Balgatas, Bulacan
 Father of Filipino Psychology (Ama ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino)
 locally developed a test called Panukat ng Ugali at
Pagkatao
 Died August 31, 1994 (age 51)
Sikolohiyang Pilipino Definition

 Sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan, at

oryentasyo ng Pilipino, batay sa kabuuang paggamit ng
kultura at wikang Pilipino.
Tatlong anyo ng Sikolohiya
1. Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
 Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro (texbook), at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas,
banyaga man o makapilipino.
2. Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
 Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, pananaliksik at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may
kinalaman sa mga Pilipino.
 Eg. Ang Pilipinas ay binubuo ng iba’t ibang pangkat etniko kung saan may
kanyan- kanyang nakaugaliang mga kultura
3. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
 Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa Pilipinas.  Sikolohiyang bunga ng
KARANASAN, KAISIPAN AT ORYENTASYONG PILIPINO. (KKO)
The Kapwa Theory
Core Value: Kapwa
 Two Types of Kapwa (with Different Levels of Interaction)
A. Ibang-Tao “Outsider”
1. Pakikitungo: civility
2. Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
3. Pakikilahok: act of joining
4. Pakikibagay: conformity
5. Pakikisama: being united with the group.
B. Hindi-ibang-tao “One-of-us”
1. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
2. Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
3. Pakikipagkaisa or Pakikiisa: being one with others
Colonial/Accommodative Surface
Values
 Hiya
 The uncomfortable feeling that accompanies a socially unconfortable position or
performance
 kadalasan naiuugnay bilang “Kahihiyan” ng mga Kanluraning Sikologo,
katunayan ang ‘Hiya’ ay “naaangkop na pag-uugali”
 Utang na Loob
 “Norm of Reciprocity” sa Ingles. Ang mga Pilipino ay inaasahan ng kapwa na
gumanti sa pabor na natanggap — ito man ay hiningi o hindi — o ito man ay
kailangan o ginusto
 Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa
 “Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR)”, na likha ni Lynch (1961 and 1973)
 Ang saloobin na ito una sa lahat ay pinatnubayan na alinsunod sa nakararami.
Pivotal Interpersonal Values

 Pakiramdam
 Ibahagi ang sariling kaisipan.
 Ang mga Pilipino ay gumagamit ng damdam, o ang
sariling kaisipan sa damdamin ng iba, bilang
pangunahing kasangkapan sa kanyang pakikitungo
sa kapwa tao.
Confrontative Surface Values
(Determination and Risk Taking Values)
 Bahala Na
 Associated with English concept of 'fatalistic passiveness”
 tumutukoy sa pamamaraan ng pamumuhay ng mga Pilipino na siya ay
determinadong gawin ang abot ng kanyang makakaya
 Nanggaling sa salitang bathalan meaning “Gagawin ko ang lahat sa abot
ng aking makakaya, at ang Diyos na ang gagawa sa nalalabi”.
 Lakas ng Loob
 pagkakaroon ng buo na loob sa kabila ng mga suliranin at pag- aalinlangan
 Pakikibaka
 In English “concurrent clashes”
 kakayahan na magsagawa ng mga rebolusyon at pag-aalsa laban sa
palasak na katunggali.
Societal Values
1. Karangalan
 Associated with dignidad - kung ano ang palagay ng ibang tao sa kapwa
 paano nila ginagamit ang kaalamang ito sa pagkilala at paghusga sa kanyang
buong pagkatao at kahalagahan
a) Puri
 panlabas (external) ng aspeto ng karangalan
 paano natin hinuhusgahan ang buong pagkatao at kahalagahan ng kapwa
b) Dangal
 panloob (internal) na aspeto ng karangalan
 paano niya hinuhusgahan kanyang pagkatao at kahalagahan anfg sarili
Societal Values

2. Katarungan
 Associated with Hustisya - pagkamakataong makapagbibigay
gantimpala sa kapwa
3. Kalayaan
 “Freedom and mobility”
 Opposite of pakikisama (being united with a group) or
pakikibagay (conformity)
Linking Socio-personal Value

 Kagandahang-Loob
 Ang pagbabahagi sa sangkatauhan.
 Tumutukoy ito sa kakayahang tumulong sa kapwa tao sa
panahon ng kanilang pangangailan
 Ang kanilang pagkakaunawa ay pagiging magkasama ay
bahagi na ng isang pagiging Pilipino.
Indigenous Perspective: Guiding
Principles

 - Level of relationship between researcher and researched

significantly determines quality of data
 - Participants should be treated as equals
 - Welfare takes precedence over the data obtained from them
 - Method should be chosen on the basis of appropriateness to the
population
 - Language of the people should be the language of their
research
Indigenous Perspective:
Methods of study
1. Pakapa-kapa
 also means groping (field method)
 searching, probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural data to be able
to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research
 exploration without theoretical framework
 unobtrusive procedures for collecting information: observation,documentation,
intervention, participation
2. Pakikipag-kuwentuhan
 exchange of information, ideas, insights, and opinions, sharing of beliefs, thoughts,
and experiences
 informal, free, social process of exchanging information, thoughts, and knowledge
that is part of human daily activities
Indigenous Perspective:
Methods of study
3. Pagpapa-layang loob
 Nagpapahiwatig na ang isang tao ay panatag sa kalooban ng
kanyang kapwa
 Wala ng pagkahiya
 Buo na ang pagtitiwala sa isa’t isa

4. Pagdadalaw or Pagdalaw-dalaw
 Pagpunta at pakikipag-usap ng isang tao sa kanyang kapwa
 Hindi lahat nasasabi sa isang pag- uusap
Indigenous Perspective:
Methods of study
5. Pakikisama
5. originated as a Filipino value
6. being united with the group
7. frequenting the participant-inviting them outside the bar/residence
6. Pakikipanuluyan
5. Nicdao-Henson, 1982
6. residing in the research setting
7. researcher lives, sleeps and eats with the host
8. a form of pagdalaw-dalaw
PRINCIPLES of VALIDITY

 VALIDITY
 trustworthiness not truth
 Mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan
 RELIABILITY
 certification not consistency
 process
of pakikipagkwentuhan-indicator,
pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibaY