CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
SBI3U
Feb 14 2023
 Circulatory
System PSA
In groups of 3-4, you will have 10 minutes to
research a disease or disorder of the
circulatory system. Write / draw a short
description of what the condition is, and
what you can do to reduce its effects.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Intro 04 Heart

02 Blood 05 Valves

03 Blood Vessels 06 Blood Pressure

 01
Intro
activity
Imagine the human body as a subway map…
What do you notice?
 The Body’s
Transportation System
Subway tunnels Blood vessels

Trains Blood content

Terminal stations Heart & lungs

Suburbs Organs

Passengers Components
of blood:

- Nutrients
- RBC
- WBC
- Waste
 Circulatory System
The transport system of our body.
It is connected to every other system in our body.

4 main functions:

1. Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. Deliver nutrients to parts of body and transport wastes

3. Maintain body’s temperature

4. Transportation of hormones
 3 Main Parts of Circulatory System

1. Blood: Fluid that transports materials

2. Blood vessels: Containers that transport the blood

3. Heart: The pump that pushes the blood to where it needs to go

 02

Blood
55% - Plasma Blood
• Mostly Water
• Macromolecules
• Micronutrients
• Carbon Dioxide

>1% - Leukocytes
• White Blood Cells

>1% - Platelets
• Sticky glycoprotein based cells

45% - Erythrocytes
• Red Blood Cells
Plasma
■ The fluid portion of the blood that carries the
all the other parts of the blood, as well as
CO2, nutrients (i.e. vitamins), waste and
hormones

■ Also carries many dissolved proteins that

have very important jobs in your body (i.e.
help platelets with blood clotting, fight viral
and bacterial infections)
 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
■ Many different types; all have a nucleus

■ Main job: protect the body against microorganisms (i.e. bacteria)

and other toxins

■ Some types destroy microorganisms by engulfing/eating them;

other may produce antibodies

■ White blood cells + pieces of microorganisms = pus

 Platelets
■ Small pieces of larger cells produced in your bone marrow

■ Main job: help the blood clot (turn into a solid) when there is a wound
 Blood Clotting
■ When a rupture is detected, platelets
explode and release a substance that reacts
with proteins in the plasma to create a mesh
of fibres (like a net) called fibrin

■ This causes blood to stop flowing. Eventually

the fibres will contract and cause your wound
to close up
1. Platelet 4. Clot
2. Red blood cell 5. Fibrin
3. Broken blood vessel 6. Active platelet
 Erythrocytes
(Red Blood Cells)
■ Main job: contain proteins called hemoglobin
which contains iron (Fe2+)
■ This iron gives blood its red colour!
 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Thinking question:
Red blood cells don’t have a nucleus. Why might that be advantageous?
 Erythrocytes
(Red Blood Cells)
■ Main job: contain proteins called hemoglobin
which contains iron (Fe2+)
■ This iron gives blood its red colour!

■ These cells do not have a nucleus

■ This gives them increased surface area to
carry more oxygen
■ Distinct shape provides flexibility to fit
through blood vessels
 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Thinking question:
Red blood cells cannot undergo mitosis. Why do you think that is?
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

● No nucleus
○ Therefore no nuclear DNA

● Since RBC don’t undergo

mitosis, we get new RBC from
stem cells
 03
Blood
Vessels
 Types of Blood Vessels

1. Arteries

2. Veins

3. Capillaries
 Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body

■ Usually coloured red

■ Usually carry blood that contains oxygen
(oxygenated blood)
■ Exception: the pulmonary artery

■ High pressure due to the heart’s pumping

■ Many layers of muscles & connective
tissue to support transport of
high-pressure fluid
 Veins
vessels that carry blood to the heart

■ Usually coloured blue

■ Usually carry blood that does not contain
oxygen (deoxygenated blood)
■ Exception: pulmonary vein
■ Thinner than arteries
■ Low pressure; force that pushes blood through
veins via skeletal muscle tissue contracting
■ Presence of valves to ensure blood doesn’t flow
backwards
 Capillaries
blood vessels that connect arteries to veins
■ Smallest type of blood vessel
■ Very important job: exchange nutrients, waste, water, oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the blood and surrounding cells
 Circulation
● Systemic circulation
○ Movement of blood
between heart and rest
of body

● Cardiac circulation
○ Movement of blood
through heart

● Pulmonary Circulation
○ Movement of blood
between heart & lungs
■ Pulmonary arteries &
veins involved
 04

Heart
 The Heart
• Divided into 4 compartments:
• Left and Right
• Atria and Ventricles

• Atria receive blood from veins

and pass it to the ventricles

• Ventricles pump blood to arteries

(more muscular → stronger)
 Main Veins of Heart SVC

■ superior vena cava – carries

deoxygenated blood from the upper half of
the body back to the heart
■ Leads to the right side of the heart

IVC
■ inferior vena cava – carries deoxygenated
blood from the lower half of the body back
to the heart
■ Leads to the right side of the heart
Main Veins of Heart
Pulmonary vein

Brings oxygenated blood from the

lungs to the heart

■ Only vein that is coloured red

in diagrams and carries
oxygenated blood

■ Four in total – two on each

side of the body
 Main Arteries of Heart

Aorta
■ oxygenated blood leaves the heart
from here and is carried to the
tissues of the body

■ Largest artery in the body

■ On left side of the heart
Main Arteries of Heart
Pulmonary Artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the

heart to the lungs

■ Only artery that is coloured

blue in diagrams and carries
deoxygenated blood

■ Two in total – one on each

side of the body
Direction of Blood Flow
 Direction of Blood Flow
1. Right atrium receives blood from the main veins
(vena cava)

2. Right ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary artery

4
3. Pulmonary artery sends deoxygenated blood to
3 5
lungs

4. Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from

1
lungs back to heart
6

5. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood 2

6. Left ventricle pumps blood through the main

artery (aorta)
 Pulmonary Circuit
Movement of blood between heart & lungs

Pulmonary Arteries
(Heart)

Capillaries Systemic Circuit

Lungs Pulmonary
Veins
 Systemic Circuit
Movement of blood between heart and rest of body
Aorta (Heart)

Arteries
Pulmonary Circuit

Capillaries
Superior Vena Cava
or
Body cells Inferior Vena Cava
(Heart)
Veins
Cardiac Circulation
 Right atrium Left atrium

Right
ventricle Left ventricle

Right side of heart Left side of heart

→ Pulmonary Circuit → Systemic Circuit

Septum
Hand Finger Model of Human Heart
Finger Heart Model
1. Superior vena 1. Superior vena cava
cava

2. Pulmonary artery

2. Pulmonary
artery

Right
RA atrium

RV

Right
ventricle

1. Inferior vena cava

1. Inferior vena
cava
4. Aorta 4. Aorta

3. Pulmonary vein
3. Pulmonary
vein Left
atrium
LA

LV

Left
ventricle
 Pulmonary valve Aortic valve

Right atrioventricular Left Atrioventricular

valve (Tricuspid valve) valve (Bicuspid valve
or mitral valve)
 05

Valves
Why are valves important in a piping system?
 Valves
Valves prevent the blood in your heart from moving backwards

■ Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)

– between atria and ventricles; one on each side of the heart
Tri before you bi !

■ Pulmonary valve (semi-lunar valve)

– between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

■ Aortic valve (semi-lunar valve)

– between left ventricle and aorta
 Heart Valves
Valves are like doors
○ Valves open and close at the
right time so blood is always
moving forwards and never
goes backwards by accident

○ RA → RV (Tricuspid Valve)
○ RV → PA (Pulmonic Valve)
○ PV → LA (None)
○ LA → LV (Mitral Valve)
○ LV → Aorta (Aortic Valve)
 Lub-Dub
LUB
tricuspid & bicuspid valve close

DUB
pulmonary valve & aortic valve close

https://youtube.com/shorts/0NmWOHuy-o8?fea
ture=share
 Heart Rhythm
■ The heart has 2 groups of nerves that control its beating

■ 1) Sinoatrial (SA) Node

■ Acts as a pacemaker (similar to a
metronome)
■ Generates an electrical signal that
tells the heart to beat at a steady pace
and approximately 72 beats per
minute
■ Initiates atria to contract first
■ Controlled by the nervous system and
endocrine system (which produces
hormones)
 Heart Rhythm
2) Atrioventricular (AV) Node

■ Acts as a messenger (similar to a

mailman)
■ Passes signal from SA node down to
the ventricles
■ Delays passage of electrical signal to
ventricles, ensuring all the blood has
passed into the ventricles before
ventricles can contract
■ Ventricles should now contract as
atria relax
 06
Blood
Pressure
 Systole vs Diastole
2 steps occur during the beating of our heart:

■ 1) Diastole

■ Relaxation (growing) of the atria or ventricles

■ Allows blood to enter into the atria or ventricles
■ Tricuspid & bicuspid valve open
■ Blood enters atria from veins;
■ Blood enters ventricles from atria
 Systole vs Diastole

■ 2) Systole

■ Contraction (squeezing) of the atria or

ventricles
■ Allows atria or ventricles to pump blood away
■ Atria pump blood to the ventricles;
■ Ventricles pump blood to arteries

Think: systole → squeeze!

 Diastole Systole

Blood Blood
coming going
from body from
or lungs heart
back to towards
heart lungs or
body
 Like the ocean…
When the heart contracts, it pushes blood to your arteries (arm)
- like a large ocean wave → systole is like the peak of an ocean wave

When heart relaxes

- Blood returns back to heart systole
- Systole is like the water in
between waves
- Still has some flow & some power
- But height of the wave isn’t as diastole
large as systole
 Blood Pressure
the force of your blood on the walls of the arteries

■ Measured with a device called a sphygmomanometer

■ Measures your blood in a unit called millimetres of mercury or mm Hg
■ May also require a stethoscope
 How to Measure Blood Pressure
■ 1) Cuff/sleeve of sphygmomanometer is wrapped around your arm and is
inflated with a pump. This will cause the flow of blood in your arm’s main
arteries to stop
 How to Measure Blood Pressure

2) Air from cuff is slowly released and

flow of blood returns →
■ Systolic blood pressure
■ Systolic blood pressure is the
maximum amount of pressure
in your arteries

■ It happens when your

ventricles undergo systole
 How to Measure Blood Pressure
■ 3) The cuff/sleeve is deflated even more until the
sound stops
→ diastolic blood pressure
■ Diastolic blood pressure is the lowest
amount of pressure in your arteries. It
happens when your ventricles are in diastole
 Normal Blood Pressure

■ Normal blood pressure:

■ systolic = 120 mm Hg
■ diastolic = 80 mm Hg

■ Blood pressure is recorded as:

systolic blood pressure / diastolic blood pressure

■ Ex. 120/80
 Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
■ 1) Cardiac output
■ Amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
■ Increased volume of blood pumped = increased blood pressure

■ 2) Resistance of arteries
■ Related to elasticity in arteries
■ Unhealthy arteries should do not expand easily to allow blood to flow
through (they resist blood flow) leading to increased blood pressure