B, Outline of the Course: Sr.No. Title of the Unit Minimum number of hours 1 Intreduction of Mechanical Engineering o7 2 ‘Steam and Steam Generator oF x. ntemal Combustion Engines 06 3 Pamps and Compressors 03 5. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems 05 Power and Motion Transmi | 5 9, ‘Linear Measurements 07 10.__| Elements of building Construction B TI | Construction Materials 02 Total Hours (Theory): 60 ‘Total Hours (Lab): 30 ‘Total Hours: 90UNITS: INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING Prepared by: Ms. Saiyed Farhana M. Assistant Professor Chadubhai S.Patel Institute of Technology (CSPIT) CHARUSATo TOPICS TO BE COVERED 81 Definition of Surveying Objects of Surveying QUses of Surveying B2 Primary Divisions of Surveying O Principles of Surveying 83 OLList of Classification of Surveying (Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale, O Conventional SymbolsSURVEYING ia “ Those activities involved in planning and execution of surveys for the Location, Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Civil and Other Engineering Projects.”Surveying is the art and science of determining the relative positions of various points or stations on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal_and vertical _distances_, Angles and taking the details of these points and by preparing a map or plan to any scale. hk Measurements taken in Horizontal and Vertical planes‘To Prepare a map or plan. ‘To show the relative ‘To establish the position of the objects on boundaries of the land. me. the surface of the earth. To select a suitable site for an engineeringQTo prepare a Topographical Map which shows hills, valleys, river, forests, villages, towns etc, QTo prepare a Cadastral Map which shows the boundaries of fields, plots houses and other properties. QTo prepare an Engineering Map which shows the properties of engineering works such as buildings, roads, railways , dams, canals, etc. QTo prepare a Contour Map to know the topography of the area to find out the best possible site for road , railways, bridges, reservoirs , canals, etc. QOTo prepare Military Maps, Geological Maps, Archeological Maps etc. QTo set out works and transfer details from the work on the ground.dvw WIIHdVAIOdOLdvW WalsvavadvW INTYAANIINACONTOUR MAP Contour MapGEOLOGICAL MAP GEOLOGICAL MAP OF INDIA tary pcan ost Presniicons ‘Sedunentary ” (90000 Ie sccan teas ~ Metamarphic teense soe Metamorphic Gomyright:{c) Compare biiebnee:Pvi. tha 2001-02. Ticcnemane ana vinanyandvw WIIZOTOAHIAVMILITARY MAP aivert Abend An om Under indian Controt Under Chinese Control Under Pakistan Control é : wf Note: Aignment of L0C, AGPL and LAC approximateoS TOPICS TO BE COVERED B81 ODefinition of Surveying objects of Surveying HiUser-of Surveying 8.2 Primary Divisions of Surveying O Principles of Surveying 83 OLList of Classification of Surveying Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale, O Conventional Symbols* Type of surveying in which earth surface is considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored. + In such surveying the line joining any two stations is considered to be straight. Type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration. + The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line.G oc oon Earth surface is considered as a plane surface, ‘The curvature of the earth is ignored. The line joining any two stations is considered as a straight line. The triangle formed by any three points is considered as aplane. The angles of the triangle are considered to be plane angies. Carried out for a small area <250km2 . The curvature of the earth Is taken into account. ‘The line joining any two stations is considered as a curved line. The triangle formed by any three points Is considered as spherical The angles of the triangle are considered to be spherical. Carried aut for a large area >250km2 .FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING Principle: 1 Principle: 2 LOCATE A POINT BY ATLEAST WHOLE TO.EARY TWO MEASUREMENTS Locate a new station by at least 2 measurements whether linear or angular from fixed reference points. Always work from whole to partQIn surveying large areas, a system of control points are identified and they are located with high precision, QThen secondary control points are located using lesser precise methods. QThe details of the localized areas are measured and plotted with respect to the secondary control points. OThis is called working from whole to part. QThis principle in surveying helps in localising the errors. QIf the surveying is carried out by adding localized areas errors accumulated and may become unacceptable when large area is covered. WHOLE To aQControl points are selected in the area and the distance between them is measured accurately. The line joining these two points is plotted to the scale on drawing sheet. Now the desired point(new station) can be plotted by making suitable measurements from the given control point. QOThe new stations are located by linear or angular measurements or by both.= TOPICS TO BE COVERED 8.1 ODefinition of Surveying Objects of Surveying QUses of Surveying 8.2 Primary Divisions of Surveying Orinciples of Surveying 83 OLList of Classification of Surveying (Definitions : Plan and Map, scales :Plain Scale and Diagonal Scale, O Conventional SymbolsCLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING 1.BASED ON ACCURACY 3.BASED ON DESIRED . PLACE oF suRVEY 5.BASED ON METHODS OF SURVEY 4 4.BASED ON 2.BASED ON : 4 INSTRUMENTS useo PURPOSE oF SURVEYINGCHAIN AND COMPASS LEVELLING SURVEY COMPASS SURVEY PLANE TABLE CHAIN SURVEY SURVEYQO Simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made with a chain or tape .Angular measurements are not taken.compass © The angles are measure with the help of a magnetic compass. SURVEY ]QO The type of survey is used to determine the vertical distances(elevation) and relative heights of points with the help of an instrument known as level. P=PLANE OIt's a graphical method of surveying in which field works and ae plotting both are done simultaneously.QO THEODOLITE Is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. THEODOLITE SURVEYQ is a system of rapid saves ina by which the positions, both horizontal and vertical, of points on the earth surface relatively to one another are determined without using a chain or tape or a separate leveling instrument.OGRAMETRY O Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements Las SAN et from rere especially for .... 3D data acquisition and object reconstructionQ Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying EDM SURVEY instrument for measuring distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves.TOPOGRAPHICAL LAND SURVEY SURVEY HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEY CADASTRAL SURVEYGEOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY Der EN CE Sema): ‘SURVEY ‘SURVEY ARCHEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE MINE SURVEY ee ROUTE SURVEY ier(1) Plan: Plan is a graphical representation to some scale of the features on near or below the surface of ‘the earth as projected or a horizontal plane. (2) Mop: Tf the of graphical projection on a horizontal plane is small, the plan is called a map, 1. We can study a part or whole of the arth with the help of a map. 2. A map contains a lot of information. 1. Aplan ts a detail of drawing of small areas. 2. In plan, details are given in the form of symbols. 3. A plan can show the length and the breadth, 3. A map shows only the very important features of the area.SCALE Scale: Olt is the basic requirement for the preparation of plans or maps. OThe proportion or ratio between the dimensions adopted for the drawing and the corresponding dimensions of the object RF ntation Fraction): The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object on the ground sis know as the representative — fraction. + REPRESENTANTVE FACTOR RE) » Dimension or osiecr AcTuaL paar| SCALE & TTS CONSTRUCTION Need : When an unusual proportion is to be adopted and when the ready made scales are not ‘available then the required scale is to be constructed on the drawing sheet itself QTo construct the scale the data required is : 1, The R.F of the scale 2. The units which it has to represent i.e. millimetres or centimetres or meres or kilometres in M.K.S or inches or feet or yards or miles in F.P. 3. Maximum length which it should measure. If the maximum length is not given, some suitable length can be assumed. + The maximum length of the scale to be constructed on the drawing sheet = R.F X maximum length the scale should measure.Q The following two types of scales are used: 1.PLAIN SCALE 2.DIAGONAL SCALEQ The plain scale is the most commonly used in maps to represent two consecutive units.i.e. a unit and its sub unit. Q This scale is not drawn like ordinary foot rule (30 cm scale). Q Tf a scale of 1 : 40 is to be drawn, the markings are not like 4 m, 8 m, 12 m etc. at every 1 cm distance.Example : Construct a plain scale of RF = 1 /500 and indicate 66 m. on it Solution. If the total length of the scale is selected as 20 cm, it represents a total length of 500 « 20 = 10000 cm = 100 m. Hence, draw a line of 20 cm and divide it into 10 equal parts. Hence, each part correspond to 10 m on the ground. First part on extreme left is subdivided into 10 parts, each subdivision representing 1 m on the field. Then they are numbered as 1 to 10 from right to left as shown in Fig. 11.6, If a distance on the ground is between 60 and 70 m, it is picked up with a divider by placing one leg on 60 m marking and the other leg on subdivision in the first part. Thus field distance is easily converted to map distance. ee m “1DEAGONAL SCALE Q In plain scale only unit and tenths can be shown whereas in diagonal scales it is possible to show units, tenths and hundredths. Q Units and tenths are shown in the same manner as in plainConstruction of Diagonal scales Draw the fine AG of conerient length ot right angles to plain scale AB. Divide 17 int 10 eoual parts, Jain BC, Fro och fenth point on line AC draw li Ines poraliel to AB till they meet Ii Then line 1-1 represent 1/ 10th of AB, 6-6 represent 6 / 100th of AB and so on. Figure shots the cocatruction af dhigenal scale with RF 7 500 and indicates 62.6 m. Sosvensonsd >»Diagonal scaleSIGN CONVENTIONS PDF FOR SIGN CONVENTIONG....