Docks and Harbour Engineering

Transportation Engineering-I
B.Tech - Civil, Semester - IV
 Water Transportation
 The chief doorways of the world of international commerce are its harbours and ports.

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 Water Transportation
 The chief doorways of the world of international commerce are its harbours and ports.

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Water Transportation

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Harbour

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Harbour

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 Classification of Harbours
 Harbours are classified into different types based on different criteria such as:

Surrounding
Location Usage
Protection

• Natural • Sea • Commercial

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 Natural Harbour
 Natural harbour formed naturally by the protection of mountains, bays, islands etc. and
are in use since long time. So, development in terms of population, geographical
features, etc. are rapid in natural harbour regions.

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Natural Harbour

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 Semi-Natural Harbour
 Semi natural harbors are also formed naturally, but sometimes at the harbor entrance
manmade constructions are required for more protection against winds and waves.

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 Artificial Harbour
 Artificial harbor or man-made harbors does not contain any natural protections and
these protections are built artificially which are called breakwaters. Breakwaters are
the structures which prevent the inside water from storms and waves and keeps the
inside water still.

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 Sea, Water and Canal Harbour
 Harbor situated along sea shore is termed as sea harbor. Sea ports are of very large
area and loading and unloading of goods also done in larger quantities. Different
countries are connected by these ports.
 River harbors are constructed in the rivers which finally connects to sea. So, these
enable the navigation inside a country from noncoastal areas.
 Canal harbors are also similar to river harbors but a canal is connected to sea through a
major river.

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Sea, Water and Canal Harbour

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Sea, Water and Canal Harbour

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 Commercial harbours
 Commercial harbors are those where loading and unloading of cargos are done.
Commercial harbor requires larger area for speed up the operations and it is the
busiest among the others. Some commercial harbors are limited to loading and
unloading of single commodities like coal, crude petroleum etc. only. The repair works
can also be carried out here but they should be quick.

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 Fishery harbours
 Fishery harbors are specially meant to cargos carrying seafood or aquatic animals. They
are always opened to fishing ships for loading and unloading. For preserving the sea
food sufficient space is provided near harbor.

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 Military harbours
 Military harbors are used as naval bases, where war ships are rested while there is no
work in the sea or during repair works. No other private ships should not enter this
without permission. Some large military naval vessels can carry aircrafts so, very large
area of harbor is required because of large vessels.

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 Harbours of Refuge
 A large area harbors which are useful to shelter the ships during emergency situations
like storms or any other natural calamities.
 Harbors of refuge are constructed with large entrance and they are easily accessible.

 They provide good Anchorage to the vessels against storms and tides.

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 Site Selection for Harbour
 Availability of cheap Land

 Easy availability of construction material at low cost

 Harbour should be naturally protected from waves and wind

 The sea bed, subsoil, and foundation conditions

 Availability of electrical energy and freshwater

 Traffic potentiality of the harbour

 Availability of labours

 Favourable marine conditions

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 Site Selection for Harbour
 Défense and strategic aspects

 Transportation and communication facilities

 Industrial development of the locality

 Traffic potentiality of the harbour

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Typical Layout of Harbours

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Typical Layout of Harbours

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 Components Harbour
 Approach channel
 Berthing basin
 Entrance channel
 Jetties & piers
 Lock and locked basin
 Quays and wharves
 Dry docks and slipways
 Turning basin
 Breakwaters
 Sheds, buoys, godowns, fire protection towers, lights, anchors, warehouses, moorings etc. are
the component of the layout of harbour.
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 Approach Channel
 Depth of water in the entire harbor area should be adequate or sufficient for the
purpose of navigation of design vessel or ship. When the depth of water is the net
sufficient, then a channel with sufficient depth & width should be made by dredging.

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Approach Channel

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 Berthing Basin
 A basin in which the vessels or ships rests or parks is called as berthing basin. Area of
berthing basin is protected by shore & breakwaters.

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 Entrance Channel
 The portion entrance to a harbor is called as entrance channel & entrance to a harbor is
generally more exposed to sea waves, hence depth & width of entrance channel are
more.

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 Turning Basin
 The area required for manoeuvring the ship while going or leaving the berth so that a
ship can leave head on is called as turning basin.

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 Jetties & Piers
 The two terms jetty and pier are often used interchangeably to refer to a structure that
projects from the land out into the water.
 The key difference between jetty and pier is that a jetty protects the coastline from the
current and tides whereas a pier does not disturb the current or tide due to its open
structure.
 A pier is a platform on pillars projecting from the shore into the water. Piers are often
supported by well-spaced pillars or piles. This open structure allows the tide and
current to flow through relatively undisturbed.
 A jetty is a long, narrow structure that stretches from the shore into the water. It is
usually made of wood, stone, earth or concrete. Unlike a pier, a jetty has a solid wall
down to the water bed. In other words, it is not raised with the support of pillars. Thus,
a jetty protects the coastline from the currents and tides since its solid structure can
change the path of the current.
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Jetties & Piers

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Jetties & Piers

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Jetties & Piers

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Jetties & Piers

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 Quays and wharves
 A Wharf is a man-made structure on a river or by the sea, which provides an area for
ships to safely dock.
 A Quay is, technically, a part of the river bank or coastline which has been modified so
ships can dock at it parallel to the shore.

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 Breakwaters
 The protective barrier constructed to
enclose harbours, and to keep the
harbour waters undisturbed by the
effect of heavy and strong seas are
called break waters. Such a
construction makes it possible to use
the area thus enclosed as a safe
anchorage for ships and to facilitate
loading of cargo in comparatively
calm waters.
 Sometimes the inner side of a break
water is constructed as a Quay for
cargo handling and is known as a
Mole.

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Breakwaters

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Breakwaters

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Breakwaters

(Mole) 38
 Docks
 Docks are enclosed areas for berthing ships, to keep them afloat at a uniform level, to
facilitate loading and unloading cargo or for repairing works.

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Docks

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Docks

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 Docks
Types of Docks:
 Repair Docks (Dry Docks)

 Graving Dock

 Floating Dock

 Marine Railway Dock

 Ship Lift Dock

 Slip ways

 Wet Docks

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 Repair Docks
 Repair docks are necessary for the execution of repairs, cleaning and painting of ships'
bottom. Hence these docks and docking arrangements should be such as to expose, the
ship's exterior fully and keep it out of water during the progress of repairs or
renovation.

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 Repair Docks
Graving or Dry Docks:
 The graving dock, also known as a dry dock is a long, excavated chamber, having side
walls, a semi-circular end wall and a floor.
 The open end of the chamber is provided with a gate and acts as the entrance to the
dock.
 The side walls are formed with a series of steps known as altar courses. Suitable
culverts are also provided in the side walls for filling and emptying the dock.

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Repair Docks

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Repair Docks

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Repair Docks

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Repair Docks

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 Repair Docks
Graving or Dry Docks:
 The dock floor is finish ed in concrete and is very heavy. On the floor are fixed the keel
and blocks on which the ship is brought to rest on the emptying of the dock. The floor
has a. cross fall to the side ,drains which have a longitudinal slope to carry away all
wash water. The drains are protected with proper gratings on top to exclude solids and
scrapings carried by the wash, while cleaning the ship's bottom.
 Other accessories include big capacity pumps, lifting and hoisting machinery and repair
equipments all suitably housed either on top of, or inside the side walls.

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 Repair Docks
Floating Docks:
 Floating dock may be defined as a floating vessel which can lift a ship out of water and
retain it above water by means of its own buoyancy.

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 Repair Docks
Floating Docks:

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 Repair Docks
Marine Railway Docks:
 Marine railway is an inclined railway extending from the shore well into the water as
well as the foreshore, to enable a ship to be drawn up clear out of the water. The.
essential parts are cradle which moves up and down an inclined track and the track
itself supported on an unyielding and firm foundation or pile foundations

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 Repair Docks
Lift Dry Docks:
 These are substantially constructed platforms capable of being lowered into and raised
from water. Raising and lowering is accomplished by means of hydraulic power applied
through cylinders supporting the ends of cross girders carrying the platform. As
modern ships have considerably grown in tonnage and size, this ancient method of dry
docking had to be discontinued, giving place to more efficient and less cumbersome
types.

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 Repair Docks
Lift Dry Docks:

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 Repair Docks
Shipways:
 A slipway, also known as boat ramp or
launch or boat deployer, is a ramp on
the shore by which ships or boats can
be moved to and from the water. They
are used for building and repairing
ships and boats, and for launching and
retrieving small boats on trailers towed
by automobiles and flying boats on
their undercarriage.

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 Repair Docks
Shipways:

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 Repair Docks
Shipways:

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 Wet Docks
 Docks are enclosed and are shut off by entrances or locks to maintain a fairly uniform
level of water, and basins are partially enclosed areas of water, which are approached
by open entrances and are subject to fluctuations of levels, due to tidal variations.
These are also known as tidal basins.

 Advantages of wet docks:

 Uniform level of water is maintained which is very convenient ' for handling cargo.

 Prevents the rubbing of the ships' sides against the quay walls.

 Effect of storms in the outer sea and harbour do not obstruct the dock enclosure

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