MA 102 (Mathematics II)

IIT Guwahati

Tutorial Sheet No. 2 Linear Algebra March 27, 2023

um ∈ Rm×m and V := v1 · · · vn ∈ Rn×n . Let

   
1. Let U := u1 · · ·
 
σ1
 .. 0 

.
S :=   ∈ Rm×n

 σp 
0 0

be a diagonal matrix, where σ1 , . . . , σp are nonzero real numbers. Show that A = U SV > can be
expressed as an outer product expansion of the form

A = σ1 u1 v1> + · · · + σp up vp> .
 
A11 A12
2. Let A := be a block upper triangular matrix where each block is an n × n matrix. If A11
0 A22
 −1 
−1 A11 C
and A22 are invertible, then show that A is invertible and A = for some matrix C.
0 A−1
22
Determine C.
 
A11 A12
3. Let A := ∈ R(m+n)×(m+n) be such that A11 is an m × m invertible matrix and A22 is an
A21 A22
n × n matrix. Show that A can be factored as a product of block matrices
  
Im 0 A11 A12
A=
B In 0 S

where B := A21 A−1 −1

11 and S := A22 − A21 A11 A12 . The matrix S is called the Schur complement of
A11 in A. Show that A is invertible ⇐⇒ S is invertible.

4. Let A be 4 × 3 matrix such that rank(A) = 3. Then show that there exists a 3 × 4 matrix B such
that BA = I3 .

5. Let A ∈ R5×5 be invertible with row sums 1. Show that the sum of all the elements of A−1 is 5.

6. True or False? Give justifications.

(a) If for all A ∈ Rn×n , AB = A then B = In .
(b) If A and B are n × n matrices such that AB = In then A and B are invertible and BA = In .
AB = In implies there exists an invertible P such that P AB = P , where P A is in rref.
(c) If A is an m × n matrix with at least one nonzero row then A is row equivalent to a matrix B
with all nonzero rows.
(d) If all the columns of an m × n nonzero matrix A are equal then rank(A) = 1.
(e) If A is an m × n matrix with a zero column then the rref of A will again have a zero column.
(f) If P is any invertible matrix such that P A is defined then Ax = b and P Ax = P b are equivalent.
  
1 0 2 0 2
7. Let A ∈ R3×5 be such that rref(A) = 0 1 −5 0 −3. If the first, second and fourth columns
0 0 0 1 6
     
1 0 1
of A are given by −1 , −1 , and −2 then determine the matrix A.
    
3 1 0

8. Let A be a matrix such that its reduced row echelon form rref(A) is given by
 
1 −3 0 4 0 5
0 0 1 3 0 2 
rref(A) = 
0 0 0 0 1 −1  .


0 0 0 0 0 0
     
1 −1 3
−2 1 −9
If Ae1 = 
−1 , Ae3 =  2  and Ae6 =  2  then determine A.
    

3 −4 5
9. Give example of three 3 × 4 matrices in rref with different number of pivots. Determine the total
number of different types of 3 × 4 matrices in rref.

10. By using Gauss Jordan elimination find the inverse of the matrix
 
1 2 3
 5 6 7 .
9 10 12

11. Using LU factorization of the matrix A solve the system of linear system Ax = b, where the aug-
mented matrix [A|b] as given below:
 
1 1 1 1 10
 1 2 3 4 30 
 .
 1 4 8 15 93 
1 3 6 10 65
 
1 2 1
12. Express the intertible matrix A := 1 0 1 as a product of elementary matrices.
1 1 2

13. If A ∈ Rn×n be upper triangular and B is any matrix such that AB = I, then show that each
diagonal entry of A is nonzero.

           
2 1 0 1 1 0
14. Show that span 1 , 1 , 1
     3
= R = span   0 , 1 , 1 .
   
1 0 1 1 0 1
  
 x1 
15. Show that S =  x2  ∈ R3 | x1 = 2x3 + x2 is a subspace of R3 .
x3
 

(a) Find {u, v} such that span{u, v} = S.

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(b) Find a v0 such that span{u, v0 } = span{v, v0 } = S.
(c) Find an u0 such that span{u0 , v0 } is not a subspace of S. Geometrically what will be the picture
of S and span{u0 , v0 } ?

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