International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 305–317, Article ID: IJMET_09_09_034

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=9
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

BUCKLING INVESTIGATION OF ISOTROPIC

COMPOSITE PLATE REINFORCED BY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWDERS
Jumaa S. Chiad
Al-Nahrain University, College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Iraq

Muhannad Al-Waily
University of Kufa, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Iraq

Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

University of Baghdad, College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Iraq

ABSTRACT
Researchers have studied the effect of reinforced powder on the behavior and
properties of a composite materials structure. These investigations included the effects
of reinforcement by fiber and powder materials. This work studies and investigates
experimentally the effect of various types of powder materials and volume fraction on
the buckling plate structure. In addition, the FEM numerical technique was employed
to compare with the experimental buckling results which were evaluated to give an
agreement for the results. Experimental work was conducted to evaluate the buckling
behavior of a plate, the first test s were performed on the manufactured composite
materials to evaluate the mechanical properties, and finally the plate structure was
tested to investigate the critical buckling load with the effect of various parameters of
powder materials. The results showed that; using short fibers as reinforcement gave
an improvement on the mechanical properties and increased buckling resistance as
compared with the powder. The maximum discrepancy between the experimental and
numerical results was (9.54%).
Key words: Isotropic Composite, Buckling Composite Plate, Numerical Buckling,
Experimental Buckling, Powder Effect.
Cite this Article: Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Mohsin Abdullah Al-
Shammari, Buckling Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by
Different Types of Powders, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology 9(8), 2018, pp. 305–317.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=8

1. INTRODUCTION
Composite materials can be applied in a wide range of mechanical engineering and other
engineering fields. Since the composite materials are made to offer high strength in addition

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 Buckling Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by Different Types of Powders

to low weight. Thus, its applications are intended to include many designs in which the load is
on the structure of axial, bending, buckling, torsion … etc., in addition, the load can be static
or dynamic. However; one of the most important applied loads on a structure is the buckling
load, since it can cause failure of the structure. This is why it is important to investigate the
way to minimize the buckling load of plate structure. One method is reinforcement by using
matrix materials with powder reinforcement. In general, the study of buckling load and its
modifications have been presented by many researchers in different ways such as,
First, the following group of researchers presented multi-applications of composite
structures and how the mechanical characteristics can modified. Muhannad Al-Waily et. al,
from 2005 to 2018, investigated the effect of fiber reinforcement volume fraction and
orientation on the mechanical properties and vibration behavior of plate structure, [1-4].
Following this, the effect of reinforcement using a third material ,in the making of composite
material, on the mechanical properties and vibration behavior of composite structure was
investigated, [5-9].
Also, modified composite materials were investigated for the use in prosthetics and
orthotics applications by many researchers from 2011 to 2018, [10-22]. Where, the researches
included in their investigations the effect of different types of composite materials and
mechanical properties on multi parts of prosthetics and orthotics, in addition to, the effect of
composite materials, the multi mechanical characterizations of prosthetics and orthotics as
Von-Mises stresses, deformation, buckling, safety factor, and vibration were also studied.
Another group of researchers studied the buckling behavior of composite structure with
the various effects of reinforced fiber by different techniques. For example at, 2006, S. A. M.
Ghannadour t. al, [23], presented the effect of cut-out on the buckling behavior of composite
laminated plate structure combined from cross-ply laminated plate structures. The research
also studied the effect of cut-out size shape on the buckling behavior of composite plate. The
results were evaluated by numerical techniques using finite element method.
Following this, in 2007, B. O. Baba, [24], investigated the boundary condition influence
on the critical load buckling behavior of plate structure made of composite material, in
addition to other parameters effect such as, fiber orientation of reinforcement fiber, cut-outs
shape and size effect, as well as the plate size effect. The research included the use of the
numerical technique, by using FEM (finite element method), to reinforcement evaluate the
buckling behavior of plate structure with various parameters effect The effect of the
orientation fiber reinforcement on the behavior of critical buckling load of composite laminate
plate structure.
In 2008, M. Akhbari et. al, [25], presented an experimental technique for showing the
influence of multi-layer of woven fiber reinforcement on the behavior of buckling load of
hybrid composite plate structure. Where, the paper included reinforcement with two woven
reinforcement glass fiber and manufacturing the hybrid plate buckling samples, and then,
evaluating the buckling behavior with various fiber reinforcement effect. In addition, the
paper evaluated the mechanical properties for its materials, with various effect of
reinforcement fiber.
In 2009, M. Yazici, [26], presented a study on the buckling behavior of a composite plate
structure with the effect of various cut-out (v) shapes. The research included analysis via the
use of numerical techniques for buckling plate structure behavior with various shape and
angle rotation of cut-out.
Finally, Muhannad Al-Waily et. al, from 2015 to 2017, investigated the effect and
behavior of different reinforced fibers on the critical buckling load of a composite structure
by using different mathematical and numerical techniques, in addition to the investigation of
the influence of powder reinforcement on buckling of various plate structure such as, isotropic

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 Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

and orthotropic, hyper composite plates, [27-29]. the study also included drive of the general
equation of buckling behavior of composite plate with various effect of reinforcements
powder and fiber parameters. Also, investigation the fiber reinforcement volume fraction's
effect on the thermal buckling behavior of composite plate structure, [30]. Thus, the thermal
buckling of plate behavior included mathematical analysis by implementing the general
equation of orthotropic composite plate with the various influences of volume fraction fiber
reinforced. In addition, the effect of natural fiber on buckling behavior of plate structure was
studied experimentally, [31]. Where, the buckling behavior of plate structure by
reinforcement with natural sisal fiber of orthotropic composite plate structure combined from
polyester resin materials and sisal reinforcement fiber was investigated by the use of
theoretical and experimental techniques.
Also, in 2017, M. Shishesaz et. al, [32], investigated the effect of circular cut-out on the
buckling behavior of composite plate made from carbon reinforcement fiber and epoxy resin
materials. The research presented numerical techniques, by using Finite Element Methods, to
analyze the buckling behavior of the plate. In addition, the paper presented the strain energy
and buckling mode of composite plate with cut-out effect.
In summary, the mentioned papers studied the effect of reinforced powder by employing
analytical or numerical techniques, as well as the buckling behavior of a cut out effect and its
effect on plate buckling. The presented work adds to the investigation of powder
reinforcement types and volume fraction effect on the buckling behavior of plate structure
made from matrix and reinforcement materials such as, polyester resin materials (used as
matrix martial) and glass reinforcement short fiber (used as reinforcement material), by using
experimental techniques as well as; the determination of buckling load from testing the
manufactured plate samples with universal tensile machine (by compression techniques). In
addition, the powder reinforcement effect on buckling load by using numerical technique via
finite element method was studied and compared with experimental results.

2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
The experimental work is a technique where the results are obtained from measuring the
structure with the aid of suitable testing devices after which the results are evaluated. [33-
37].
The experimental investigation is divided in two parts, first is the manufacturing of the
composite materials to prepare tensile samples and buckling plates samples. The second part
is the testing of the manufactured samples. This is to calculate the mechanical properties of
composite materials suggested, and the plate samples, in order to evaluate the effect of
reinforcement volume fraction powder materials effect on the buckling behavior of composite
plate. The following steps were used in the work presented,
 Selecting powder materials, glass and carbon were selected as reinforcement materials for the
composite.
 Short fiber glass material was selected for the reinforcement of the composite material.
 Selecting resin materials, selected polyester resin materials as matrix materials for composite
materials.
 The powder materials were mixed with the polyester resin materials, with various volume
fraction, and then mixed with short reinforcement fiber.
 Manufacturing tensile sample, according to the ASTM standard (D 638-97), [38-39], as shown
in Fig. 1. In addition, manufacturing the buckling plate samples with dimensions, length and
width for plate , and plate thickness , as shown in Fig. 2.

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 Buckling Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by Different Types of Powders

 Finally, performing the tensile test on the manufactured samples, to evaluate the mechanical
properties for the composite materials. Then, testing the buckling plate samples, to evaluate
the critical buckling for plate.
The weight required for each material depends on the volume fraction, which can be
evaluated from the following relation,
(1)

Figure 1 Tensile Sample According to ASTM D 638-97standard.

Figure 2 Shape and Dimensions of Composite Buckling Plate Sample.

The manufactured samples of tensile and buckling plate included different percent of
volume fraction of reinforcement fiber and powder materials. Then they were mixed with
resin materials, to produce composite matrix, and finally, the reinforcement fiber were added
to the composite matrix to produce the composite materials. The mixed materials are
produced by pressing a block into the mold as shown in Fig. 3, [31].
After manufacturing the tensile sample, they were tested by using five for each volume
fraction in which the average value is calculated and the mechanical properties of composite
materials (modules of elasticity) were evaluated. These data are needed as an input data for
numerical techniques. The buckling loads, for various volume fraction samples were
calculated by testing three samples for every volume fraction and then using the average
values for each sample. The buckling load of composite structure are calculated by
compressing the structure samples manufactured, by using the universal tensile test machine,
as shown in Fig. 4. The dial gauge is used to detect the bending and buckling initiation. The
mechanical properties of composite materials with various powder reinforcement types,
carbon and glass powder, and different short reinforcement fiber are presented in Tables 1 and
2 for composite materials with glass and carbon reinforcement powder, respectively. Where,
the range of reinforcement powder used is from , for short reinforcement fiber is
from , and for polyester resin materials are . Also, the other
required properties such as modulus of rigidity, and Poisson’s ratio are can be used from other
research, [9].

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 Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

Tensile Sample Supported

Move Supported Part
Dial Gauge Machine

Buckling Sample Supported

Figure 3 Block to Manufacture Figure 4 Universal Tensile Machine, Evaluated
Composite Materials Samples. the Plate Buckling Load.

Table 1 Mechanical Properties for Composite Materials Combined with Glass Powder Reinforcement,
Glass Short Fiber, and Polyester Resin.
Sample Number (Mpa) E (Gpa)
1 20 50 125.64 16.35
2 15 55 120.38 15.14
3 30 10 60 116.47 13.86
4 5 65 112.72 12.27
5 0 70 109.87 10.67
6 20 60 112.57 12.38
7 15 65 108.76 11.23
8 20 10 70 105.83 9.34
9 5 75 101.74 8.26
10 0 80 97.83 7.89
11 20 70 102.89 8.75
12 15 75 98.71 7.34
13 10 10 80 93.46 6.82
14 5 85 89.32 5.37
15 0 90 85.64 4.68

Table 2 Mechanical Properties for Composite Materials Combined with Carbon Powder
Reinforcement, Glass Short Fiber, and Polyester Resin.
Sample Number (Mpa) E (Gpa)
1 20 50 141.48 18.54
2 15 55 137.55 17.36
3 30 10 60 134.51 16.27
4 5 65 131.12 15.14
5 0 70 126.99 14.68
6 20 60 120.65 13.83
7 15 65 117.58 12.92
8 20 10 70 110.98 11.94
9 5 75 106.92 11.08
10 0 80 103.75 10.31
11 10 20 70 106.82 9.67

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 Buckling Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by Different Types of Powders

12 15 75 102.38 8.64
13 10 80 99.42 7.26
14 5 85 94.35 6.41
15 0 90 90.67 5.13

3. FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUE

The Finite Element Technique is an approximant solution used to evaluate the solution for
engineering problem for structure with acceptable results as compared with other techniques
[40-41]. Therefore, the Finite Element Technique will be used to evaluate buckling behavior
for plate structure (made from hyper composite materials), with various influence of volume
fraction and types for reinforcement powder materials, as presented in experimental work.
The numerical technique used in this paper solution of the critical buckling load for its plate
structure, by using ANSYS program Ver. 15. The numerical technique first require
mechanical properties for composite materials as an input data, can be calculated as presented
in experimental work which are given in Table 1 and 2, and then, selecting the required
element types to evaluate best results for application problem, [42-46]. The type of element
selected in this investigation is Shell 181, as shows in Fig. 5, which is suitable for the
buckling analysis for composite plate structure. Where, its element has the following
characterizations in geometry and applications,
 Number of nodes for an element are four nodes.
 Number of degree for each node are six degree of freedom. Its divided at two directions, first,
(three degree) are translation direction in x, y, and z, and second, rotation direction (three
degree), about x, y, and z direction.
 Analysis the following behavior and materials by element, plastic behavior, composite
materials, composite laminated structure, thin and thick structure, non-linear analysis, and
analysis shell structure and layer structure.
Selecting the best number of elements is required to give best results when using ANSYS
for solving any finite element method. Here the best number of elements can be selected by
mesh generation, as shown in Fig. 6, to investigate the plate's geometry. The best number of
elements can be selected from the figure to evaluate the best results for buckling behavior for
composite plate structure, with dimensions , are about (100*100) elements.
Thus, the mesh of the squared composite plate structure investigated is shown in Fig. 7. After
supplying the mechanical properties and imposing the boundary condition for plate structure,
with applied axial load, which is compressive at x-direction, The solution of the problem is
ready by using Eigen buckling to evaluate the critical load buckling of plate structure, with
various reinforcement powder types and volume fraction effect, in addition to, various
reinforcement with the short fiber volume fraction influence, with various powder volume
fraction effect.

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 Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

Figure 5 Shape and Geometry of Element Shell 181. Figure 6 Mesh Generation for Composite Plate.

Figure 7 Mesh for Square Plate Structure.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results presented in this section include the buckling behavior of composite plate
structure with various influential parameters, short fiber and powder materials reinforcement.
Also, the results include using two techniques to evaluate the buckling behavior results of
plate, first, experimentally and second, numerically. The results also include a comparison
between the experimental and numerical evaluated results. A comparison of results of
buckling behavior of plate, calculated by different techniques used, with various powder and
short fiber reinforcement are shown in Figs. 8 to 13, for glass and carbon powder
reinforcement, respectively. In these figures the maximum error between the experimental and
numerical techniques, are less than (10%). So that the experimental or numerical techniques
can be used to calculate the critical load buckling of plate structure (made from different
reinforcement materials as hyper composite materials) with different parameters related to
powder and short fiber reinforcement.
A comparison between the two techniques results (numerical and experimental
techniques) show acceptable agreement for its techniques used which presents the influence
of various parameters powder materials as, volume fraction and materials types, on critical
load buckling characterizations of plate, as shown in Figs. 14 and 15, for different powder
materials types (glass and carbon powder materials, respectively). The short fiber influence on
the buckling characterizations of plate structure (made from hyper composite materials) is
shown in Figs. 16 and 17, for different reinforcement powder materials. As it can be seen
from the figures that the load buckling of its plate is increased by reinforcement percentage of

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 Buckling Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by Different Types of Powders

powder materials, and the buckling behavior also, increases for short reinforcement materials,
but with more percentage.

Figure 8 Comparison between technique used for Figure 9 Comparison between technique used for
plate buckling, for glass powder reinforcement and plate buckling, for glass powder reinforcement and
short fiber sf . short fiber sf .

Figure 10 Comparison between technique used for Figure 11 Comparison between technique used for
plate buckling, for glass powder Reinforcement plate buckling, for carbon powder reinforcement and
and Short Fiber sf . short fiber sf .

Figure 12 Comparison between technique used for Figure 13 Comparison between technique used for
buckling, for carbon powder reinforcement and plate buckling, for carbon powder reinforcement
short fiber sf . and short fiber sf .

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 Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

Figure 14 Critical buckling load with various Figure 15 Critical buckling load with various
volume fraction for glass powder reinforcement volume fraction for carbon powder reinforcement
materials and different short fiber. and different short fiber.

Figure 16 Critical Buckling Load with Various Figure 17 Critical Buckling Load with Various
Volume Fraction for Short Reinforcement Fiber Volume Fraction for Short Reinforcement Fiber
and Glass Powder Materials. and Carbon Powder Materials.

Figure 18 Comparison for Critical Load Buckling Figure 19 Comparison for Critical Load Buckling
of Plate Reinforcement with Glass and Carbon of Plate Reinforcement with Glass and Carbon
Powder Materials and 30% Short Fiber. Powder Materials and 10% Short Fiber.

However in case of using powder materials the percentage becomes less than using short
fiber for the load for plate, Figs. 18 and 19, show that the buckling load of composite plate
structure, reinforcement with carbon powder materials, was greater than buckling load for

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 Buckling Investigation of Isotropic Composite Plate Reinforced by Different Types of Powders

composite plate reinforcement by glass powder materials. So that from inspecting Figs. 14 to
19, it can be concluded that; the buckling load can be modified to a higher value when
reinforced by powder materials and has higher strength and the buckling load for
reinforcement with short fiber is greater than the critical load buckling of plate reinforcement
by powder materials for the same reinforcement volume fraction. Since, the short
reinforcement fibers are capable to withstand more loading as compared with powder.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The investigation of powder reinforcement materials influence on the critical load buckling
characterizations are presented experimentally in this work, in addition to, its results of
buckling plate behaviors (with different reinforcement parameters effect) are compared with
the numerical technique results evaluated by ANSYS. The following conclusions can be
derived from this work,
 The behavior of composite plate structure with different reinforcement types (powder and
short fiber) and different volume fraction ratio are investigated. The comparison of the results
show that the experimental results of buckling are less than the numerical results evaluated by
ANSYS program. The maximum reduction is about 10%
 The experimental apparatus used in this work is very suitable for manufacturing hyper
composite materials samples for tensile and buckling tests. It can be used to produce wide
range of powder and short fiber composite types with any volume fraction.
 The influence of short reinforcement fiber is more significant than powder reinforcement on
the mechanical properties and behavior of composite materials, since the short fibers can bear
higher force than powder materials, Due to the nature of the fiber shape.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Mechanical Engineering Department
at Faculty of Engineering at University of Kufa, University of Baghdad , and Al-Nahrain
University, Iraq.

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 Jumaa S. Chiad, Muhannad Al-Waily and Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari

[34] Adnan S. Jabur, Jalal M. Jalil, Ayad M. Takhakh ‘Experimental Investigation and
Simulation of Al-Si Casting Microstructure Formation’ Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 03, pp. 777-792, 2012.
[35] Ayad M. Takhakh, Raied Z. Alfay, Abdul Rahim K. Abid Ali ‘Effect of Ta addition on
hardness and wear resist of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy fabricated by powder
metallurgy’ BEIAC 2013-2013 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications
Colloquium, 2013.
[36] Kadhim K. Resan, Abbas A. Alasadi, Muhannad Al-Waily, Muhsin J. Jweeg ‘Influence of
Temperature on Fatigue Life for Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy Materials’
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18,
No. 02, 2018.
[37] Abeer R. Abbas, Kadhim A. Hebeatir, Kadhim K. Resan ‘Effect of CO2 Laser on Some
Properties of NI46TI50CU4 Shape Memory Alloy’ International Journal of Mechanical
and Production Engineering Research and Development, Vol. 08, No. 02, pp. 451-460,
2018.
[38] ASTM D638-97 ‘Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics’ ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014.
[39] Saif M. Abbas, Ayad M. Takhakh, Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Muhannad Al-Waily
‘Manufacturing And Analysis Of Ankle Disarticulation Prosthetic Socket (SYMES)’
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Vol. 09, No. 07, 2018.
[40] Muhsin J. Jweeg ‘Application of finite element analysis to rotating fan impellers’ Doctoral
Thesis, Aston University, 1983.
[41] Mohsin Abdullah Al-Shammari, Lutfi Y. Zedan, Akram M. Al-Shammari ‘FE simulation
of multi-stage cold forging process for metal shell of spark plug manufacturing’ 1st
International Scientific Conference of Engineering Sciences-3rd Scientific Conference of
Engineering Science, ISCES 2018–Proceedings, 2018.
[42] Muhsin J. Jweeg ‘A Suggested Analytical Solution for Vibration of Honeycombs
Sandwich Combined Plate Structure’ International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics
Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 16, No. 02, 2016.
[43] Muhannad Al-Waily, Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Rasha Hayder Al-Khayat ‘Flow
Velocity and Crack Angle Effect on Vibration and Flow Characterization for Pipe Induce
Vibration’ International Journal of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-
IJENS, Vol. 17, No. 05, pp.19-27, 2017.
[44] Muhsin J. Jweeg, E. Q. Hussein, K. I. Mohammed ‘Effects of Cracks on the Frequency
Response of a Simply Supported Pipe Conveying Fluid’ International Journal of
Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 17, 05, 2017.
[45] Rasha Hayder Al-Khayat, Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Ragad Aziz Neama,
Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Optimization CFD Study of Erosion in 3D Elbow During
Transportation of Crude Oil Contaminated with Sand Particles’ International Journal of
Engineering & Technology, Vol. 07, No. 03, pp. 1420-1428, 2018.
[46] Ragad Aziz Neama, Maher A.R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Muhannad Al-Waily ‘Effect of
Blank Holder Force and Punch Number on the Forming Behavior of Conventional Dies’
International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS, Vol. 18,
No. 04, 2018.

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