l i nda b | f or a bet t er clim ate

LindabGeneral information and theory

 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

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We simplify construction
At Lindab we are driven by a strong desire to continuously A good thinking company
generate improvements and to simplify construction. We Good thinking is a deeply rooted philosophy that guides
do that by developing products and systems that are easy us in everything we do. We firmly believe that good think-
to use and energy efficient, together with industry-leading ing makes good solutions to the challenges we all face.
knowledge, support, logistics and efficient availability. Taking responsibility for what we do and how we do things
We want to simplify everything – from designing, ordering, is therefore important to us. Because good thinking is not
delivery, goal achievement and installation to the entire only about making life easier and more comfortable for our
way of doing business with us. By simplifying in every customers and end users. It is also a matter of thinking in a
stage of the construction process, we also contribute to global perspective, all the time. Knowing that we at Lindab
energy-efficiency. are helping to make the world a better place.

Eurovent certification
constancy of performance over time.
Lindab's circular duct system with rubber gasket con-
Through specification of products in Lindab's certi-
nections Lindab Safe and Lindab Safe Click is certified
fied system, Lindab Safe and Lindab Safe Click, the
to strength and leakage in tightness class D according to
engineer's tasks become easier, since there is no need to
the Eurovent Certified Performance program for circular
carry out detailed comparison and performance qualifica-
metallic ducts systems (DUCT-MC). Check ongoing validity
tion testing. Consultants, specifiers and users can select
of certificate:
products with the assurance that the catalogue data are
www.eurovent-certification.com
accurate to a certain level.
Lindab products that are Eurovent certified have the
Eurovent logotype in the footer of the technical documen-
DUCT-MC tation.
Identification number 17.11.002
Note: Most Lindab Safe and Lindab Safe Click and the
most commonly used product in a ventilation system are
The purpose of Eurovent third party Certification is to
essentially better than class D, however some products
create a common set of criteria to all relevant features for
are according to EN 15727 not class D as a single product.
the rating of products in this system and ensure the
These products are stated in the documentation as Class
C and can be used in D class systems to a limited exten-
sion.

lindQST – Lindab Quick Selection Tool

lindQST is an advanced web tool that makes the selection and share it with your business partners etc. lindQST pro-
of our solutions quick and simple. vides a simple shortcut to Lindab’s material and is a tool
With lindQST all documentation is made available directly that speeds up and simplifies the daily work. All informa-
on the web. That means consultants, installers and archi- tion is just a mouse-click away.
tects always have access to the latest documentation,
installation instructions and product images etc. lindQST
is a unique online tool were you can simulate your room in
the Indoor Climate Designer, keep track of your projects

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Content
Dimensions...................................................................................................... 5
Designations and examples....................................................................... 5
Length........................................................................................................ 6
Angle.......................................................................................................... 6
Fittings....................................................................................................... 6
Weight........................................................................................................ 6
Sheet metal thickness................................................................................ 6
Ducts.......................................................................................................... 6

Materials..........................................................................................................7
Corrosivity classes according to ISO 12944-2..........................................7
Sheet metal quality.................................................................................... 7
Sheet metal thicknesses............................................................................ 8
Galvanic corrosion ....................................................................................8
Temperature limits for our materials..........................................................9
Resistance of the Safe system to various substances............................ 10

The SI system................................................................................................ 15
Units......................................................................................................... 15
Some basic units..................................................................................... 15
Some derived units.................................................................................. 15
For pressure, ........................................................................................... 15
Some additional units.............................................................................. 15
Some multiple prefixes............................................................................ 15
Conversion factors................................................................................... 16

Pressure........................................................................................................ 20
Total pressure = dynamic pressure + static pressure............................. 20
Pressure drop........................................................................................... 21
Pressure drop calculation........................................................................ 22
Prerequisites............................................................................................ 23
Designations used................................................................................... 23

Sound............................................................................................................ 24
About silencers........................................................................................ 24
Method of measurement.......................................................................... 24
Attenuation material and cleaning of the silencers.................................. 24
Ventilation does not have to be noisy!..................................................... 25
Choosing silencers ................................................................................. 32

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Dimensions
The dimension range, measures, colours and ways of how l
to build the products shown in this catalogue are general

t
and the most frequent ones. Please be aware of that local
variations may occur.

Ød
Designations and examples
These designations and dimensions of ducts and fittings
are adapted to CEN standards.
Lengths are given in mm.
l
Angles are given in degrees.
Fittings with Ød1 – Ød4 fit inside ducts and fittings with
Ød.
Duct and female dimension............................................... Ød

Ød
Connector dimension........................... Ød1, Ød2, Ød3, Ød4

cc
Sheet metal thickness...........................................................t

Ød2
Installation length..................................................... l, l1, l2, l3

l Ød3

Ød3
l3
Ød1
rm

l3
li

Ød1
Ød

Ød4
l

Bend radius.........................................................................rm
Insertion length..................................................................... li
Eccentricity......................................................................... cc Ød3

Component length................................................................L
Circumference...................................................................... O
Cross-sectional area...........................................................Ac
l3

Mass.....................................................................................m
Ød

Linear mass......................................................................... ml

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Tolerances
The measures on this page are principally applicable to our "old" range of products mainly manufactured of sheet metal.
The measures cannot unreflectingly be regarded as valid for "any" product e.g. flexible ducts.
Bold face denotes standard dimensions.
Standard face denotes intermediate dimensions.

Ducts Fittings
l
Ød

li
Ød1
According to EN1506 According to EN1506

Ød Tolerance Ød1, d2, d3, d4 Tolerance li

nom range nom range nom
63 63,0 – 63,5 63 61,8 – 62,3 40
80 80,0 – 80,5 80 78,8 – 79,3 40
100 100,0 – 100,5 100 98,8 – 99,3 40
112 112,0 – 112,5 112 110,8 – 111,3 40
125 125,0 – 125,5 125 123,8 – 124,3 40
140 140,0 – 140,6 140 138,7 – 139,3 40
150 150,0 – 150,6 150 148,7 – 149,3 40
160 160,0 – 160,6 160 158,7 – 159,3 40
180 180,0 – 180,7 180 178,6 – 179,3 40
200 200,0 – 200,7 200 198,6 – 199,3 40
224 224,0 – 224,8 224 222,5 – 223,3 40
250 250,0 – 250,8 250 248,5 – 249,3 60
280 280,0 – 280,9 280 278,4 – 279,3 60
300 300,0 – 300,9 300 298,4 – 299,3 60
315 315,0 – 315,9 315 313,4 – 314,3 60
355 355,0 – 356,0 355 353,3 – 354,3 60
400 400,0 – 401,0 400 398,3 – 399,3 80
450 450,0 – 451,1 450 448,2 – 449,3 80
500 500,0 – 501,1 500 498,2 – 499,3 80
560 560,0 – 561,2 560 558,1 – 559,3 80
600 600,0 – 601,2 600 598,1 – 599,3 80
630 630,0 – 631,2 630 628,1 – 629,3 80
710 710,0 – 711,5 710 708,0 – 709,3 100
800 800,0 – 801,6 800 798,0 – 799,3 100
900 900,0 – 902,0 900 897,9 – 899,3 100
1000 1000,0 – 1002,0 1000 997,9 – 999,3 120
1120 1120,0 – 1122,5 1120 1117,8 – 1119,3 120
1250 1250,0 – 1252,5 1250 1247,8 – 1249,3 120
1400 1400,0 – 1402,8 1400 1397,3 – 1398,8 150
1500 1500,0 – 1502,9 1500 1496,9 – 1498,5 150
1600 1600,0 – 1603,1 1600 1596,5 – 1598,2 150

Length Angle Weight Sheet metal thickness

l, l1, l3, etc Tolerance ±10% As in sheet metal standard
 Tolerance
+0 EN 10143
0–15 -2 ±2°
16–100 +0
-5
101– +0
-10
L ±5

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Materials
Corrosivity classes according to
ISO 12944-2 with environmental examples

Corrosivity Examples of typical environments (informative only)

Corrosivity
category Exterior Interior
Heated buildings with clean atmosphere,
C1 Very low -
e.g. offices, shops, schools, hotels.
Atmospheres with low level of pollution: Unheated buildings where condensation
C2 Low
mostly rural areas. can occur, e.g. depots, sports halls.
Urban and industrial atmospheres, mode- Production rooms with high humidity and
C3 Medium rate sulfur dioxide pollution; coastal areas some air pollution, e.g. food-processing
with low salinity. plants, laundries, breweries, dairies.
Industrial areas and coastal areas with Chemical plants, swimming pools, coastal
C4 High
moderate salinity. ship and boatyards.
Industrial areas with high humidity and
Buildings or areas with almost permanent
C5 Very high aggressive atmosphere and coastal areas
condensation and with high pollution.
with high salinity.
Offshore areas with high salinity and
industrial areas with extreme humidity and Industrial areas with extreme humidity and
CX Extreme
aggressive atmosphere and subtropical aggressive atmosphere.
and tropical atmospheres.

Sheet metal quality

Galvanized Zinc-Magnesium
Fittings and ducts from Lindab Ventilations standard pro- With surface treatment to ZM 310 means 310 g zincmag-
gramme are manufactured from zinc coated sheet metal. nesium/m² double sided, which complies with the require-
This means that the base material shall be hot dipped zinc ments of corrosivity category C5. Nomally pressed fittings
galvanized steel sheet metal with a yield point of approx. are handmade and folded together.
200 N/mm², and that the galvanization shall be minimum
as class Z 275. This surface treatment corresponds to the
Aluminium-Zinc
corrosivity category C3.
With surface treatment to AZ 185 means 185 g aluminium-
The following material is used in the standard range: zinc/m² double sided, which complies with the require-
ments of corrosivity category C4. The sheet metal is
Ducts and hand made fittings are made with material to treated with Anti-fingerprint, which protects against finger-
EN 10346 – DX51D M-A-C. prints during production and assembly. Nomally pressed
Pressed fittings are made with material to fittings are handmade and folded together.
EN 10346 – DX54D M-B-C.
Aluminium
Stainless steel To ISO/DIS 209-1. Complies with the re-quirements of
Is divided into two grades. corrosivity category C4 without surface coating. Nomally
pressed fittings are handmade and folded together.
The lowest grad is according to EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and
complies with the requirements for corrosivity class C4.
Painted
The higher grad is according to EN 1.4404 (AISI 316L) and Products are made, as standard, from hot dip galva-
complies with the requirements for corrosivity class C5. nized steel sheet and then powder coated internally and
Some fitting which are normally pressed are hand made externally with a mixed powder consisting of epoxy and
and folded together. polyester (PE) to a thickness of 80 µm. Standard painted

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Materials
products comply with the requirements of corrosivity
category C4.
Sheet metal thicknesses
The sheet metal thickness tolerances is defined in EN
Standard colors are:
10143. The thickness of each product is chosen by Lindab
NCS S0502-y, gloss 30 which is equivalent to RAL 9010 to withstand normal use in ventilation, handling on trucks,
building places and during mounting of the system. If there
NCS S1002-G, gloss 30 which is equivalent to RAL 9003 is special requirement for thicker material the inner diam-
The gloss is defined by the Gardner 60° scale. Other colors eter of the ducts will be smaller and special arrangements
can be made on request. can be needed.
NOTE! For ducts of Ø 100 the maximum length is 1,5 m for
internal coating.
Galvanic corrosion
Products can be coated on the inside only, for hygienic or
The starting point for galvanic corrosion is that you always
liquid tightness reasons, or on the outside for aesthetic
need 4 components:
reasons. The standard outside coated color for aesthetic
reasons is NCS S1002-G, gloss 30 which is equivalent to • An anode, i.e. the less noble material
RAL 9003. These products are available as stock items for
a limited circular duct assortment, called EVIT. • A cathode, i.e. the more noble material

Powder coating can be optionally obtained in thicknesses • A galvanic connection, i.e. an electrolyte, basically water
of up to 200 µm. Products painted with mix powder, epoxy with (some) salts
and polyester, can after some time of exposure to UV • Electrical contact between the anode and cathode
radiation receive changes in color. Hence storage in sun-
light ought to be avoided. If any of these 4 are missing, you will not have galvanic
corrosion. Often the easiest way is to take away the electri-
cal contact between anode and cathode.
Thickness of the surface
A surface treatment to class Z 275 is defined in EN 10346 We make a difference between the material with the large
and means 275 g zinc/m² double sided. Z 275 thus tells the surface area (the panel example ducts), and the material
total amount of zinc on both sides of a 1 m² sheet metal with the small surface area (example: flanges, hangers,
plate. The thickness can thus be calculated as: screws).
Our general recommendation can be found in the table
zinc weight below. The table should be a tool for choosing materials
Zinc thickness = =
number of sides ⋅ zinc density that in most cases can be assembled together, but there
0,275 are many parameters that must collaborate, which makes
= · 106 = 19 m m it difficult to be sure that it works in all situations.
2 ⋅ 7140

Galvanic corrosion table

Material with a small surface
Painted
Aluminium- Zinc-
(Galv +
Galvanised Zinc Magnesium Stainless Aluminium
powder
(AZ) (ZM)
coated)
Galvanised + + + + + +
Material with a large surface

Aluminium-
- + - + + +
Zinc (AZ)
Zinc-Magne-
+ - + + - +
sium (ZM)
Stainless - - - + - +
Aluminium + - - + + +
Painted
(Galv +
+ + + + + +
powder
coated)

+ No known problems with the combination

- Avoid

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Materials
Temperature limits for our materials
The shaded cells mark standard design.
The measures on this page are principally applicable to
our "old" range of products mainly manufactured of sheet
metal.
The measures cannot unreflectingly be regarded as valid
for "any" product e.g. flexible ducts.

Operation
Continuous Intermittent
Product Material/type Temperature limit
min max min max
°C °C °C °C
Galvanized steel sheet metal 2001 2502
Aluminium sheet metal 2003 300
Stainless steel sheet metal 500 700
Pressed and seam welded
ZincMagnesium sheet metal 100 150
PE/EP coated products 80 100
Aluzink sheet metal 315
Swaged, spot welded and/or Acrylic mastic -40 70
blind interlocked joint Silicone mastic 150 200
Safe gasket and damper blade EPDM rubber -30 100 -50 120
seals Silicone rubber -70 150 -90 200
Foam rubber seal EPDM rubber -30 100 -50 120
Foam plastic gasket Polyester -40 70
Measuring nozzle Plastic 70
Polyamide -30 150 -50 200
Damper shaft bearings
Brass 300
Electric -30 50
Damper actuator
Pneumatic -5 60
Duct filter Polyester 100

Drain hose Etheylene vinyl acetate and -45 65

polyethylene
Glass wool 200
Insulation Rock wool 700
Rock wool, paper lined 80
Silencer Polyester 130 180

1. Discoloration occurs at about 200 °C in galvanized steel. This is mostly an appearance problem and does not mean
impaire corrosion protection in a normal environment.
2. If the temperature rises to about 300 °C, the adhesion of the zinc is impaired, which means poorer corrosion protection.
3. Aluminium sheet will soften after a couple of years at 200 °C.

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Materials
Resistance of the Safe system to various substances
The table gives a rough guide to how some of the materials used in the Safe system resist various substances.

Affection Recommendation Code

Scarcely affected Recommended 4
Lightly affected Normally usable 3
Strongly affected Only usable in certain cases 2
Badly affected Unsuitable 1
Information missing –
Materials Materials
EPDM Silicone Galvanized EPDM Silicone Galvanized
rubber rubber sheet metal rubber rubber sheet metal
Substance details Substance details

A Acetaldehyde 4 4 4 Barium sulfide 4 – –

Acetamide 4 – – Beer 4 4 4
Acetic anhydride 3 2 4 Beet sugar liquors 4 – –
Acetic acid 30 % 4 3 4 Benzaldehyde 4 – –
Acetic acid 10 %, 50 °C 2 – – Benzene, benzole 1 1 4
Acetic acid 25 %, 100 °C 1 – – Benzenesulfonic acid – – –
Acetic acid 50 %, 50 °C 1 – – Benzoic acid – – –
Acetic acid crystalline acetic acid 4 3 4 Benzyl alcohol 3 – –
Acetone 4 3 4 Benzyl benzoate 3 – –
Acetonitrile 4 – – Benzyl chloride – – –
Acetophenone 4 – – Black liquor 1 – –
Acetyl chloride – – – Black water, waste water 4 3 4
Acetylene 4 3 4 Blast furnace gas – – –
Acrylonitrile 1 – – Bleach solutions 4 – –
Adipic acid – – – Borax 4 3 4
Air 70 °C 4 – – Bordeaux mixture 4 – –
Air 100 °C 4 – – Boric acid 4 4 2
Air 150 °C 3 – – Boron fuels – – –
Air 200 °C 2 – – Brake fluid vegetable, 50 °C 4 – –
Alkazene 1 – – Brine 4 – –
Alum 4 4 4 Bromic acid 4 1 1
Aluminium acetate 4 – – Bromide liquid – 1 1
Aluminium chloride 4 – – Bromine anhydrous – – –
Aluminium fluoride 4 – – Bromine trifluoride 1 – –
Aluminium nitrate 4 4 2 Bromine water – – –
Aluminium phosphate 4 – – Bromobenzene 1 – –
Aluminium sulfate 4 – – Butadiene 2 – –
Ammonia liquid, anhydrous 4 – – Butane 1 4 4
Ammonia gas cold 4 4 3 Butanol, butyl alcohol 50 °C 4 3 4
Ammonia gas hot 3 3 3 Butanol, butyl alcohol 100 °C – – –
Ammonium carbonate 4 – – Butter 4 – –
Ammonium chloride 4 – – Butter water free, 100 °C 2 – –
Ammonium hydroxide 4 3 3 Butyl acetate 3 1 4
Ammonium nitrate 4 3 3 Butyl acetyl ricinoleate 4 – –
Ammonium persulfate 4 – – Butyl acrylate 1 – –
Ammonium phosphate 4 – – Butyl alcohol 3 – –
Ammonium sulfate 4 – – Butyl amine 1 – –
AmyI acetate 4 1 4 Butyl benzoate 4 – –
Amyl alcohol, pentanol 4 – – Butyl carbitol 4 – –
Amyl borate 1 – – Butyl cellosolve 4 – –
Amyl chloronaphtalene 1 – – Butyl oleate 3 – –
Amyl naphtalene 1 – – Butyl stearate 3 – –
Aniline 3 – 4 Butylaldehyde 3 – –
Aniline dye 3 – 4 Butylene 1 – –
Aniline hydrochloride 3 – – C Calcium acetate 4 – –
Animal fats 3 3 4 Calcium bisulfite 1 – –
Ansul ether 2 – – Calcium chloride 4 – –
Aqua regia 2 – – Calcium hydroxide 4 – –
Arochlor 2 – – Calcium hypochlorite 4 – –
Arsenic acid 4 4 3 Calcium nitrate 4 3 3
Arsenic trichloride – – – Calcium sulfide 4 – –
Asphalt 1 1 1 Cane sugar liquors 4 – –
Astm oil No 1 1 – – Carbamate 3 – –
Astm oil No 2 1 – – Carbitol 3 – –
Astm oil No 3 1 – – Carbolic acid, phenol 3 – –
B Barium chloride 4 – – Carbon acid 4 – –
Barium hydroxide 4 – – Carbon bisulfide 1 – –
Barium sulfate 4 4 3 Carbon dioxide 3 – –

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Materials
Materials Materials
EPDM Silicone Galvanized EPDM Silicone Galvanized
rubber rubber sheet metal rubber rubber sheet metal
Substance details Substance details

Carbon monoxide 4 – – Diisopropyl ketone 4 – –

Carbon tetrachloride 1 – – Dilutin, white spirit 1 1 4
Castor oil 3 – – Dimethyl aniline 3 – –
Cellosolve acetate 3 – 4 Dimethyl formamide, DMF 3 – –
Cellosolve, ethylene glycol 3 – 4 Dimethyl phtalate 3 – –
Chlorine dry 2 – 1 Dinitrotoluene 1 – –
Chlorine wet 2 – 1 Dioctyl phtalate 3 – –
Chlorine dioxide 2 – – Dioctyl sebacate 3 – –
Chlorine trifluoride 1 – – Dioxalane 3 – –
Chloro 1-nitroethane 1 – – Dioxane 3 – –
Chloroacetic acid 3 – – Dipentene 1 – –
Chloroacetone 4 – – Diphenyl oxides 4 – –
Chloroacetone acid 3 – – Diphenyl, biphenyl 1 – –
Chlorobenzene 1 – – Dry cleaning fluids 1 – –
Chlorobromomethane 3 – – E Epichlorohydrin 3 – –
Chlorobutadiene 1 – – Ethane 1 – 4
Chlorododecane 1 – – Ethanolamine 3 – –
Chloroform 1 – – Ethyl acetate 3 2 4
Chloronapthalene 1 – – Ethyl acetoacetate 3 – –
Chloroprene 1 – – Ethyl acrylate 3 – –
Chlorosulfonic acid 1 1 1 Ethyl alcohol 4 4 4
Chlorotoluene 1 – – Ethyl benzene 1 – –
Chrome plating solutions 1 – – Ethyl benzoate 3 – –
Chromic acid 2 2 1 Ethyl cellosolve 3 – –
Chromic acid 10 %, 50 °C 1 – – Ethyl cellulose 3 – –
Citric acid 4 4 3 Ethyl chloride 4 1 –
Cobalt chloride 4 – – Ethyl chlorocarbonate – – –
Cocoanut oil 4 – – Ethyl chloroformate – – –
Cod liver oil 4 – – Ethyl ether 2 – 4
Coke oven gas 1 – – Ethyl formate 3 – –
Copper acetate 4 – – Ethyl glycol, cellosolve 3 – 4
Copper chloride 4 4 1 Ethyl mercaptan 1 – –
Copper cyanide 4 – – Ethyl oxalate 4 – –
Copper sulfate 4 – – Ethyl pentochlorobenzene 1 – –
Corn oil 2 – – Ethyl silicate 4 – –
Cottonseed oil 4 – – Ethylene – – –
Creosote 1 – – Ethylene chloride 2 – –
Cresol 1 – – Ethylene chlorohydrin – – –
Cresylic acid 1 – – Ethylene diamine 4 – –
Cumene – – – Ethylene dichloride 2 – –
Cyclohexane 1 – – Ethylene glycol 4 3 4
Cyclohexanol 1 – – Ethylene oxide 2 – –
Cyclohexanone 3 – – Ethylene trichloride 2 – –
D Decalin – – – F Fatty acids 1 – –
Decane – – – Ferric chloride 4 – –
Denatured alcohol 4 – – Ferric nitrate 4 – –
Detergent solutions 4 4 3 Ferric sulfate 4 – –
Developing fluids 3 – 4 Fish oil – – –
Diacetone 4 – – Fluoric silicate 4 2 2
Diacetone alcohol 4 – – Fluorinated cyclic ethers 4 – –
Dibenzyl ether 3 – – Fluorine liquid 2 – –
Dibenzyl sebacate 3 – – Fluorobenzene 1 – –
Dibutyl amine 1 – – Fluoroboric acid 4 – –
Dibutyl ether 2 – – Fluorocarbon oils 4 – –
Dibutyl phtalate 4 – – Fluorochloroethylene – – –
Dibutyl sebacate 3 – – Fluorosilic acid – – –
Dichloro isopropyl ether 2 – – Formaldehyde, formalin 40 % 4 – 4
Dichlorobenzene 1 – – Formaldehyde, formalin 40 %, 70 °C – – –
Dicyclohexylamine 1 – – Formic acid 4 2 –
Diesel oil 1 2 4 Formic acid 70 °C 3 – 3
Diester oil, fluid 101 – – – Freon 11 1 1 4
Diethyl benzene 1 – – Freon 12 3 1 4
Diethyl ether 1 – – Freon 13 4 – 4
Diethylamine 3 – – Freon 13 B 1 4 – –
Diethylbenzene 1 – – Freon 21 1 – 4
Diethylene glycol 4 – – Freon 22 4 1 4
Diethylsebacate 3 – – Freon 31 4 – 4
Diisobutylene – – – Freon 32 4 – 4
Diisopropyl benzene 1 – – Freon 112 1 – 4
Diisopropyl ether 1 – – Freon 113 1 1 4

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Materials
Materials Materials
EPDM Silicone Galvanized EPDM Silicone Galvanized
rubber rubber sheet metal rubber rubber sheet metal
Substance details Substance details

Freon 114 4 1 4 Iodine pentafluoride 1 – –

Freon 114 B 2 1 – – Iodoform 4 – –
Freon 115 4 – 4 Iron salts non-oxidizing 4 3 3
Freon 142 b 4 – – Isoamyl alcohol 4 – –
Freon 152 a 4 – – Isobutyl alcohol 4 – –
Freon 218 4 – – Isoforon 4 – –
Freon 502 – – – Isooctane, fuel A 1 – –
Freon BF – – – Isooctane/toulene, fuel B and C – – –
Freon C 316 4 – – Isopropyl acetate 4 – –
Freon C 318 4 – – Isopropyl alcohol 4 – –
Freon MF – – – Isopropyl chloride 1 – –
Freon TA 4 – – Isopropyl ether 1 – –
Freon TC 3 – – Isopropyl nitrate 3 – –
Freon TF 1 – – K Kerosene 1 – –
Freon TMC 3 – – L Lacquer solvents 1 – –
Freon T-P35 4 – – Lacquers 1 – –
Freon T-WD 602 3 – – Lactic acid 4 4 4
Fuel B 70 % isooctane, 30 % toulene 1 – – Lard 1 – –
Fuel C 50 % isooctane, 50 % toulene 1 – – Lavender oil 1 – –
Fuel oil, bunker oil, diesel oil 1 – – Lead acetate 4 – –
Fuel oil, bunker oil, diesel oil 70 °C 1 – – Lead nitrate 4 2 2
Fumaric acid – – – Lead sulfamate 4 – –
Furan, furfuran 2 – 4 Lime bleach 4 – –
Furfural 3 – 4 Lime sulfur 4 – –
G Gallic acid 3 – – Linoleic acid 1 – –
Gasohol 50 % toulene, Linseed oil 3 4 4
30 % isooctane, Liquid manure 4 3 3
20 % methanol 1 – – Lubricating oils (Petroleum) 1 1 4
Gasoline 1 – – Lye 4 – –
Gelatine 4 – – M Magnesium chloride 4 4 3
Glaubers salt 3 – – Magnesium hydroxide 4 – –
Glucose 4 4 4 Magnesium sulfate 4 – –
Glycerin 4 4 4 Maleic acid 2 – –
Glycerol, glycerine 4 – – Maleic anhydride 2 – –
Glycolmonoethylether, cellosolve 3 – – Malic acid 1 – –
Glycolmonoethyletheracetate, Manganese salts non-oxidizing 4 4 3
cellosolveacetate 4 – – Mercuric chloride 4 – –
Glycolmonoethyletherbutyl, butylcellosolve 4 – – Mercury 4 4 4
Glycols 4 – – Mercury salts non-oxidizing 4 4 3
Green liquor 4 3 2 Mesityl oxide 3 – –
H Halowax oil 1 – – Methacrylacidmethylester 125 °C 3 – –
Heating oil 1 2 4 Methane 1 – –
Heptane 1 – – Methyl acetate 3 – –
Hexachlorobutadiene 1 – – Methyl acrylate 3 – –
Hexaldehyde 4 – – Methyl alcohol, methanol, wood alcohol 4 4 4
Hexane 1 – – Methyl bromide – – –
Hexene 1 – – Methyl butyl keton 4 – –
Hexyl alcohol, hexanol 2 – – Methyl cellosolve 3 – –
Hydraulic oil mineral oil based 1 3 4 Methyl chloride 2 1 4
Hydraulic oil phosphate ester based 4 4 4 Methyl cyclopentane 1 – –
Hydrazine 4 – – Methyl ethyl ketone, MEK 4 – 4
Hydrochloric acid dilute 4 1 – Methyl formate 3 – –
Hydrochloric acid 37 % 4 1 2 Methyl glycol acetate 50 °C – – –
Hydrochloric acid 37 %, 70 °C 2 1 – Methyl isobutyl ketone 3 2 4
Hydrochloric acid 10 %, 100 °C 1 – – Methyl isopropyl ketone 3 2 4
Hydrocyanic acid 4 – – Methyl methacrylate 1 – –
Hydrofluoric acid anhydrous 2 – – Methyl oleate 3 – –
Hydrofluoric acid concentrated, cold 3 1 2 Methyl salicylate 3 – –
Hydrofluoric acid concentrated, hot 1 1 1 Methylacrylic acid 3 – –
Hydrofluorosilic acid 4 1 2 Methylene chloride 1 1 4
Hydrogen gas 4 4 4 Methylene dichloride 2 – –
Hydrogen peroxide 3 % 4 4 4 Milk 4 4 4
Hydrogen peroxide 30 %, 20 °C 4 4 4 Mineral oil 1 – –
Hydrogen peroxide 90 %, 20 °C 2 4 4 Monobromobenzene – – –
Hydrogen sulphide dry 4 4 3 Monochlorobenzene 1 – –
Hydrogen sulphide damp 4 2 – Monoethanolamine 3 – –
Hydrogen sulphide damp, hot 3 1 – Monomethyl aniline – – –
Hydroquinone – – – Monomethylether 4 – –
Hypochlorus acid 3 – – Monovinyl acetylene 4 – –
I Iodine – – 3 Mustard gas 4 – –

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Materials
Materials Materials
EPDM Silicone Galvanized EPDM Silicone Galvanized
rubber rubber sheet metal rubber rubber sheet metal
Substance details Substance details

N Naphta 1 – – Potassium hydroxide 4 3 2

Naphtalene 1 – – Potassium hypochlorite pH 7, below 10 g/l 4 1 4
Naphtenic acid 1 – – Potassium hypochlorite over 10 g/l 3 1 4
Natural gas 1 4 4 Potassium nitrate 4 – –
Nickel acetate 4 – – Potassium permanganate 25 %, 70 °C 1 – –
Nickel chloride 4 – – Potassium sulfate 4 3 4
Nickel sulfate 4 – – Producer gas 1 – –
Nitric acid 20 % 4 – 2 Propane/butane, LPG 1 1 4
Nitric acid 20 %, 50 °C 3 1 – Propyl acetate 3 – –
Nitric acid 40 %, 50 °C 3 1 – Propyl alcohol, propanol 4 4 4
Nitric acid 50 %, 50 °C 2 1 – Propyl amine 2 – –
Nitric acid 60 % 2 1 – Propyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate 3 – –
Nitric acid 70 % 1 1 – Propylene oxide 3 – –
Nitric acid red fuming 1 1 – Propylene, propene 1 – –
Nitrobenzene 3 1 4 Pydraul F–9, phosphate ester 80 °C 3 – –
Nitrobenzine 2 – – Pyridine 3 – –
Nitroethane 3 – – Pyroligneuos acid 3 – –
Nitrogen 4 4 4 Pyrrole 2 – –
Nitrogen 4 – – R Radiation 3 2 4
Nitrogentetroxide 2 – – Rapeseed oil, canola oil 4 4 4
Nitrogentetroxide 2 – – Rapeseed oil, canola oil 100 °C 3 – –
Nitromethane 3 – – Rosin oil 1 1 4
Nitropropane 4 – – S Sal ammoniac 4 – –
Nitrous gases 2 2 4 Salicylic acid 4 4 4
O Octachlorotoluene 1 – – Salt water 4 – –
Octadecane 1 – – Salts (inorganic) and salt solutions
Octane 1 – – saturated, 70 °C 4 – –
Octanol 4 – – Sewage 3 – –
Octyl alcohol 4 – – Silicate esters 1 – –
Oleic acid 3 – 4 Silicone greases 4 – –
Oleum spirits – – – Silicone oils 4 – –
Olive oil 3 3 4 Silver nitrate 4 – –
Oxalic acid 4 3 1 Skydrol 500 4 – –
Oxidizing salt solution (KMnO4) 25 %, 70 °C 1 – – Skydrol 7000 4 – –
Oxygen cold 4 4 4 Soap solutions 4 – –
Oxygen 90–200 °C 1 – – Soda ash 4 – –
Ozone 4 4 2 Sodium acetale 4 – –
P Palmitic acid 3 – 4 Sodium bicarbonate 4 – –
Paraffine, kerosine 1 1 4 Sodium bisulfite 4 – –
p-Cymene 1 – – Sodium borate 4 – –
Peanut oil 2 – – Sodium carbonate 20 %, 100 °C 4 – –
Pentanol, amyl alcohol 4 – – Sodium chloride 4 – –
Perchloric acid 3 1 1 Sodium cyanide 4 – –
Perchloroethylene 1 3 4 Sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrate,
Petroleum oils 1 1 4 caustic soda 4 2 1
Petroleum, petrol 1 1 4 Sodium hypochlorite max 10 g/l free Cl 4 – 4
Phelyn hydrazine 2 – – Sodium hypochlorite over 10 g/l free Cl 3 – 4
Phenol 3 2 2 Sodium metaphosphate 4 – –
Phenyl ethyl ether 1 – – Sodium nitrate 4 4 3
Phenyl hydrazine 3 – – Sodium perborate 4 – –
Phenylbenzene 1 – – Sodium peroxide 4 – –
Phorone 3 – – Sodium phosphate 4 – –
Phosphoric acid 20 % 4 – – Sodium silicate 4 – –
Phosphoric acid 45 % 3 1 2 Sodium sulfate 4 – –
Phosphoric acid 85 % 4 1 1 Sodium thiosulfate 4 – –
Phosphoric acid 60 %, 50 °C 4 – – Soybean oil 2 – –
Phosphorus trichloride 4 – – Stannicous chloride 3 – –
Picric acid 3 – – Steam under 150 °C 4 – –
Pine oil 1 – – Steam over 150 °C 3 – –
Pinene 1 – – Stearic acid 3 – –
Piperidine 1 – – Styrene 1 1 4
Plating solution chrome 4 – – Sucrose solution 4 4 4
Plating solution others 4 3 – Sulfite liquors 3 – –
PoIyvinylacetate emulsion 4 – – Sulfur 4 4 4
Potassium acetate 4 – – Sulfur chloride 1 – 2
Potassium carbonate 3 – – Sulfur dichloride – – –
Potassium chloride 4 – – Sulfur dioxide 4 3 3
Potassium cupro cyanide 4 – – Sulfur hexafluoride 4 – –
Potassium cyanide 4 – – Sulfur trioxide 3 2 2
Potassium dicromate 4 – – Sulfuric acid 10 %, 100 °C 4 – –

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Materials
Materials
EPDM Silicone Galvanized
rubber rubber sheet metal
Substance details

Sulfurous acid 3 1 3
Sulphuric acid 60 %, 4 1 2
Sulphuric acid 60 %, 50 °C 4 1 –
Sulphuric acid 60–75 %, 50 °C 3 1 –
Sulphuric acid 75–80 %, 50 °C 2 1 –
Sulphuric acid 85–96 %, 50 °C 1 1 –
Sulphuric acid fuming, Oleum 1 1 –
T Tannic acid 4 1 4
Tar bituminous 1 2 1
Tartaric acid 3 – –
Terpineol 2 – –
Tertiary butyl alcohol 3 – –
Tertiary butyl catechol 3 – –
Tertiary butyl mercaptan 1 – –
Tetrabromomethane 1 – –
Tetrabutyl titanate 4 – –
Tetrachloroethane – – –
Tetrachloroethylene 1 – –
Tetraethyl lead 1 – –
Tetrahydrofuran, THF 3 – –
Tetralin 1 – –
Thinner 1 – –
Thionyl chloride 1 – –
Titanium tetrachloride 1 – –
Toluene diisocyanate 4 – –
Toluene, toluol 1 1 4
Transformer oil chlorated hydrocarbon 1 1 4
Transformer oil mineral oil based 1 3 4
Transmission fluid type a 1 – –
Triacetin 4 – –
Triaryl phosphate 4 – –
Tributoxy ethyl phosphate 4 – –
Tributyl mercaptan 1 – –
Tributyl phosphate 4 – –
Trichloretane, thinner 1 2 4
Trichloroacetic acid 3 – –
Trichloroethylene 1 – –
Tricresyl phosphate 4 – –
Triethanol amine 3 – –
Triethyl amine 1 – –
Triethyl borane 70 °C 2 – –
Trinitrotoluene 1 – –
Trioctyl phosphate 4 – –
Tung oil 1 – –
Turbine oil 1 – –
Turpentine 1 1 4
V Vegetable oils 3 4 4
Vinyl chloride 3 – –
W Water distilled
4 4 4
Water fresh 4 4 4
Water fresh and distilled, 100 °C 4 2 4
Water salt
4 4 2
White liquor 4 3 –
White spirit, dilutin 1 1 4
Wine 4 4 4
X Xylene, xylol 1 1 4
Z Zinc salts non-oxidizing 4 4 4

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The SI system
Units
The SI system (Système lnternational d'Unités) is used in this catalogue, in accordance with international practice. Units
may be given in the “technical system” in diagrams and tables, in parallel with the SI system.

Some basic units

For length metre m
For mass kilogramme kg
For time second s
For electric current ampere A
For temperature kelvin K

Some derived units

For frequency hertz Hz 1 Hz = 1/s
For force newton N 1 N = 1 kg · m/s²

For pressure,
mechanical stress pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m²
For energy, work joule J 1 J =1N·m
For power watt W 1 W = 1 J/s
For electric potential,
electric tension volt V 1 V = 1 W/A

Some additional units

For time minute min 1 min = 60 s
hour h 1 h = 3 600 s = 60 min
For flat angles degree ° 1° = 1/360 of a circle
For volume litre l 1 l = 1 000 cm³ = 1 dm³

Some multiple prefixes

Index Designation Des. Example
1012 tera T 1 terajoule 1 TJ
109 giga G 1 gigawatt 1 GW
106 mega M 1 megavolt 1 MV
103 kilo k 1 kilometre 1 km
102 hecto h 1 hectogramme 1 hg
101 deca da 1 decalumen 1 dalm
10 -1 deci d 1 decimetre 1 dm
10 -2 centi c 1 centimetre 1 cm
10 -3 milli m 1 milligramme 1 mg
10 -6 micro m 1 micrometre 1 mm
10 -9 nano n 1 nanohenry 1 nH
10 -12 pico p 1 picofarad 1 pF

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The SI system
Conversion factors
Tables for conversion to other dimensions are given for some of the units commonly used in the industry.

Pressure, p
Pa mm wc in wg
pascal mm Aq mm Hg " wg psi(g)
N/m² mm H2O (at 20 °C) in wc ibf/in² bar
1 0,102 0,007 53 0,004 02 0,000 145 0,000 010 0
9,79 1 0,073 7 0,039 4 0,001 42 0,000 097 9
133 13,6 1 0,534 0,019 3 0,001 33
249 25,4 1,87 1 0,036 1 0,002 49
6 895 704 51,9 27,7 1 0,068 9
100 000 10 215 753 402 14,5 1

Length, l
in ft yd m
inch foot yard metre mile
1 0,083 3 0,027 8 0,025 4 0,000 015 8
12,0 1 0,333 0,305 0,000 189
36,0 3,00 1 0,914 0,000 568
39,4 3,28 1,09 1 0,000 621
63 360 5 280 1 760 1 609 1

Area, A
in² ft² yd² m² ha
sq in sq ft sq yd sq metre ar hectare
1 0,006 94 0,000 772 0,000 645 0,000 006 45 0,000 000 064 5
144 1 0,111 0,092 9 0,000 929 0,000 009 29
1 296 9,00 1 0,836 0,008 36 0,000 083 6
1 550 10,8 1,20 1 0,010 0 0,000 100
155 000 1 076 120 100 1 0,010 0
15 500 031 107 639 11 960 10 000 100 1

Volume, V
in³ l US gal UK gal ft³ yd³ m³
cu in litre gallon gallon cu ft cu yd cubic metre
1 0,016 4 0,004 33 0,003 60 0,000 579 0,000 021 4 0,000 016 4
61,0 1 0,264 0,220 0,035 3 0,001 31 0,001 00
231 3,79 1 0,833 0,134 0,004 95 0,003 79
277 4,55 1,20 1 0,161 0,005 95 0,004 55
1 728 28,3 7,48 6,23 1 0,037 0 0,028 3
46 656 765 202 168 27,0 1 0,765
61 024 1 000 264 220 35,3 1,31 1

Velocity, v

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The SI system
ft/min km/h mile/h knot
fpm Bz ft/s mph kn m/s
1 0,018 3 0,016 7 0,011 4 0,009 87 0,005 08
54,7 1 0,911 0,621 0,540 0,278
60,0 1,10 1 0,682 0,592 0,305
88,0 1,61 1,47 1 0,869 0,447
101 1,85 1,69 1,15 1 0,514
197 3,60 3,28 2,24 1,94 1

Volume flow, qv
ft³/h ft³/min
cfh l/min m³/h cfm l/s m³/s
1 0,472 0,028 3 0,016 7 0,007 87 0,000 007 87
2,12 1 0,060 0 0,035 3 0,016 7 0,000 016 7
35,3 16,7 1 0,589 0,278 0,000 278
60,0 28,3 1,70 1 0,472 0,000 472
127 60,0 3,60 2,12 1 0,001 00
127 133 60 000 3 600 2 119 1 000 1

Mass, m
oz lb kg
ounce pound kilogramme
1 0,062 5 0,028 3
16,0 1 0,454
35,3 2,20 1

Mass flow, qm
lb/min kg/s
1 0,007 56
132 1

Density, r
kg/m³ lb/ft³ g/cm³ lb/in³
1 0,062 4 0,001 00 0,000 036 1
16,0 1 0,016 0 0,000 579
1 000 62,4 1 0,036 1
27 680 1 728 27,7 1

Force, F
N lbf kp
newton pound-force kilopond
1 0,225 0,102
4,45 1 0,454
9,81 2,20 1

Torque, M
lbf · in Nm lbf · ft kpm
1 0,113 0,083 3 0,011 5

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

The SI system
lbf · in Nm lbf · ft kpm
8,85 1 0,738 0,102
12,0 1,36 1 0,138
86,8 9,81 7,23 1

Energy, work, E
J Btu
joule British kcal
Nm, Ws thermal unit kilocalorie kWh
1 0,000 948 0,000 239 0,000 000 278
1 055 1 0,252 0,000 293
4 187 3,97 1 0,001 16
3 600 000 3 412 860 1

Power, P
W hk hp
watt metric UK, US
Btu/h Nm/s, J/s kcal/h horsepower horsepower
1 0,293 0,252 0,000 398 0,000 393
3,41 1 0,860 0,001 36 0,001 34
3,97 1,16 1 0,001 58 0,001 56
2 510 735 632 1 0,986
2 544 746 641 1,01 1

Temperature difference, temperature change, DT for K; DJ for °C

K °F °C
kelvin degree Fahrenheit degree Celsius
1 1,80 1,00
0,556 1 0,556
1,00 1,80 1

Associated temperatures
K °F °C Physical state
0,00 -460 -273 Absolute zero
255 0,00 -17,8 Mixture of sal ammoniac and snow
273 32,0 0,00 Melting point of ice
293 68,0 20,0 Standard atmospheric temperature
311 100 37,8 Normal temperature of human body
373 212 100 Boiling point of water

Conversion between temperatures

°C = (°F - 32) × 5/9 °C = K - 273,15

°F = °C × 9/5 + 32 K = °C + 273,15

Greek letters
Greek letters are used in technical and scientific texts to de note physical units. Minor variations in the shapes of the letters
can be tolerated, on condition that this does not cause any risk of confusion.

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The SI system
Name Lower case Upper case
alfa a A
beta b B
gamma g G
delta d D
epsilon e E
zeta z Z
eta h H
teta J Q
jota i I
kappa k K
lambda l L
my m M
ny n N
ksi x X
omikron o O
pi p P
ro r R
sigma s S
tau t T
ypsilon u U
fi j F
ki c C
psi y Y
omega w W

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Pressure
Total pressure = dynamic pressure + static
pressure
The static pressure in the atmosphere varies with the
weather - high pressure or low pressure - and with the
height above sea level. The standard pressure, atmos-
pheric pressure at sea level is:
101,3 kPa = 1,013 bar = 1013 mbar
(= 1 atm = 760 mm Hg)

1 m2

101,3 kN

At one particular point, such as in a ventilation duct, the

static pressure comes from all sides.
In a ventilation system, the static pressure is related to the
ambient atmospheric pressure outside the duct system;
the static pressure can thus be positive - higher than ambi-
ent atmospheric, or negative - lower than ambient atmos-
pheric pressure.

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Pressure
Pressure drop
If you produce a static pressure difference in an open duct
system, you can get the air to flow from a point of higher
pressure to a point of lower pressure - from the atmos-
phere via the inlet grating to the suction side of the fan,
and from the supply side of the fan via the supply terminals
back to the atmosphere. The pressure difference is con-
verted into kinetic energy.

Dynamic pressure is a measure of the kinetic energy

of the moving air. The connection between pressure and
energy is easy to see if you use SI system units
Pa = N/m² = Nm/m³ = J/m³ i.e. energy (in J) per unit volume
(in m³) of the flowing air.
Pressure drop and flow losses
The dynamic pressure depends on In a ventilation system, you want to get air moving! Clean
² air is to be supplied to the occupancy zone and polluted
Pd = r ∙ v with the units air must leave the room, process or machine. Energy is
2
needed to move the air, which is added via the fan, which
gets the air moving.
kg m ² kg m² kgm m 1 N
∙ = ∙ = ∙ =N∙ = = Pa In order to flow through a duct system, air has to overcome
m³ s m³ s² s² m³ m² m²
two types of flow resistances or pressure drops:
• friction loss between the flowing air and the duct walls.
Flow in a duct system is normally not free of loss. Friction • single loss when the air changes direction or speed.
losses occur and the air is forced to change direction. It
requires pressure (i.e. energy) to manage both dynamic Friction loss (also known as the R value) is expressed in
l ²
and static pressure - the sum of these two is referred to as the unit Pa/m Dpf = ∙r v
total pressure. dh 2
where
pt = p s + p d
Dpf = friction loss per metre (Pa/m).
l = friction factor related to duct material and surface
roughness.
dh = hydraulic diameter of the duct, the diameter of a cir-
cular duct which gives the same friction pressure drop at
the same flow velocity as a rectangular duct.
2∙a∙b
dh =
a+b

where a and b are duct sides.

For a circular duct, dh = d
Since ps will be negative in relation to atmospheric pres- r = air density (kg/m³)
sure (on the suction side of the fan), this means that pt will v = average velocity of the air (m/s)
also be negative if the total of ps and pd is negative.

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Pressure
Pressure drop calculation No Flow Component Dimension Length Pressure Pressure
l/s Denom. Ø mm m drop drop
Pa/m Pa
Fan pressure capacity required 1 400 RCU 315-250 - - 8,2
Let us do a pressure drop calculation for a simple duct
system! 2 " SR 250 2,0 3,3 6,6
3 " BU 90° 250 - - 11,0
• Number the fittings, in the direction of 4 " SR 250 1,6 3,3 5,3
air flow. 13
5 " SLU 100 250/1200 1,2 5,0 6,0
• Then put the dimension and data of RCFU 250-200 - - 22,0
12 6 "
each component in a table as in the
example. 7 " SR 200 1,5 8,0 12,0
11
8 " BU 90° 200 - - 24,0
• Read the pressure drop from the graph
for each component. You can follow 9 " SR 200 1,2 8,0 9,6
this example from the reduced scale 10 " RCU 250-200 - - 15,0
graphs below.
11 " SR 250 3,5 3,3 11,6
10
12 " RCFU 400-250 - - 16,0

13 " HF 400 - - 14,0

9
Total pressure drop (sum of rows 1 – 13) = 161,3

Add up the pressure drops on the far right of the table.

3 4 5 6 7 8 Then select a suitable fan which gives the required flow q =

400 l/s and a total pressure rise of pt = 161 Pa.

1 6 2 4 7 9 11 3 8 5
v
RCU, RCFU SR BU 90° SLCU 100

[Pa] Ød1 [mm]

[Pa/m] [Pa/m]
100 200 100
63 80 100 125 160 200 250 100
80

15
315 –200
0

0
10

100 20
5

63
–25
0

5
–12

50
12
25 0
–10

10
0

80
–80

15
63

–16

50 50
5 0
20

ød
0

50
10

16
5

Ød
160
80–

125

[mm
0
100

12
250

Ød
25
20
/s]
0
200

9 1 Ød 10 ]
16

v [m

1 [m
5

2 [mm m]
31
–31

24,0
]

8
0

/s

]
5
–40
/s]

22,0
0

31
40
v [m

8,0105
0

7
–50

55
400

40
50
v [m

5 10
0
500

63

50

6
0
630

44
0

4
80

5,0
00

63

3,3
0

5
50
10

3
80

11,0 10 3
12

10
8,2 4 2
∆ pt

1 2
∆ pt [Pa]

3 0.5
∆pt

5 5
∆ pt

2 0.5
0.1

0.05

1 0.02 1 0.1
5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 50000 [l/s] 10 50 100 500 1 000 5 000 10 000 [l/s]
10 50 100
400
500 1000 5000 10000 [l/s]
400 10 50 100
400500 1000 3000 [l/s]
400 [m3/h]
50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 [m3/h] 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 50000100000 [m3/h] 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 [m3/h] 50 100 500 1 000 5 000 10 000
q q q q

10 12 13
v v
RCU RCFU HF
Ød [mm]
v
0

0
–25

[Pa]
40

[Pa] Ød
–63

1 Ød LWA [dB]
50

63
–80

100 100 2 [mm 1000

–10
100
63

90
4000
5
125

]
–80

0
–20

Ød
315 0
0

–31
5

–40
80–

15
0

–16
160

–12

Ød
–10

1
0
–20
100

15
500

80

[mm
630

2 80
250
200

50 50
125

] 500
5

0
–12

–16

10
250

/s]
0
–25

–50
/s]

–40
160

10
5

v [m

00
200

9
–31
v [m

315

70
630

10
500

9 8
400

8 7
15,0 7 16,0 6
50

6
∆ pt [Pa]

10 10 60
12

5 100
∆ pt

∆ pt

5
4
5 5 50 50
3

40

14
1 1 10
10 50 100
400
500 1000 5000 10000 [l/s] 10 50 100
400
500 1000 5000 10000 [l/s] 30 50 100
400
500 1000 5000 10000 [l/s]

500 1000 5000 10000 [m3/h]

50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 [m3/h] 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000 [m3/h]
q
q q

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Pressure
Prerequisites Designations used
In order to correctly dimension a duct system you need l = length m (mm)
information about the total pressure drops of the fittings. a = long side m (mm)
The total pressure drop D pt (Pa) between two sections, 1 b = short side m (mm)
and 2, in a duct system is defined by r = radius m (mm)
pt = pt1 - pt2 = (ps1+pd1) - (ps2+pd2) d = diameter m (mm)
dh = hydraulic diameter m (mm)
Ac = cross sectional area m²
Ac1 Ac2 pA = atmospheric pressure mbar
v1 v2 ps = static pressure Pa
ps1 ps2 p d = dynamic pressure Pa
pt = total pressure Pa
Dp = pressure drop Pa
Section 1 Section 2 Dpt = total pressure drop Pa
J = temperature °C
v = air velocity (average) m/s
² q
where pd = r ⋅ v and v ² = q = air flow m³/s
2 a c
r = density kg/m³
a = angle °
It is assumed in pressure drop calculation of ventilation
ducts that: j = relative humidity %
l = friction number
• incompressible flow, i.e. air density does not change.
R = coefficient of friction Pa/m
• isothermal relationship, i.e. no exchange of heat
z = resistance number
between the duct and its surroundings occurs.
n = kinematic viscosity m²/s
• no changes in potential energy, i.e. height differences
between the various sections of the duct system are
neglected. The total pressure drops for the most common fittings are
shown in graphs, as a function of air flow (or velocity in
some cases).
The basic data for the graphs comes from measurements
and calculations done at our laboratories. Some graphs
are taken from litterature.
The graphs apply to air under standard conditions.
n = 15,1 · 10-6 m²/s
J = 20 °C
r = 1,2 kg/m³
j = 65 %
pA = 1013,2 mbar

For air of other density (rother) the flow (qother_density) is

obtained from the formula.
1,2
qother_density = q graph ∙
rother

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Sound
About silencers Attenuation material and cleaning of the
The Lindab silencers are of the absorption silencer type. silencers
The damping ability of absorption silencers is affected Lindab uses different attenuation materials depending on
by the geometric design of the silencer and the type of the needed property of attenuation and cleanability.
damping material chosen. Silencer comprises several
such variants, with different properties. The graph below Mineral wools: stone or glass wool are always covered by
summarises the attenuation of some types of silencer. a surface textile to prevent the fibres from coming out of
the acoustic media. All the silencers can be cleaned with a
rotating nylon brush or a vacuum cleaner.
The silencers made from Lindtec wool or Acutec® polyes-
ter attenuation material can also be cleaned with a damp
cloth. In the case that mechanical cleaning is needed it is
also possible to cover the attenuation material with perfo-
rated plate.
Most of the silencers with a round connection are made
with perforated plate or stretch metal mesh to protect the
attenuation material.

Method of measurement
The silencers are tested in accordance with ISO 7235
”Acoustics - Measurement procedures for ducted silencers
- Insertion loss, flow noise and total pressure loss”.

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Sound
This description only aims at providing information about
Ventilation does not have to be noisy! a few simple rules and hints, which together with common
If you use your common sense, and construct your air sence can be enough for simple installations.
treatment system with consideration and good compo-
You must have some basic knowledge about how and
nents, you can often avoid problems and complaints.
where noise is generated, transmitted and attenuated in
Fans make noise, this is something you can not do a lot the system, to be table to choose the correct principle
about. But you can prevent the noise from getting into the and correct components. To take a simple analogy: noise
areas connected to the fan system - you can absorb and transmission consists of waves in a medium, i.e. air, which
damp the noise on the way. we can not see. This is very similar to the way waves
spread on water.
This description does not claim to teach you how to calcu-
late and attenuate noise in a ventilation system - there are Let us examine the analogy, to make the comparison
books available on this. clearer:

Source Distribution
Waves on water Waves on water
We throw a stone onto completely calm water. Waves on water spread out in increasing concentric circles
from the centre, where the stone hit the water.

Waves in air Waves in air

We fire a starter´s gun. Sound waves spread out in the air, in all directions, in an
increasing ball from the centre, i.e. the gun.

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Sound
Energy transport Obstruction in the way
Waves on water Waves on water
Kinetic energy is transmitted from molecule to molecule If waves in water encounter the side of a boat or jetty,
in the water. They bounce against each other. Molecules they will be reflected at the same angle as they met the
move back and forwards. Energy spreads from the source. obstruction.
Waves in air Waves in air
Kinetic energy is transmitted from molecule to molecule in If waves in air encounter a wall, they will be reflected at the
the air. They bounce against each other, and move back same angle as they met the obstruction.
and forwards. Energy spreads from the source.

In the same way as when you bounce a ball on the wall.

Distance
Energy loss
Waves on water
Waves on water
When waves depart from the centre, where the stone hit,
The reflected wave height is lower than the incident wave.
the wave height becomes lower and lower, until they are
Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the collision with
invisible. The water is calm again.
the jetty side (and is converted into heat).
Waves in air
Waves in air
When sound waves depart from the source, the starter´s
The reflected wave movement is lower than the incident
gun, wave movement drops off and the sound becomes
wave. Some of the kinetic energy is absorbed in the colli-
weaker and weaker until it can no longer be heard.
sion with the wall (and is converted into heat).

Intensity
Waves on water
The energy which started the wave propagation, or the The ball moves more slowly when it bounces back than
power needed to keep it going, is distributed across an when it hits the wall.
increasing area as the distance, the radius, increases.
Waves in air
The energy which started the wave propagation, or the
power needed to keep it going, is distributed across an
increasing volume as the distance, the radius, increases.

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Sound
Sound can be absorbed α-value
When sound waves meet a soft, porous wall (mineral wool
etc.), the vibrating molecules penetrate the surface layer, 1,0
and are then braked by friction against the material fibres.
Mineral w
The part of the energy which is thus absorbed is converted ool 100 m
m
to heat in the material, and the rest is reflected back into
the room. This type of damping, where the sound is braked m
5m

m
2

m
by the soft surface layer, is referred to as porous absorp- o ol

0
lw

l5
tion. ra

oo
ine

lw
M
The sound absorption ability of different materials varies.

era
0,5

in
This property is expressed as the sound absorption factor

M
a of the material.
floor
con crete
carpet on
r Soft
Wind
ow g
lass
Concrete
i=a+r a 0
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Hz
a
α=—
i
i Sound, in a ventilation system, moves just as easily with or
against the direction of flow.
Sound which moves through a duct system will be damped
If nothing is absorbed, everything is reflected, then a = 0 in several ways. Let us start off with bare metal duct walls.
which makes a = 0:
0 Metal walls also absorb - but not much
i = 0 + ra = =0
i When the metal duct walls are hit by the sound wave, they
If nothing is reflected, everything is absorbed, then r = 0 will start to vibrate at the same frequency as the sound.
which makes a = 1:
The movements are normally very small, and hardly visible
a
i = a + 0a = =1 to the naked eye (it is often easier to feel the vibration, with
a your fingertips on the sheet metal).
An open window can be said to have a = 1, all sound from
the room which arrives at the window disappears out! What happens is the same as when a window vibrates
when a heavy truck passes by on the street.
In hard materials, such as concrete or marble surfaces,
virtually no sound energy is absorbed, everything is The duct panels and the window will then function as
reflected and the a value is near to zero. In rooms with membrane dampers – boards which are made to vibrate
hard surfaces, the sound bounces for a long time before it by the incident sound energy. But this movement is not
dies out. The room has a long reverberation time and we without friction, since it is braked by both the bending
get a strong, unpleasant echo. The sound level caused by strength of the sheet, and (mostly) by the connection
normal sound sources becomes high. around the edges of the sheet. As previously, with the
porous damper, some of the energy is converted into heat
In soft materials, such as thick mineral wool boards, the - the sound which remains has become weaker and has
opposite happens. The a value is close to 1. Sometimes, been damped.
excessively damped, soft rooms are unsuitable “You can’t
hear what you say”. Avoid extremes - the reverberation Given the same free duct area, a circular, spiral seamed
time in a room should be chosen to suit the activities there. duct is stiffer than a rectangular one and will thus provide
less damping.
As shown in the illustration on the next page, damping in
un-lined ducts is relatively modest. For this reason, it is
normally ignored when the noise in the installation is calcu-
lated, it is instead used as the margin of safety.
Attenuation in straight sheet metal ducts (1 mm sheet
metal thickness)

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Sound
Attenuation in straight sheet etal ducts Where should you put the absorption material in the
(1 mm sheet metal thickness) ducts?
The answer is obvious - where the material comes into
Attenuation
dB per m
contact with the greatest number of sound waves. Noise
which travels along a long, unlined, straight duct will be
directed by reflection against the duct walls. Absorption
0,6
material here is of less use than if it is put in a bend, a suc-
0,5 tion or pressure plenum chamber or in a straight duct just
after a fan, or anywhere where we have “turbulent sound
0,4 flow”. The more times sound bounces against the soft
A sides, the more useful the material becomes.
0,3 e
D B
C
0,2 f
0,1 g
h
0
63 125 250 500 > 1k
Middle frequency octave band Hz

Duct dimensions
Rectangular sheet metal ducts
75–200 200–400 400–800 800–1000
A B C D

Circular sheet metal ducts

Ø75–200 200–400 400–800 800–1600
e f g h

Absorption is more effective Why the curved silencer BSLU is so effective!

The damping becomes more effective if we put absor-
bent material into the duct system. The way that sound is
damped was described above, part of the sound energy
is absorbed by the absorption material which is hit by the
sound.
If the sound waves bounce enough times against porous
surfaces, the remaining sound energy, the kinetic energy
which makes your eardrums vibrate, will be so low that it
does not cause annoyance!

Straight silencers concentrate the absorption material

There is a complement to the description of sound waves
above. When the sound waves travel along a porous
surface, they will be deflected towards the duct walls. This
deflection is called, “diffraction”.
This, and the way that sound propagation is disturbed
by turbulence, gives that straight silencers can have high
attenuation.

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Sound
As we can see from the values for SLU 50 and SLU 100,
damping varies with a few simple rules:

To attenuate low frequencies (< 500 SLU 50 SLU 100

Hz) thicker absorption material is Ød1 l
Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]
Ød1 l
Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]

needed. SLU 100 is more efficient than nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

SLU 50. 315 600 0 2 4 10 22 9 6 7 315 600 2 5 9 14 12 6 4 5

315 900 2 3 7 16 31 13 8 9 315 900 3 6 13 20 19 10 6 7
315 1200 2 3 8 20 39 16 9 10 315 1200 4 8 16 27 25 15 9 10

To attenuate high frequencies (> 500 SLU 50 SLU 100

Hz), thinner absorption material is suf- Ød1 l
Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]
Ød1 l
Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]

ficient. SLU 50 is just as effective as nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

SLU 100. 315 600 0 2 4 10 22 9 6 7 315 600 2 5 9 14 12 6 4 5

315 900 2 3 7 16 31 13 8 9 315 900 3 6 13 20 19 10 6 7
315 1200 2 3 8 20 39 16 9 10 315 1200 4 8 16 27 25 15 9 10

The longer way the sound has to pass SLU 50 NOTE!

over the absorption surface the higher Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]
Ød1 l
The attenuation is not directly propor-
the attenuation. Long silencers have nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
tional to the length. The reason for this
higher attenuation than short ones. 315 600 0 2 4 10 22 9 6 7
315 900 2 3 7 16 31 13 8 9 is that you get an extra attenuation at
SLU with l = 600 attenuates more than 315 1200 2 3 8 20 39 16 9 10 cross section area changes, and all
SLU with l = 300.
silencers have two of them irrespective
of their length.
The shorter distance between the SLU 50
absorbing surfaces the higher the Ød1 l
Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]

attenuation. Silencers with small diam- nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

eter attenuates more than big ones. 200 600 1 3 8 15 28 19 12 8

200 900 2 4 11 21 37 28 16 10
SLU Ø 200 attenuates more than SLU 200 1200 2 5 14 27 46 36 21 13
Ø 315.
315 600 0 2 4 10 22 9 6 7
315 900 2 3 7 16 31 13 8 9
315 1200 2 3 8 20 39 16 9 10

For the same reason, an extra pod SLU 100 SLGPU 100
gives higher attenuation than a silencer Ød l Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]
Ød1 l
Insertion loss [dB] for centre frequncy [Hz]
1
of the same diameter, but without a nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k nom mm 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k

pod. SLGPU 100 attenuates more than 315 600 2 5 9 14 12 6 4 5 315 600 2 5 11 22 31 35 26 18
315 900 3 6 13 20 19 10 6 7 315 900 3 7 15 29 40 44 34 23
SLU 100. 315 1200 4 8 16 27 25 15 9 10 315 1200 3 8 19 36 46 50 39 26

Noise frequency influences the choice of silencer

As we see in the tables above, the damping ability varies with the frequency of sound. Before we look at the choice of
silencers, it could be a good idea to describe the concept of frequency in greater detail.
A sound source influences the surrounding air, and makes it vibrate. The character of the sound depends on the variations
in pressure which occur in the air.
Let us assume that the sound source is a vibrating plate - the changes in pressure, or the sound will then have the same
frequency as the vibrations in the plate. The strength of the sound will depend on the amount that the plate vibrates, i.e. the
amplitude of the movement. Let us start off with that:
If there is only one note, of a single frequency, the pressure will vary sinusoidally, so a pure note is referred to as a sine
wave.

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Sound
We perceive changes in sound frequency on a logarithmic
scale, i.e. it is the relative frequency and not the difference
in Hz which determines how a change in note is perceived.
A doubling of frequency is perceived as being the same,
irrespective of whether it is a change from 100 to 200 Hz,
1000 to 2000 Hz or 10 to 20 kHz.

Infra Audible sound Ultra

sound sound
The characteristics of sound propagation are: Logarithmic scale

• frequency (f), 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz

which is measured in hertz, Hz, (s-1), (and specifies

the number of times a second that a new sound wave
arrives). The logarithmic scale is usually sub-divided into octaves.
i.e. in scales where the top note is twice the frequency of
• wave length (l, “lambda”), the bottom note. This has been customary in music for a
long time.
which is measured in metres, m, (and specifies the dis-
tance between two similar points on the curve).
and
• speed of sound (c)
which is measured in m/s, (and specifies the speed of
movement of the sound wave).
These three variables have the following relationship:
c=f·l
Infra Audible sound Ultra
The speed of sound in air is also a function of pressure and
sound sound
temperature. Logarithmic scale

At normal air pressure and + 20 °C is c ≈ 340 m/s. 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz

A young person with normal hearing can hear sounds at

frequencies from 20-20 000 Hz, i.e. (in air) at wavelengths
ranging from 17 m (at 20 Hz) to app. 17 mm (at 20 kHz).
And in engineering.

Infra Ultra
sound sound
Audible sound
20 Hz 20 000 Hz

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 l i nda b | genera l i nf orma t i on a nd th eor y

Sound
is generally defined as: 10 · log (X/X0), where X is the unit
measured, i.e. the sound pressure, and X0 is a reference
level expressed in the same units. The relationship of X/X0
is thus dimensionless. The reference level from which the
dB unit is specified, is given instead. This means that you
generally express the level in dB (above X0).

Our perception of sound

We react differently to two sounds which have the same
sound pressure level and different frequencies.
Infra Audible sound Ultra
sound sound
Logarithmic scale

20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 Hz

Border frequency for octave band

22600
11300
1408

2820

5640
176

352

704
22

44

88

16 31,5 63 125 250 500 Hz 1 2 4 8 16 kHz

Geometrical centre frequency for octave band

Curves which describe how people normally perceive

The concept of decibel sounds of varying strength and frequency have been
The stronger the sound is, the harder the particles of air constructed through experiments on large numbers of
will bump into each other. volunteers. These so-called hearing level curves are
designated by the sound pressure level for each curve at
a frequency of 1 kHz. The unit used for the curves is the
phon.

Hearing level curves

Sound pressure level dB (over 20 mPa)

Hearing level (phon)
140 140
130
130 130
120
120 120
110
110 110
100
100 100
90
90 90
Sound pressure changes in the audible area can vary 80
80 80
within very wide limits. Some sounds are so weak that we 70
70 70
can not hear them. The so-called audible limit varies with
60
frequency and is 20 mPa at about 1000 Hz . 60 60
50
50 50
Other sounds are so loud that we risk hearing damage. 40
40 40
The pain limit, the sound pressure which causes pain in 30
30 30
your ears also varies with frequency, but is about 20 Pa at
20
1000 Hz. This means that it is a million times louder than 20 20
10
the weakest sound we can perceive. 10 10
Hearing threshold
0 0
We also perceive changes in sound pressure on a loga-
rithmic scale. A sound level concept using the decibel 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
15000
(dB) as the unit, has been created to express comparable Frequence (Hz)
values.
The dB unit, which is used in many different applications, Example:
The sound pressure level 70 dB at 50 Hz is normally
perceived as being as loud as 50 dB at 1000 Hz.

Sound levels

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Sound
Choosing silencers
The fan is the primary sound source in a ventilation
system, but intrusive noise can also be caused by an
unsuitable choice of duct components and terminal units:
Lw = 40 + 10 · log q + 20 · log pt dB (above 1 pW)
q = air flow (in m³/s) through the fan
pt = total pressure rise (in Pa) in the fan
40 = “specific noise power level” which considers the effi-
ciency of the fan at its point of operation, and the SI units
Several methods are used to compare the disturbance for q and pt.
caused by two different sounds, and where the perception
of the ear to noise has been modelled. The noise generated in the fan must be attenuated in the
duct system, at some point before the room terminal unit.
Some of the attenuation is “natural”, examples are given
above. This attenuation is often not enough, and addi-
tional silencers can be put in the duct system - in the main
channel near the fan to damp the fan noise to all the duct
branches or in the branch ducts only to damp particularly
sensitive rooms.
Low air speeds should be selected in the ducts, to avoid
disturbing noise in the rooms.
• At a given air speed, a doubling of that speed corre-
sponds to a 12 dB increase in noise levels.
Low air speeds also cut operating costs.
• At a given air speed, the fan power required increases
as the square of the air speed.
The simplest way is to compare their “weighted” sound In this example, calculation has shows that the existing
levels. The incoming sound is filtered in an electronic filter attenuation in the duct system is not enough. The table
to reduce the components, mostly the low-frequency shows that more attenuation is needed. What to choose?
components, where the ear is not so sensitive, and amplify
the components between 1 and 4 kHz, where we are most Example
sensitive.
Sound meters usually have three electronic filters, A-, B- Duct Ø315
and C-filter. The A-filter is mostly used these days, where
the result, the “weighted” sound level, is expressed in dB
(A)

Attenuation dB (above 20 mPa)

0
C 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
A
-10 Before X X X X X X X X dB
B C
-20 B After X X X X X X X X dB
Difference 2 4 9 19 21 12 7 7 dB
-30

-40
A
Lindab has a large range of silencers with varying charac-
-50
teristics and dimensions. Lets see what might fit!
-60
2 5 102 2 5 103 2 5 104 2 Hz
31 63 125 250 500 1 2 4 8 16 kHz
)

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Sound
SLU-50 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Required 2 4 9 19 21 12 7 7
600 0 2 4 10 22 9 6 7
900 2 3 7 16 31 13 8 9
1200 2 3 8 20 39 16 9 10 ←

This is the narrowest silencer, so the longest one, 1200

mm, should be selected to meet the requirements. The
deviations at the 125 and 250 Hz band, 1 dB, are small and
will not be noticeable. This is one of the possible alterna-
tives
SLU-100 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Required 2 4 9 19 21 12 7 7
600 2 5 9 14 12 6 4 5
900 3 6 13 20 19 10 6 7 ←
1200 4 8 16 27 25 15 9 10

This silencer has a thicker layer of absorbing material (100

mm instead of 50 mm) and thus has better low frequency
insertion loss, but also has a larger external diameter than
SLU-50. To meet the requirements, you should choose the
longer one, 900 mm. The deviations at the 1k - 8k freque-
cies are small and will not be noticeable. This is another of
the possible alternatives.
SLGPU 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Required 2 4 9 19 21 14 7 7
600 2 5 11 22 31 35 26 18 ←
900 3 7 15 29 40 44 34 23
1200 3 8 19 36 46 50 39 26

This silencer has the same thickness of absorbing material

as SLU 100 (100 mm) but also has a 100 mm thick baffle
which increases damping (but also the pressure drop
across the silencer). You only have to choose the shortest
one, 600 mm, to meet the requirements at all frequencies
by a wide margin. This is still another possible alternative.

The final choice of alternatives is determined by other

considerations:
• SLU-50 1200
if there is space lengthways, (but perhaps tight at the
sides).
• SLU-100 900
shorter, but needs more room at the sides.
• SLGPU 600
If the lengthways space is limited and if the slight
increase in total pressure drop is not important - e.g. in
a branch duct where part of the available pressure has
to be restricted anyway when the air flows are adjusted.
Decide how safe the values in the sound calculation are,
and choose a silencer with the corresponding margin of
safety. It is always more expensive and more difficult to
add attenuation afterwards, if it was not installed from the
beginning. If the users ever become dissatisfied with the
noise, it is difficult to get them to change their views.

We reserve the right to make changes without prior notice 33

2022.06.09
Most of us spend the majority of our time indoors. In-
door climate is crucial to how we feel, how productive
we are and if we stay healthy.

We at Lindab have therefore made it our most important

objective to contribute to an indoor climate that improves
people’s lives. We do this by developing energy-efficient
ventilation solutions and durable building products. We
also aim to contribute to a better climate for our planet
by working in a way that is sustainable for both people
and the environment.
Lindab | For a better climate