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-LAB Report Fluid

Mechanical Engineering (Universiti Malaysia Perlis)

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ENT 242
FLUID DYNAMICS
LAB REPORT 1
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

Student Name : MUHAMMAD NABIL BIN ABDUL NASSER

Matrix No : 171110702
Session : (GROUP 2-TUESDAY 2.30-4.30)

Lecturer : DR.NUR SAIFULLAH BIN KAMARRUDIN

Teaching Engineer: MR. MOHD ANUAR BIN MAT

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EXPERIMENT 1 : BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

A. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

This experiment offers the vertification of Bernoulli’s Theorem using venturi meter.

B. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate and verify Bernoulli’s Theorem

C. EXPERIMENT APPARATUS

a) Venturi
The venturi meter is made of transparent acrylic with the following specifications:
Throat diameter: 16 mm
Upstream diameter: 26 mm
Designed flow rate: 20 LPM

b) Manometer
There are eight manometer tubes; each length 320 mm, for static pressure are total head
measuring along the venturi meter. The manometer tubes are connected to an bleed screw for air
release as well as tubes pressurization

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c) Baseboard
The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with 4 height adjustable stands to level the venture
meter.

d) Discharge valve
One discharge valve is installed at the venture discharge section for flow rate control.

e) Connections
Hose Connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.

f) Hydraulic Bench
Sump tank: 120 L
Volumetric tank: 50 L
Centrifugal pump: 0.6kW, 60 LPM

D. PROCEDURE OF THE EXPERIMENT

1.The clear acrylic test section was installed with the converging section upstream. The unions
are checked to be tighten rightfully (hand tight only).Necessarily dismantled the test section then
the total pressure probe was withdrawn fully (but not pulled out of its guide in the downstream
coupling) before releasing the coupling.

2. The apparatus was located on the flat top of the bench.

3.The spirit level was attached to baseboard and the unit on top of the bench was leveled by
adjusting the feet.

4. The water was filled into the volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench until approximately 90%
full.

5.The flexible inlet tube was connected using the quick release coupling in the bed of channel.

6.A flexible hose was connected to the outlet and make sure that it is directed into the channel.

7.The discharge valve was partially opened at the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit.

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8.The bench flow control valve was fully closed, V1 then pump was switch ON.

9.V1 was opened gradually and the piping was allowed to fill with water until all air has been
expelled from the system.

10. “Trapped Bubbles” in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube was checked and removed. It has
been remove them from the system for better accuracy.
To remove air bubbles, you will have to bleed the air out as follow:
i. Get a pen or screw driver to press the air bleed valve at the top right side of
manometer board.
ii. Press air bleed valve lightly to allow fluid and trapped air to escape out.
(Take care or you will wet yourself or the premise).
Allow sufficient time for bleeding until all bubbles escape.
11.At this point,we would see water flowing into the venturi and discharge into collection
tank of hydraulic bench.

12.The bench flow control valve, V1 was adjusted to a minimum measurable flow rate.

13.After the level stabilizes, the water flow rate was measured using volumetric method by
taking time needed to fill up 20 litres of water in the volumetric tank. 2 measurements was taken
and the timings was recorded in order to calculate (average) flow rate.

14.The hypodermic tube (total head measuring) was gently slided connected to manometer #G,
so that its end reaches the cross section of the Venturi tube at #A. Wait for some time and the
readings was noted down from manometer #G and #A. The reading shown by manometer #G is
the sum of the static head and velocity heads, i.e. the total (or stagnation) head (h*), because the
hypodermic tube is held against the flow of fluid forcing it to a stop (zero velocity). The reading
in manometer #A measures just the pressure head (hi*), because it is connected to the Venturi
tube pressure tap, which does not obstruct the flow, thus measuring the flow static pressure.

15.Step 5 was repeated for other cross sections (#B, #C, #D, #E and #F).

16.Step 3 to 6 was repeated with two other increasing flow rates by regulating the bench flow
control valve, V1.

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E. EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS

1st Flow rate

Time = 64.2 s

Cross BERNOULLI’S EQUATION CONTINUITY EQUATION

section

Vib=

hg hi √ 2 g ×(hg−hi) Ai Vic= |V Ic−V Ib|

(mm) (mm) (m²) Qav ÷ Ai ❑
(m/s)

A 193 181 0.4852 0.000531 0.587 0.1018

B 190 176 0.5241 0.000366 0.851 0.329

C 189 120 1.1635 0.000201 1.55 0.3865

D 186 149 0.8520 0.000314 0.992 0.1400

E 184 165 0.5943 0.000380 0.819 0.2247

F 182 169 0.5050 0.000531 0.587 0.082

2nd Flow rate

Time = 85.2 s

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Cross BERNOULLI’S EQUATION CONTINUITY EQUATION

section

Vib= |V Ic−V Ib|

hg hi √ 2 g ×(hg−hi) Ai Vic= ❑
(mm) (mm) (m²) Qav ÷ Ai
(m/s)

A 190 174 0.5603 0.000531 0.442 0.1183

B 188 165 0.6718 0.000366 0.641 0.038

C 186 108 1.2371 0.000201 1.168 0.0691

D 184 144 0.8859 0.000314 0.747 0.1389

E 183 152 0.7799 0.000380 0.618 0.161

F 181 160 0.6419 0.000531 0.442 0.1999aq

(1)CALCULATION

Formulae:
2
A i=Π D /4 , Vic=Qav / Ai , Qav=20l /t , Vib= √ 2 g ×( hg−hi)
|V Ic−V Ib|
Percentage of Difference: ×100
V IC

1st flow rate at Cross Section A

Vib= √2 g ×( hg−hi) Vic=Qav / Ai

Vib= √2( 9.81)×(193× 1 0−3−181 ×1 0−3❑) 10−4

¿ 3.1152 × 5.31 x 1 0−4
❑
=0.4852 m/s =0.5867 m/s

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|V Ic −V Ib|
Percentage difference = ×100 = 0.587-0.4852/0.587=17.34%
V IC

1st flow rate at Cross Section B

Vib= √2 g ×( hg−hi) Vic=Qav / Ai
Vib= √2( 9.81)×(190× 1 0 −176 × 10
−3 −3❑ −4 −4
) ¿ 3.1152 ×1 0 /3.66 0 x 10
=0.5241 m/s =0.851 m/s

|V Ic−V Ib|
Percentage difference = ×100 = 0.851-0.5241/0.851=38.41%
V IC

1st flow rate at Cross Section C

Vib= √2 g ×( hg−hi) Vic=Qav / Ai
−4
Vib= √2( 9.81)×(189× 10−3−120 ×1 0−3❑) ¿ 3.1152 ×
10
2.01 X 10−4
❑
=1.1635m/s =1.55 m/s

|V Ic −V Ib|
Percentage difference = ×100 = 1.1635-1.55/1.55=24.9%
V IC

1st flow rate at Cross Section D

Vib= √2 g ×( hg−hi) Vic=Qav / Ai
Vib= √2( 9.81)×(186 ×1 0 −149 ×1 0
−3 −3❑ −4 −4
) = 3.1152 ×1 0 /3.14 0 x 10
=0.8520 m/s =0.992 m/s
|V Ic −V Ib|
Percentage difference = ×100 = 0.992-0.8520/0.8520=14.11%
V IC
CALCULATION FOR 2ND FLOW RATE IS THE SAME

(2)Graph of Total Pressure Head,Hg against Tapping Point

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The Total Pressure The Total Pressure Tapping water diameter

hG(mm) 1st flow rate hG(mm) 2nd Flow Rate (mm)
193 190 26
190 188 21.6
189 186 16
186 184 20
184 183 22
182 181 26

Total Pressure Head

1st Flow Rate 2nd Flow Rate2

194193

192
190 190
190 189
188
188
186 186
Total Pressure Head

186
184 184
184 183
182
182 181

180

178

176

174
26 21.6 16 20 22 26

Tapping Point

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(3)Graph of Variation of Centreline Velocity ,Vib against Tapping Point

Vib,1st Flow rate Vib,2nd Flow Rate Tapping water diameter

(mm)
0.4852 0.5603 26
0.5241 0.6718 21.6
1.1635 1.2371 16
0.8520 0.8859 20
0.5943 0.7799 22
0.5050 0.6419 26

1st Flow Rate 2nd Flow Rate

1.4

1.2 1.16

1
Variation of centerline Velocity

0.85

0.8

0.59
0.6 0.52
0.49 0.49

0.4

0.2

0
26 21.6 16 20 22 26

Tapping point

(4)Graph of Vriation of Mean Velocity,Vic Against Tapping Point

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Vic,1st flow rate Vic,2nd Flow Rate Tapping water diameter

(mm)
0.587 0.442 26
0.851 0.641 21.6
1.55 1.168 16
0.992 0.747 20
0.819 0.618 22
0.587 0.442 26

Variation of Mean velocity

1st Flow Rate 2nd Flow Rate

1.8

1.6 1.55

1.4

1.17
Variation of Mean Velocity

1.2

0.99
1
0.85 0.82
0.8 0.75
0.64 0.62
0.59 0.59
0.6
0.44 0.44
0.4

0.2

0
26 21.6 16 20 22 26

Tapping Point

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F. DISCUSSION/EVALUATION & QUESTION

1.Comment on the variation both velocity with tapping the point position.

According to the result of experiment above, we can say that the Vib AND Vic achieved is not
accurate based on the actual value .These might be cause of errors in reading at cross section
A,B,C,D,E and F. Eventhough the reading is not that accurate to the actual value,we can get a
smooth graph based on the experimental value.Thus the reading or the experiment is valid to be
compared to the theoretical value.

2. Are results similar? If there is any discrepancy, what are possible sources of error?

There are many discrepancy that happened throught out the experiment that may have effect the
result .Several possible sources of error are when the reader reads the readings of the manometer
,the eye was not positioned correctly to the scale of reading.Next,when conducting this
experiment,the time keeper must be alert to set the exact on when the experiment finishes so that
the value of Qav can be calculated accurately.Lastly,Presence of air bubbles can also effect the
scale reading during the experiment.

3.In this experiment, why we must remove the “Trapped Bubbles” in the glass tube or
plastic transfer tube? Explain your answer.

Its compulsory to remove the trapped bubbles in the glass tube or plastic transfer tube because it
can affect the meniscus reading of water Hg and Ha in the manometer.This will result in an
inaccurate result tabulation while plotting the graph.

4. Which velocity Vib or Vic is higher ? Explain your answer.

Vib is should be the same or slightly higher as Vic,but in this case of the experiment with the
few errors that happen,The value of Vib sometimes is lower than Vic. Vic Vic took area of cross
section into consideration, which when area increase velocity decrease. Vic is directly
proportional to the area. From the calculations we observed that all of calculated from a Vib in
1st flow rate is lower than Vic but in 2nd flow rate the Vib is higher.This happens because the
errors that we encountered .By calculating the percentage difference we can conclude that Vib
and Vic value is not far differenc. Theoretically Two different equation has been used to
determine the velocity of water. Bernoulli`s Equation Vib is calculated by using continuity
equation while Vic in different way.The continuity equation is the conservation of mass on a

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steady flow process through a control volume. With uniform density of water, the velocity is
equal to volumetric flow rate over area. Thus, the value of Vib is different than Vic due to
different usage of formulas to calculate both Vic and Vib

5.Why the water levels in the various Manometer tubes are different?

The level of water in the each manometer tubes A,B,C,D,E,F are different because the cross
sectional area of A, B, C, D, E and F have the different diameter.Area can be calculated by
Π D2
A i= The smaller the cross sectional area, the bigger the pressure,the higher the
4
water levels in manometer which indicates high velocity of water.

6.Suppose mercury instead of water was used as the manometer fluid. How would this
affect the accuracy of the measurements if no other changes in the apparatus or procedure
were made?

Mercury is much denser than water. More time will be needed to raise mercury thru the
manometer because it is consider to be heavy compsred to water.The higher the density of fluid
the more time taken for the fluid to raise in manometer .Eventhough Mercury take more time to
raise in manometer, it can be consider as a good fluid to be used because it does not stick on the
tube and would not produce any bubbles like water which may effect the scale of reading .

G. CONCLUSION

From the experiment that has been done,we have managed to demonstrate a successful
experiment on Bernoulli’s Theorem.We learned on how different cross sectional area will give
different pressure and different velocity and thus changing the flow rates on each of the
segments.By calculating the value of This experiment is most suitable to be used to verify
Bernoulli’s Theorem as the thoeretical value and the experimental value calculated is not much
different.However,several precaution could be taken to improve the the result of the Experiment

Some industrial application of the Bernoulli’s Theorem are most commonly being heard of which
is airflight . The main way that Bernoulli's principle works in airplanes has to do with the
architecture of the wings of the plane. Air travels across both the top and the bottom of the wing
of a plane concurrently. Because both the top part and the bottom part of the plane are designed
differently, this allows for the air on the bottom to move slower, which creates more pressure on
the bottom, and allows for the air on the top to move faster, which creates less pressure. This is
what creates lift.One more application is the Carburetor .The carburetor works on Bernoulli's
principle according to the faster the air moves, the lower its static pressure, and the higher its
dynamic pressure.

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H. REFERENCES

1.Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780340676493/introduction-to-fluid-mechanics

2.Çengel, Y. A., & Cimbala, J. M. (2018). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and applications.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill

3.Bober, W., & Kenyon, R. A. (1991). Fluid mechanics. Herndon, VA: TechBooks.

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