WORKSHEET & ASSIGNMENT CH.

CHAPTER- 8

ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON
ALIPHATIC HYDRCARBON

1. Intro:

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON

1. Draw a sketch:

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 WORKSHEET & ASSIGNMENT CH.8

NOMENCLATURE

1. Common or Trivial names:

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e.g

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2. IUPAC Name:

(i) Principle:

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(ii) Nomenclature of alkyl group:

Structure of Structure of Name of

Parent Name Parent alkane alkyl group Alkyl group

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(iii) Nomenclature of Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne:

Rule Allkane Alkene Alkyne

1. Selection of
parent chain

2. Numbering

3. Position of c=c
and c=c bond

4. Position of
substituent

5. More than one

substituent

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6. Two substituent
on the same
carbon atom

7. Two or more
substituent’s
Identical

8. Two chain of
equal length

9. Branching at
equal distance

Compound containing double triple bonds simultaneously

ALKANES OR PARAFINS

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1. Def:

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2. General Methods of preparation:

Method of Preparation Equation Explanation

1. Hydrogenation of
unsaturated
hydrocarbon

2. From alkyl halides

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3. Decarboxylation of
Monocarboxylic acids

(i) From sodium salt

of fatty acid

(ii) Kolbe’s
Electyrolytic
Method

4. From carbonyl
compounds

5. From Grignard
reagents

3. Physical properties:

Preparation Explanation

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 WORKSHEET & ASSIGNMENT CH.8

1. Physical state

2. Melting and
boiling point

3. Density

4. Solubility

5. Physical
constant

4. Reactivity of Alkanes:

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5. Inertness of  -bond:

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6. Reactions:

Reaction Explanation with equations

a) Complete combustion

1. Combustion b) Incomplete combustion

2. Catalytic
oxidation

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3. Nitration

4. Halogenation

7. Uses of Methane:

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ALKENES

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1. Def:

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2. General Methods of Preparathion:

Method Equation Explanation

1. Dehydrogenation of
Alkyl halides

2. Dehydration of
Alcohols

3. Dehalogenation of
vicinal dihalides

4. Kolbe’s electrolytic
method

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5. Partial hydrogenation
of Alkynes

3. Physical Properties:

Property Explanation

1. Physical state

2. Solubility

3. Polar properties

4. Reactivity of  bond:

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5. Reactions:

(i) Hydrogenation:

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Feature Detail

1. Def

2. Equations

3. Catalyst used

4. Raney nickel

5. Heat of
hydrogenation

6. Application in
industry

7. Application in
laboratory

(ii) Addition of halogens:

Feature Explanation

1. Alkyl halides
formation

2. e.g

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3. Markownikov’s
Rule

4. Mechanism

(iii) Addition of sulphuric acid and hypohalous acid:

Feature Sulphuric Acid Hypohalous Acid

1. Explanation

2. E.g

(iv) Addition of Halogens:

Feature Explanation

1. Def

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2. e.g

3. Mechanism

(v) Oxidation reaction:

Reaction Explanation With Equation

1. Addition of
oxygen

2. Hydroxylation

3. Combustion

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4. Ozonolysis

(vi) Polymerization:

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6. Uses of Ethene:

(i)

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(ii)

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(iii)

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(iv)

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(vi)

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ALKYNES

1. Def:

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2. General Methods of preparation:

Reaction Explanation With Equation

1. Dehydrohal
ogenation of
vicinal dihaldes

2. Dehalogenation
of tetrahalides

3. Kolbe’s
electrolysis
method

4. Industrial
preparation of
ethyne

3. Physical characteristics:

Property Explanation

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1. Physical
state

2. Melting and
boiling
point

3. Polarity

4. Solubility

4. Reactivity of Alkyne:

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5. Reactions:

(i) Addition reactions:

Reaction Equation Explanation

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1. Addition of
Hydrogen

2. Addition of
Halogens

3. Addition of
Halogen acids

4. Addition of
H2o

5. Addition of
NH3 and
hydrogen
cyride

(ii) Oxidation reaction:

Reaction Equation Explanation

1. Oxidation

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2. Combustion

(iii) Polymerization reactions:

Reaction Equation Explanation

1. Conversion of
acelyene to
divinyl acetylene

2. Conversion of
acetylene to
benzene

(iv) Acidic nature of Alkynes:

a) Explanation:

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b) e.g:

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6. Uses of Ethyne:

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Comparison of Reactivities of Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes

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 Chemistry 12 Written By : Prof.Rana Hassan Tariq

CH # 08. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

Exercise & Previous Boards Short Questions
1. Write structural formulas of the following: (a) But-1-en-3-yne (b) Vinyl acetylene
2. Write structural formulas of: (a) 1,3-Butadiene (b) Vinyl bromide
3. When double bond and triple bonds are present in a compound how are they named?
4. Write down structural formulas of following compounds: (a) 3-Ethylpentane (b) 4-Ethyl-3, 4-dimethylheptane
5. Write names of the following compounds by I.U.P.A.C. system.
(a) (CH3)2 C = CH2 (b) CH  C – CH = CH  CH
6. Write the structure formulas of 2-Methyl-2-butene.
7. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system:
(i) (H3C)2C = CH – CH3 (ii) (H3C)2CH.CH(C2H5)(CH2).CH.(CH3)2

8. Write down structural formulas of the following:

(a) 2-Methylpropane (b) Neopentane
(c) 3-Ethylpentane (d) 2, 2-Dimethylpentane
9. Write correct names of compounds by IUPC system.
(a) 4-methyl pentane (b) 3,3,5-Trimethyl hexane.
10. Write structural formulas of the following compounds:
(i) Isobutylene (ii) 1,3-Butadiene (iii) Vinyl bromide
(iv) But-3-en-1-yne (v) Vinyl acetylene
11. Why alkanes are less reactive?
12. Sigma bond is relatively inert why?
13. How non – polarity of Alkanes is related to their unreactivity?
14. What is hydrogenolysis? Give an example.
15. What are Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner’s reduction reactions? How they differ?
16. Write chemical equations for preparation of propene from: (a) CH3CH2CH2Br (b) CH3CH2CH2OH
17. Write effect of branching on melting point of alkanes.
18. Why the boiling point of n-butane is greater than iso-butane? Or The boiling points of straight chain
hydrocarbons are greater than the isomeric branched chain hydrocarbons. Justify.
19. Convert (a) C3H7Cl  CH3 – CH ═ CH2 (b) C3H7Cl  CH3 – CH2 – CH2OH
20. Convert Ethyl bromide into (a) Ethane (b) n- Butane.
21. Convert CH4 to CH2O.
22. How Methane is converted to Propanoic Acid?
23. Write four uses of methane.
24. Why Alkenes are called olefins?
25. Define hydrogenation. Give its two applications.
26. What is Raney's nickel? Where and when it works?
27. How cis-Alkenes and trans-alkenes are obtained from alkynes?
28. How is cis-2-Butene prepared from an alkyne? Give its chemical reaction.
29. What is Lindlar’s catalyst? Give its use.
30. Explain Markownikov’s rule with suitable example.
31. What is Baeyer's test?
32. What happen when alkenes are treated with cold concentrated sulphuric acid? Also boil the product with water.
33. How Ethene can be converted into Ethylene Glycol?
34. What is Polymerization? How high quality polyethylene is obtained from Ethene?
35. How will you prepare following compounds from ethene? (a) ethyl alcohol (b) ethylene epoxide
36. What is ozonolysis? Give one example.
37. How will you convert Methane into Ethane?
38. Convert ethene to: (a) Chlorohydrin (b) Ethylene oxide
39. Using ethyne as a starting material how would you get ethyl alcohol?
40. Give four uses of ethene.
41. How is mustard gas prepared? Give its use.
42. Why alkynes are less reactive than alkenes towards electrophilic regents?
43. Why alkynes are more reactive than alkenes towards nucleophilic reagents?
44. How are alkynes prepared from vicinal dihalides? / What happens when vic-dihalide is treated with Zn-dust?
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45. How ethyne is prepared on Industrial scale?

46. How will you synthesize following compounds from ethyne: (a) Benzene (b) Chloroprene
47. Convert: (a) Acetylene ⎯→ Benzene (b) Vinyl acetylene ⎯→ Chloroprene
48. Convert ethyne into acetaldehyde.
49. Convert propyne into acetone.
50. Benzene is polymer of acetylene. Justify.
51. Give chemical reactions for the preparation of oxalic acid from ethyne.
52. Give reactions of HCN and NH3 with CH  CH. Also mentioned reaction condition.
53. How C2H2 reacts with: (a) 10% H2SO4/HgSO4 (b) HBr
54. How does Acetylene react with HBr?
55. How will you synthesize methyl nitrile from ethyne?
56. Convert Ethyne into Oxalic Acid.
57. How will you distinguish acetylene and ethene?
58. Describe a test for the presence of unsaturation in organic molecules.
59. Why Alkynes are slightly acidic in nature? Justify with an example.
60. How C2H2 reacts with: (a) Water (10%H2SO4 & HgSO4) (b) HBr
61. How will you convert 1-Butene to 1-Butyne?
62. How acetylene can be converted into chloroprene? Give equation.
63. How Tollen’s reagent (ammoniacal solution of AgNO3) can be used to distinguish between 1-Butyne and 2- Butyne?
64. Mention two uses of Ethyne.
Exercise & Previous Boards Long Questions
1. What are rules for naming alkenes and alkynes? Explain with suitable examples.
2. Write down four methods of preparation of Alkane. Two from alkyl halides and two from carbonyl compounds
i.e. (aldehyde and ketone)
3. Write two methods for the preparation of Alkanes from Alkyl halides.
4. Prepare ethane from Kolbe’s electrolytic method. Write down its mechanism.
5. Explain with equations how Alkanes can be prepared from:
(i) Acids (ii) Grignard’s Reagent
6. Describe the preparation of ethane (CH3 – CH3) by each of the following methods.
(i) by decarboxylation of monocarboxylic acids (ii) by Kolbe’s electrolytic method
7. Write a note on halogenations of alkanes. / Explain free radical mechanism for the reaction of chlorine with
methane in the presence of sunlight.
8. Write two methods for the preparation of alkenes.
9. Write the chemical reaction of ethane with the following:
(i) HCl (ii) Br2 (iii) O3 (iv) HOX
10. Write the reactions of ethene with:
(i) HOCl (ii) dilute KMnO4 (iii) Ozone (iv) S2Cl2
11. How will you make the following conversions from an alkene.
(i) 2-Bromopropane (ii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane
(iii) 2-propanol (iv) Propylene oxide
12. How will you convert ethene into:
(i) ethyl alcohol (ii) ethylene epoxide (iii) ethylene glycol (iv) ethylene chlorohydrin
13. How will you make the following conversions?
(i) n-propyl bromide into propane (ii) Propanoic acid into Ethane
(iii) Ethane into Methane (iv) 2-Butyne into Cis-2-Butene
14. Write down structural formulae for the products formed when 1-Butene reacts with:
(i) Cold dil. KMnO4 / OH– (ii) HBr
(iii) O2 in the presence of Ag2O (iv) HOCl
15. Give any four methods for the preparation of ethyne.
16. Prepare ethyne and ethane starting from appropriate salt of carboxylic acid.
17. Define polymerization. Explain polymerization reaction of Acetylene.
18. How does ethyne react with:
(i) Alkaline KMnO4 (ii) 10% H2SO4 in the presence of HgSO4
(iii) HBr (iv) NH3
19. How will you synthesize the following compounds starting from ethyne?
(i) Acetaldehyde (ii) Methyl nitrile (iii) Ethane (iv) Acrylonitrile
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20. How will you prepare following from Ethyne (Equations only):
(i) Acetaldehyde (ii) Benzene (iii) Ethane (iv) Oxalic acid
21. How will you convert ethyne to:
(i) ethane (ii) acetaldehyde (iii) divinylacetylene (iv) glyoxal
22. How does Propyne react with following reagents?
(i) AgNO3 /NH4OH (ii) Cu2Cl2 / NH4OH
(iii) H2O / H2SO4 HgSO4 (iv) NaNH2
23. Discuss acidic nature of alkynes with examples.
24. How can following conversions be carried out:
(i) Ethane → Methane (ii) Methane → Ethane
25. How will you bring about the following conversions?
(i) 1-Butene to 1-Butyne (ii) 1-Propanol to CH3.CH(OH).CH2Cl
26. How will you make the following conversions?
(i) n-propyl bromide into propane (ii) Propanoic acid into Ethane
(iii) Ethane into Methane (iv) 2-Butyne into Cis-2-Butene