1. Cell Biology (Core) – 1.

1 Introduction to cells
Name:

Understandings, Applications and Skills (This is what you maybe assessed on)

Statement Guidance
1.1.U1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are
composed of cells.
1.1.U2 Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all Students are expected to be able to name
functions of life in that cell. and briefly explain these functions of life:
nutrition, metabolism, growth, response,
excretion, homeostasis and reproduction.
1.1.U3 Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of
cell size.
1.1.U4 Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from
the interaction of their cellular components.
1.1.U5 Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in
multicellular organisms.
1.1.U6 Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and
not others in a cell’s genome.
1.1.U7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along
different pathways is necessary in embryonic development
and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.
1.1.A1 Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples,
including striated muscle, giant algae and aseptate fungal
hyphae.
1.1.A2 Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable
named photosynthetic unicellular organism. photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should
be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically.
1.1.A3 Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one
other named condition.
1.1.A4 Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially
created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a
new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues.
1.1.S1 Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of Scale bars are useful as a way of indicating
cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the actual sizes in drawings and micrographs.
magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures
and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs.
(Practical 1)

Recommended resources:
http://www.bioknowledgy.info/11-introduction-to-cells.html

Allott, Andrew. Biology: Course Companion. S.l.: Oxford UP, 2014. Print.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

1.1.U1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells.

1. State the three core ideas of cell theory:

1.

2.

3.

2. What evidence supports the idea that living organisms are composed of cells?

a. Living organisms are …

b. Organelles …
c. Cells multiply …

1.1.A1 Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including striated muscle, giant algae and
aseptate fungal hyphae. AND Nature of Science: Looking for trends and discrepancies - although most
organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions. (3.1)

3. For each atypical example outline how it challenges conventional cell theory

a. Striated muscle

challenges the idea that a cell has one nucleus

Muscle cells have more than one nucleus per cell
Muscle Cells called fibres can be very long (300mm)
They are surrounded by a single plasma membrane but they are multi-nucleated (many
nuclei).
This does not conform to the standard view of a small single nuclei within a cell

b. Giant algae

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

 c. Aseptate fungal hyphae

1.1.U2 Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell.

4. State the functions of life, as demonstrated by all living organisms.

M - Metabolism

R -

H -

G -

R -

E -

N -

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

1.1.A2 Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular
organism.

5. Below is an image of a paramecium. Label and annotate the image to indicate how it performs each
of the functions of life.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

6. Below is an image of a paramecium. Label and annotate the image to indicate how it performs each
of the functions of life.

1.1.U3 Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size.

7. Explain why small cells are more efficient than big cells:

●
●
●

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

8. As a cell grows in size eventually the metabolic rate increases beyond it’s ability to exchange
materials and waste causing the cell to die. To prevent this increase in cell size is used as a trigger
for cell division. The smaller cells restore a viable SA:vol.

a. What mechanisms other than cell division to cells use to maintain viable, efficient SA:Vol
ratios?

●
●
●

b. What mechanisms other than cell division to multicellular organisms use to maintain viable,
efficient SA:Vol ratios?
●
●

9. Extension: describe how the invasive Caulerpa algae genus break the rules of SA:Vol (you will have
to research this point – include your citations below your answer)

1.1.U4 Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular
components.

10. Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life, multi-cellular organisms differentiate and
show emergent properties.
a. Describe what is meant by the term emergent properties.

b. Outline the advantages of cells differentiating to carry out specific functions.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

1.1.U6 Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome.

11. All cells in an organism share the same, identical, genome (i.e. they all possess the same genetic
information).

a. In which type of cells is the entire genome active?

b. Describe how newly formed cells become specialised.

(Extension: refer to the packaging of genes in your answer)

1.1.U5 Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.

12. Collections of similar cells are called tissues. How many different distinct highly specialised cell types
have been recognised in humans?

1.1.U7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in
embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.

13. Describe what is meant by the term stem cell.

14. Define the following types of stem cells. Giving an example of each:

a. Totipotent

b. Pluripotent

c. Multipotent

d. Unipotent

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

1.1.A3 Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.

15. Complete the table to detail the use of stem cells in the treatment of specific conditions.

Condition Stargardt's macular dystrophy

Outline the ● Affects around one in 10,000

condition and
children
the problems
it causes ● Recessive genetic (inherited)
condition
● The mutation causes an active
transport protein on photoreceptor
cells to malfunction
● The photoreceptor cells
degenerate
● the production of a dysfunctional
protein that cannot perform energy
transport
● that causes progressive, and
eventually total, loss of central
vision

Describe
treatment of
the condition
using stem
cells

The benefit of Stem cells are currently the only viable

using stem
treatment for this condition.
cells

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

1.1.A4 Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical
cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues. AND Nature of Science: Ethical
implications of research—research involving stem cells is growing in importance and raises ethical
issues. (4.5)

16. Complete the table to compare the different sources of stem cells available:

Comparison of stem cell sources

Embryo Cord blood Adult
Differentiatio Can differentiate into Limited capacity to
n
any cell type differentiate (without
inducement only
naturally divide into
blood cells)

Genetic Due to accumulation of

damage
mutations through the life of the
adult genetic damage can
occur

Compatibility

17. Therapeutic cloning remains a controversial area of medicine.

a. Outline the main arguments for therapeutic cloning

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

 b. Outline the main arguments against therapeutic cloning

1.1.S1 Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells.
Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown
in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1)

18. The diagram below shows the characteristic rod-shaped structure of E. coli bacteria.

a. Calculate the magnification of the image.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

b. State the method (shown here) by which bacteria reproduce.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

19. Calculate the actual size of the structures delineated in yellow.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

20. Calculate the magnification of these scale bars:

21. What is the magnification of these images?

a. Scale bar 10µm measures 40mm on the image.

b. Scale bar 5µm measures 25mm on the image.

22. A micrograph has a scale bar of 2µm, which measures 40mm on the image. Measuring the maximum
length of the cell in the image, the ruler reads 180mm. How long is the cell?

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)

23. A student views an image of a cell magnified 350 times. The image is 250mm long. What is the
actual length of the sample in the image?

Citations:

Allott, Andrew. Biology: Course Companion. S.l.: Oxford UP, 2014. Print.

Taylor, Stephen. "Essential Biology 02.1 Cell Theory.docx." Web. 17 Aug. 2014.
<https://www.box.net/shared/r2o3scijx1>.

http://www.bioknowledgy.info/ (Chris Paine)