PMC-403

List of Practical

1. Write a program to draw a line using DDA line generation algorithm

2. Write a program to draw a line using Bresenham’s line generation algorithm
3. Write a program to draw a circle using midpoint circle generation algorithm
4. Write a program to draw a circle using Bresenham’s circle generation algorithm
5. Write a program to implement boundary fill algorithm to fill a triangle.
6. Write a program to implement flood fill algorithm to fill a circle.
7. Write a program to implement Liang-Barsky line clipping algorithm.

8. Write a program to implement 2D reflection of a triangle.

9. Write a program to scale a triangle about origin
10. Write a program to rotate a triangle
11. Write a program to draw an ellipse using midpoint ellipse generation algorithm
12. Write a program to find implement cabinet/Cavalier projection of a unit cube.
13. Write a program to find perspective projection of a unit cube.
14. Write a program to draw cubic Bezier Curve.

Practical assignment:
Write a program to draw a line using DDA line generation algorithm.

#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x1,x2,y1,y2;
float a,b;
int i=1,dx,dy,steps;
float x,y;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("enter the values of x1 and y1");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("enter the values of x2 and y2");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
dx=abs(x2-x1);
printf("dx=%d",dx);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
printf("dy=%d",dy);
if(dx>dy)
{
steps=dx;
}
else
{
steps=dy;
}
printf("no.of steps=%d",steps);
x=dx/steps;
y=dy/steps;
while(i<=steps)
{
a=a+x;
b=b+y;
putpixel(a,b,RED);
i++;
}
getch();
return(0);
}
Output
 Write a program to draw a line using Bresenham’s line generation algorithm.

#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x1,x2,y1,y2,dx,dy,p,x,y;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("enter the value of x1 and y1");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("enter the value of x2 and y2");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
p=2*dy-dx;
x=x1;
y=y1;
putpixel(x,y,WHITE);
while(x<=x2)
{
if(p<0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y;
p=p+2*dy;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y+1;
p=p+2*dy-2*dx;
}
putpixel(x,y,WHITE);
}
getch();
return(0);
}
Output
Write a program to draw a circle using midpoint circle generation
algorithm.

#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x,y,r,p,xc,yc;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("enter the value of x,y and radius");
scanf("%d%d%d",&xc,&yc,&r);
p=1-r;
x=0;
y=r;
do
{
if(p<0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y;
p=p+(2*x)+1;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
p=p+(2*x)-(2*y)+1;
}
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,5);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,5);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,5);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,5);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,5);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,5);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,5);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,5);
}
while(x<=y);
getch();
return(0);
}
Output:
Write a program to draw a circle using Bresenham’s circle generation algorithm.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>

int main(void)
{
int xc,yc,x,y,r,p;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("enter the center of the circle");
scanf("%d%d",&xc,&yc);
printf("enter the radius of the circle");
scanf("%d",&r);
p=3-2*r;
x=0;
y=r;
do
{
if(p<0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y;
p=p+4*x+1;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
p=p+4*x-4*y+1;
}
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,1);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,2);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,3);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,4);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,5);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,6);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,7);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,8);
}
while(x<=y);
getch();
return(0);
}
Output:
Write a program to scale a triangle about origin.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int t[3][3],x[3][3],w[3][3];
int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,i,j,k,sx,sy;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("\n enter the points");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
printf("enter scaling factor in x");
scanf("%d",&sx);
printf("enter scaling factor in y");
scanf("%d",&sy);
printf("before scaling");
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x1,y1,x3,y3);
t[0][0]=sx;
t[0][1]=0;
t[0][2]=0;
t[1][0]=0;
t[1][1]=sy;
t[1][2]=0;
t[2][0]=0;
t[2][1]=0;
t[2][2]=1;
x[0][0]=x1;
x[1][0]=y1;
x[0][1]=x2;
x[1][1]=y2;
x[0][2]=x3;
x[1][2]=y3;
x[2][0]=1;
x[2][1]=1;
x[2][2]=1;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{ w[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
w[i][j]=w[i][j] + t[i][k] * x[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("after scaling"); line(w[0]
[0],w[1][0],w[0][1],w[1][1]);
line(w[0][0],w[1][0],w[0][2],w[1][2]);
line(w[0][1],w[1][1],w[0][2],w[1][2]);
getch();
return(0);
}
Output
Write a program to rotate a triangle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#define pi 3.14
int main(void)
{
float t[3][3],r[3][3],o[3][3];
float x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,d,i,j,k;
float a;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("\n enter the values of triangle");
scanf("%f%f%f%f%f%f",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
printf("\n enter the degree of rotation");
scanf("%f",&d);
a=d*(pi/180);
printf("%f",a);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x1,y1,x3,y3);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
r[0][0]=cos(a);
r[0][1]=sin(a);
r[0][2]=0;
r[1][0]=sin(-a);
r[1][1]=cos(a);
r[1][2]=0;
r[2][0]=0;
r[2][1]=0;
r[2][2]=1;
o[0][0]=x1;
o[0][1]=x2;
o[0][2]=x3;
o[1][0]=y1;
o[1][1]=y2;
o[1][2]=y3;
o[2][0]=1;
o[2][1]=1;
o[2][2]=1;
printf("\n after rotating in clockwise direction");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{ t[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
t[i][j]=t[i][j] + r[i][k] * o[k][j];
}
printf("%f \t",t[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
} line(t[0][0],t[1][0],t[0][1],t[1]
[1]);
line(t[0][0],t[1][0],t[0][2],t[1][2]);
line(t[0][1],t[1][1],t[0][2],t[1][2]);
getch();
return(0);
}
Output
Write a program to implement 2D reflection of a triangle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main(void)
{
int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3];
int ch,x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,i,j,k,x,y,p,q;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
x=getmaxx()/2;
y=getmaxy()/2;
p=getmaxx();
q=getmaxy();
line(0,y,p,y);
line(x,0,x,q);
printf("\n enter the points"); scanf("%d%d%d%d
%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3); line(x+x1,y-
y1,x+x2,y-y2);
line(x+x1,y-y1,x+x3,y-y3);
line(x+x2,y-y2,x+x3,y-y3);
b[0][0]=x1;
b[0][1]=x2;
b[0][2]=x3;
b[1][0]=y1;
b[1][1]=y2;
b[1][2]=y3;
b[2][0]=1;
b[2][1]=1;
b[2][2]=1;
printf("\n Press 1:x-axis \n 2:y-axis \n 3:y=x \n 4:y=-x");
printf("\n enter your choice");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("\n reflection about x-axis");
a[0][0]=1;
a[0][1]=0;
a[0][2]=0;
a[1][0]=0;
a[1][1]=-1;
a[1][2]=0;
a[2][0]=0;
a[2][1]=0;
a[2][2]=1;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{ c[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]= c[i][j] + a[i][k] * b[k][j];
}
}
}
line((c[0][0]+x),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]));
line((x+c[0][0]),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
line((x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
break;
case 2:
printf("\n reflection about y-axis");
a[0][0]=-1;
a[0][1]=0;
a[0][2]=0;
a[1][0]=0;
a[1][1]=1;
a[1][2]=0;
a[2][0]=0;
a[2][1]=0;
a[2][2]=1;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{ c[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
line((c[0][0]+x),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]));
line((x+c[0][0]),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
line((x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
break;
case 3:
printf("\n reflection about y=x");
a[0][0]=0;
a[0][1]=1;
a[0][2]=0;
a[1][0]=1;
a[1][1]=0;
a[1][2]=0;
a[2][0]=0;
a[2][1]=0;
a[2][2]=1;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{ c[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
line((c[0][0]+x),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]));
line((x+c[0][0]),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
line((x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
break;
case 4:
printf("\n reflection about y=-x");
a[0][0]=0;
a[0][1]=-1;
a[0][2]=0;
a[1][0]=-1;
a[1][1]=0;
a[1][2]=0;
a[2][0]=0;
a[2][1]=0;
a[2][2]=1;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{ c[i]
[j]=0;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
line((c[0][0]+x),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]));
line((x+c[0][0]),(y-c[1][0]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
line((x+c[0][1]),(y-c[1][1]),(x+c[0][2]),(y-c[1][2]));
break;
default:
printf("\n wrong choice");
}
getch();
return(0);
}
Output
Write a program to draw an ellipse using midpoint ellipse generation algorithm.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
float a,b,x,y,p,q,xc,yc;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
printf("\n enter the center points for ellipse");
scanf("%f%f",&xc,&yc);
printf("\n enter the half of major and minor axis");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
x=0;
y=b;
p=(b*b)+(a*a)/4-a*a*b;
while((2*b*b*x)<(2*a*a*y))
{
if(p<0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y;
p=p+(2*b*b*x)+b*b;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
p=p+(2*b*b*x)-(2*a*a*y)+b*b;
}
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,WHITE);
}

q=(b*b)*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5)+((a*a)*(y-1)*(y-1))-(a*a)*(b*b);
while(y>=0)
{
if(q<0)
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
q=q+(2*b*b*x)-(2*a*a*y)+a*a;
}
else
{
x=x;
y=y-1;
q=q+(a*a)-(2*a*a*y);
}
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,WHITE);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,WHITE);
}
getch();
return(0);
}
Output:
Write a program to implement boundary fill algorithm to fill a triangle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void boundary_fill(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x,y,fill,boundary;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,""); printf("\
n enter the values of x and y");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("\n enter the value of fill ");
scanf("%d",&fill);
printf("enter the value of boundary");
scanf("%d",&boundary);
line(240,60,220,120);
line(220,120,260,120);
line(240,60,260,120);
boundary_fill(x,y,fill,boundary);
getch();
}
void boundary_fill(int x,int y,int fill,int boundary)
{
int current=getpixel(x,y); if((current!
=boundary)&&(current!=fill))
{
putpixel(x,y,fill);
boundary_fill(x+1,y,fill,boundary);
boundary_fill(x-1,y,fill,boundary);
boundary_fill(x,y+1,fill,boundary);
boundary_fill(x,y-1,fill,boundary);
}
}
Output:
Write a program to implement flood fill algorithm to fill a circle.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void flood_fill(int,int,int,int);
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x,y,newcolor,oldcolor;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,""); printf("\
n enter the values of x and y");
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
printf("\n enter the value of new color ");
scanf("%d",&newcolor);
printf("enter the value of old color");
scanf("%d",&oldcolor);
circle(200,200,30);
flood_fill(x,y,newcolor,oldcolor);
getch();
}
void flood_fill(int x,int y,int newcolor,int oldcolor)
{
int current=getpixel(x,y);
if(current==oldcolor)
{
putpixel(x,y,newcolor);
flood_fill(x+1,y,newcolor,oldcolor);
flood_fill(x-1,y,newcolor,oldcolor);
flood_fill(x,y+1,newcolor,oldcolor);
flood_fill(x,y-1,newcolor,oldcolor);
}
}
Output:
Write a program to implement Liang-Barsky line clipping algorithm.

#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int x1,x2,y1,y2;
int wxmin,wymin,wxmax,wymax;
float u1=0.0,u2=1.0;
int p1,q1,p2,q2,p3,q3,p4,q4;
float r1,r2,r3,r4;
int x11,y11,x22,y22;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
printf("\n enter the windows left xmin , top boundary ymin");
scanf("%d%d",&wxmin,&wymin);
printf("\n enter the windows right xmax , bottom boundary ymax");
scanf("%d%d",&wxmax,&wymax);
printf("\n enter line: x1,y1 coordinates:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("\n enter line: x2,y2 coordinates:\n");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
printf("\n liang barsky express these 4 inequalities using lpk=qr");
p1=-(x2-x1);
q1=x1-wxmin;
p2=(x2-x1);
q2=wxmax-x1;
p3=-(y2-y1);
q3=y1-wymin;
p4=(y2-y1);
q4=wymax-y1;
printf("\n p1=0 line is parallel to left clipping \n");
printf("\n p2=0 line is parallel to right clipping \n");
printf("\n p3=0 line is parallel to bottom clipping \n");
printf("\n p4=0 line is parallel to top clipping \n");
if(((p1==0.0) && (q1<0.0)) || ((p2==0.0) && (q2<0.0)) || ((p3==0.0)&&(q3<0.0)) ||
((p4==0.0)&&(q4<0.0)))
{
printf("\n line is rejected:");
getch();
detectgraph(&gdriver,&gmode);
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode," ");
setcolor(RED);
rectangle(wxmin,wymax,wxmax,wymin);
setcolor(BLUE);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
setcolor(WHITE);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
}
else
{ if(p1!
=0.0)
{
r1=(float)q1/p1;
if(p1<0)
u1=max(r1,u1);
else
u2=min(r1,u2);
} if(p2!
=0.0)
{
r2=(float)q2/p2;
if(p2<0)
u1=max(r2,u1);
else
u2=min(r2,u2);
} if(p3!
=0.0)
{
r3=(float)q3/p3;
if(p3<0)
u1=max(r3,u1);
else
u2=min(r3,u2);
} if(p4!
=0.0)
{
r4=(float)q4/p4;
if(p4<0)
u1=max(r4,u1);
else
u2=min(r4,u2);
}
if(u1>u2)
printf("\n line rejected:");
else
{
x11=x1+u1*(x2-x1);
y11=y1+u1*(y2-y1);
x22=x1+u2*(x2-x1);
y22=y1+u2*(y2-y1);
printf("\n original line coordinates\n");
printf("\n x1=%d y1=%d x2=%d y2=%d\n",x1,y1,x2,y2);
printf("\n windows coordinates are:\n");
printf("\n wxmin=%d,wymin=%d,wxmax=%d,wymax=%d",wxmin,wymin,wxmax,wymax);
printf("\n new coordinates are ;\n");
printf("\n x1=%d,y1=%d,x2=%d,y2=%d\n",x11,y11,x22,y22);
detectgraph(&gdriver,&gmode);
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
setcolor(2);
rectangle(wxmin,wymax,wxmax,wymin);
setcolor(1);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
setcolor(0);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
setcolor(3);
line(x11,y11,x22,y22);
getch();
}
}
}
Output:
Write a program to implement oblique projection.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x1,y1,x2,y2;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int ymax,a[4][8];
float par[4][4],b[4][8];
int i,j,k,m,n,p;
double L1,phi;

a[0][0]=100;
a[1][0]=100;
a[2][0]=100;
a[0][1]=200;
a[1][1]=100;
a[2][1]=100;
a[0][2]=200;
a[1][2]=200;
a[2][2]=100;
a[0][3]=100;
a[1][3]=200;
a[2][3]=100;
a[0][4]=100;
a[1][4]=100;
a[2][4]=200;
a[0][5]=200;
a[1][5]=100;
a[2][5]=200;
a[0][6]=200;
a[1][6]=200;
a[2][6]=200;
a[0][7]=100;
a[1][7]=200;
a[2][7]=200;
phi=(double)(3.14*45.0)/180;
L1=0.5;
par[0][0]=1;
par[0][1]=0;
par[0][2]=L1*cos(phi);
par[0][3]=0;
par[1][0]=0;
par[1][1]=1;
par[1][2]=L1*sin(phi);
par[1][3]=0;
par[2][0]=0;
par[2][1]=0;
par[2][2]=0;
par[2][3]=0;
par[3][0]=0;
par[3][1]=0;
par[3][2]=0;
par[3][3]=1;
m=4;
n=4;
p=8;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(k=0;k<p;k++)
b[i][k]=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(k=0;k<p;k++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
b[i][k]+=(float)par[i][j]*a[j][k];
detectgraph(&gdriver,&gmode);
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
ymax=getmaxy();
/*- front plane display -*/
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][j];
y1=(int) b[1][j];
x2=(int) b[0][j+1];
y2=(int) b[1][j+1];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
}
x1=(int) b[0][3];
y1=(int) b[1][3];
x2=(int) b[0][0];
y2=(int) b[1][0];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
/*- back plane display -*/
setcolor(11);
for(j=4;j<7;j++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][j];
y1=(int) b[1][j];
x2=(int) b[0][j+1];
y2=(int) b[1][j+1];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
}
x1=(int) b[0][7];
y1=(int) b[1][7];
x2=(int) b[0][4];
y2=(int) b[1][4];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
setcolor(13); for(i=0;i<4;i+
+)
{
x1=(int) b[0][i];
y1=(int) b[1][i];
x2=(int) b[0][4+i];
y2=(int) b[1][4+i];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
}
getch();
}
Output:
Write a program to implement perspective projection.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x1,y1,x2,y2;
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
int ymax,a[4][8];
float par[4][4],b[4][8];
int i,j,k,m,n,p;
int xp,yp,zp,x,y,z;

a[0][0]=100;
a[1][0]=100;
a[2][0]=-100;
a[0][1]=200;
a[1][1]=100;
a[2][1]=-100;
a[0][2]=200;
a[1][2]=200;
a[2][2]=-100;
a[0][3]=100;
a[1][3]=200;
a[2][3]=-100;
a[0][4]=100;
a[1][4]=100;
a[2][4]=-200;
a[0][5]=200;
a[1][5]=100;
a[2][5]=-200;
a[0][6]=200;
a[1][6]=200;
a[2][6]=-200;
a[0][7]=100;
a[1][7]=200;
a[2][7]=-200;
detectgraph(&gdriver,&gmode);
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
ymax=getmaxy();
xp=300;
yp=320;
zp=100;
for(j=0;j<8;j++)
{ x=a[0]
[j];
y=a[1][j];
z=a[2][j];
b[0][j]=xp-((float)(x-xp)/(z-zp))*(zp);
b[1][j]=yp-((float)(y-yp)/(z-zp))*(zp);
}
/* front plane display*/
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
x1=(int)b[0][j];
y1=(int)b[1][j];
x2=(int)b[0][j+1];
y2=(int)b[1][j+1];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
}
x1=(int)b[0][3];
y1=(int)b[1][3];
x2=(int)b[0][0];
y2=(int)b[1][0];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
/* back plane display */
setcolor(11);
for(j=4;j<7;j++)
{
x1=(int)b[0][j];
y1=(int)b[1][j];
x2=(int)b[0][j+1];
y2=(int)b[1][j+1];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
}
x1=(int)b[0][7];
y1=(int)b[1][7];
x2=(int)b[0][4];
y2=(int)b[1][4];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
setcolor(7); for(i=0;i<4;i+
+)
{
x1=(int)b[0][i];
y1=(int)b[1][i];
x2=(int)b[0][4+i];
y2=(int)b[1][4+i];
line(x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);
}
getch();
getch();
}
Output:
Write a program to draw the Bezier curve .

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

int x,y,z;

void main()
{
float u;
int gd,gm,ymax,i,n,c[4][3];

for(i=0;i<4;i++) { c[i][0]=0; c[i][1]=0; }

printf("\n\n Enter four points : \n\n");

for(i=0; i<4; i++)

{
printf("\t X%d Y%d : ",i,i);
scanf("%d %d",&c[i][0],&c[i][1]);

c[4][0]=c[0][0];
c[4][1]=c[0][1];

detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"e:\\tc\\bgi");

ymax = 480;

setcolor(13);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
line(c[i][0],ymax-c[i][1],c[i+1][0],ymax-c[i+1][1]);
}

setcolor(3);
n=3;

for(i=0;i<=40;i++)
{
u=(float)i/40.0;
bezier(u,n,c);

if(i==0)
{ moveto(x,ymax-y);}
else
{ lineto(x,ymax-y); }
getch();
}
getch();
}
bezier(u,n,p)
float u;int n; int p[4][3];
{
int j;
float v,b;
float blend(int,int,float);
x=0;y=0;z=0;
for(j=0;j<=n;j++)
{
b=blend(j,n,u);
x=x+(p[j][0]*b);
y=y+(p[j][1]*b);
z=z+(p[j][2]*b);
}
}

float blend(int j,int n,float u)

{
int k;
float v,blend;
v=C(n,j);
for(k=0;k<j;k++)
{ v*=u; }
for(k=1;k<=(n-j);k++)
{ v *= (1-u); }
blend=v;
return(blend);
}

C(int n,int j)
{
int k,a,c;
a=1;
for(k=j+1;k<=n;k++) { a*=k; }
for(k=1;k<=(n-j);k++) { a=a/k; }
c=a;
return(c);
}