Periodic Table

Periodic Table of the Elements

 Basic informations
𝐬-block elements: 𝐝-block elements:
The last electron enters into s-orbital. Elements of The last electron enters into d-orbital. Elements of
group 1(IA) & 2(IIA) and He are included in s-block. group 3(IIIB) to 12(IIB) are included in d-block.
Number of elements is 14.
Number of elements is 41
The general electronic configuration of s-block
elements is ns1-2 configuration of d-block elements is : n − 1 d1−10 ns1−2

𝐩-block elements: 𝐟-block elements:

The last electron enters into p-orbital. Elements All elements of this block are included in (IIIB).
from group 13(IIIA) to 18(Zero group)(except He)
Number of f-block elements is 27.
are included in p-block. Number of elements is 36.
The general electronic configuration of f-block
The general electronic configuration of p-block
0−1
elements is ns 2 np1−6 . elements is: n − 2 f 1−14 n−1 d ns2
s, p, d & f block
 Period & Group Number from Electron Configuration
Last electron Group Period

s Electron number of s Largest number of n

p Electron number of p + electron number of s + 10 Largest number of n

Electron number of d + electron number of s from

d Largest number of n
next orbit

f All f-block elements are in Group 3 6,7

 Period & Group Number from Electron Configuration
❖ Show the electronic configuration and determine the position of the elements in
the Periodic Table having the following atomic number. [BUET’20-21]
(a) 38 (b) 54
 Poll Question-01
❑ Electron configuration of Fe2+ is?

(a) Ar 4s0 3d6

(b) Ar 4s2 3d4

(c) [Ar]4s1 3d5

(d) [Ar]4s2 3d6

d-block element
 d-block element
❖ general electronic configuration (n-1)d1-10ns1-2

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
 All transitional elements are d-block
element but not all d-block elements are
transitional element
 Transitional Element
❑ d-block element
❑ Partially filled d-orbital of stable ions

Fe
𝐅𝐞𝟐+
𝐅𝐞𝟑+
Sc
𝐒𝐜 𝟑+
Zn
𝐙𝐧𝟐+
 Properties of Transition Elements
(i) Variable oxidation state

(ii) Act as catalyst

(iii) Form complex ions

(iv) Form colored compounds

(v) Exhibit paramagnetism

 Complex Compound

1. Transition element + ligand

2. Ligand : donate e pair and form coordinate bond

𝐂𝐮 𝐍𝐇𝟑 𝟒 𝐒𝐎𝟒 𝐊 𝟑 [𝐅𝐞 𝐂𝐍 𝟔 ሿ

Shape of Complex Compound
 Nomenclature of Complex Compounds
Ligand name & number
A prefix indicating the number must be added behind every ligand

Ligand Name Number of Ligands Prefix

OH − hydroxo 1 –
𝐍𝐇𝟑 **Ammine
2 di
H2 O Aqua
Cl− Chloro
3 tri
𝐂𝐍 − *Cyano 4 tetra
CNS − thiocyanato
𝐍𝐎 *Nitroso
O2− oxo
𝐂𝐎 *Carbonyl
 Nomenclature of Complex Compounds
Cationic complex Anionic complex compound Neutral complex
compound compound

𝐂𝐮 𝐍𝐇𝟑 𝟒 𝐒𝐎𝟒 𝐊 𝟑 [𝐅𝐞 𝐂𝐍 𝟔 ሿ 𝐍𝐢 𝐂𝐎 𝟒

Ligand with number + cation + Ligand with number + Metal + Ligand with
metal + ON + anion metal + ate + ON number
 Magnetic Property
❑ Paramagnetic →Special →Feromagnetic
❑ Diamagnetic
 Ligand

Can compress
Strong
Ligand

NO2 ,
− CN− , CO , NH3
electrons of d-orbital

I− , Br− , Cl− , F- , H2O Can’t compress

Weak , OH- electrons of d-orbital
 Nomenclature of Complex Compounds(Practice)

i Cu NH3 4 SO4
ii Co NH3 6 Cl3
iii Zn NH3 4 SO4
iv Ag NH3 2 Cl
v Co NH3 3 Cl3
vi Cr H2 O 4 Cl2 Cl
vii Cr H2 O 3 Cl3
viii K 3 [Fe CN 6 ሿ
 Poll Question-02
❑ Which one is Pentaaqua Nitroso Ferrous Sulphate?
(a) Fe NO OH 5 SO4
(b) Fe NO2 H2 O 5 SO4
(c) Fe NO H2 O 5 SO4
(d) Fe NO 2 H2 O 5 SO4
Structure & Hybridization Of Complex Compounds

𝐊 𝟒 [𝐅𝐞 𝐂𝐍 𝟔 ሿ 𝐊 𝟒 [𝐅𝐞 𝐂𝐥 𝟔 ሿ
 Formation Of Colorful Compound
❖ Why the compounds of the transitional elements are colorful? [DU’21-22]

𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐝
Degenerate condition Non-degenerate condition
𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲

Color Wheel Primary Colors Secondary Colors

Formation Of Colorful Compound
 Variable Oxidation State
Elements Electronic Config. Of Outermost shell Oxidation State
Sc 𝟑𝐝𝟏 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟑
Ti 𝟑𝐝𝟐 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟑, +𝟒
V 𝟑𝐝𝟑 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟑, +𝟓
Cr 𝟑𝐝𝟓 𝟒𝐬 𝟏 +𝟐, +𝟑, +𝟔
Mn 𝟑𝐝𝟓 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟐, +𝟑, +𝟒, +𝟔, +𝟕
Fe 𝟑𝐝𝟔 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 + 𝟐, +𝟑
Co 𝟑𝐝𝟕 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟐, +𝟑,
Ni 𝟑𝐝𝟖 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟐, +𝟒
Cu 𝟑𝐝𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝐬 𝟏 +𝟏, +𝟐
Zn 𝟑𝐝𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝐬 𝟐 +𝟐
 Act As Catalyst
Fe
N2 g + 3H2 g 2NH3 g
550°C
Ni
CH2 = CH2 + H2 CH3 − CH3 − CH3
200°C
Cu
CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CHO + H2
300°C
Periodic Properties
 Periodic Properties
1. Radius

2. Ionization Potential

3. Electron Affinity

4. Electro negativity
 Ionic Radius
❖ In any ion the distance up to which their nuclear attraction force is felt is called
ionic radius. Normally if one or more electron is removed from metal atom, then
cation having positive charge is formed. And non metals form anions by receiving
electrons.
 Poll Question-03
❑ Which one is correct ?

(a) Na+ < F − < O2− < N3−

(b) F − < Na+ < O2− < N3−

(c) Na+ > F − > O2− > N3−

(d) Na+ < F − > O2− > N3−

 Ionisation Energy
Mg g Mg + g + e− ; ∆IP1 = 738 kJ mol−1

Mg + g Mg ++ g + e− ; ∆IP2 = 1450 kJ mol−1

Among 12Mg & 13Al which one’s first ionization energy is greater ?
 Ionisation Energy
Exception
Be 4 = 1s 2 2s 2 Be 4 → ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ; 2s Orbital full filled
B 5 = 1s 2 2s 2 2p1 1s2 2s2

N 7 = 1s 2 2s 2 2p3
N 7 → ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿ ↿ ; 2p Orbital half filled
O 8 = 1s 2 2s 2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p3

Mg 12 = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 Mg 12 → ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ; 3s Orbital full filled

Al 13 = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

P 15 = 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p3
P 15 → ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿ ↿ ; 3p Orbital half filled
S 16 = 1𝑠2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
 Ionisation Energy
Exception
First ionization energies (KJ per mole)
Period 2

2500 Period 3

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Ionisation Energy
 Electron Affinity
Cl g + e− Cl− g ; ∆EA = −348kJ mol−1

What is electron affinity? Why electron affinity of Cl is greater than F?

Electron Affinity

F
Electronegativity
 Electronegativity
Group
Period
I II III IV V VI VII
Li Be B C N O F
2
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
3
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
 Periodic Properties at a glance
Ionization Energy

Electronegativity

Metals
Semimetals
Nonmetals

Ionization Energy
Electronegativity
Electron Affinity

Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius

Electron Affinity
Acid-Base Property of Oxides