INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED ENGINEERING VOL. 0 NO.

0 (2000) 1-4

© Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Publisher’s Office

The International
Journal of
IJIE Integrated
Journal homepage: http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/ijie Engineering
ISSN : 2229-838X e-ISSN : 2600-7916

Deflection and Stain Energy of Beam: Diving Board

Farhana Binti Halim1, Mohd Izzat Aiman Bin Bacle 2, Nik Muhammad Arif Bin
Nik Muhamad Kamal3, Sharifah Syafiqah Binti Syed Hussin 4, Wahiduddin Bin
Ab Wahid5
1
Farhana Binti Halim,
Faculty of Mechanical and Engineering,
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat ,86400,
MALAYSIA
2
Mohd Izzat Aiman Bin Bacle,
Faculty of Mechanical and Engineering,
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat ,86400,
MALAYSIA
3
Nik Muhammad Arif Bin Nik Muhammad Kamal,
Faculty of Mechanical and Engineering,
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat ,86400,
MALAYSIA
4
Syarifah Syafiqah Binti Syed Hussin,
Faculty of Mechanical and Engineering,
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat ,86400,
MALAYSIA
5
Wahiduddin Bin Ab Wahid,
Faculty of Mechanical and Engineering,
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat ,86400,
MALAYSIA

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.0000.00.00.000
Received 00 Month 2000; Accepted 01 Month 2000; Available online 02 Month 2000

Abstract: There are a ton of issues that can be address by utilizing Solid Mechanic particularly in term of material.
By and large, this information is utilized to decide the appropriate material before make any item coordinated to
the capacity of the item. There are 5 genuine issues that inclined to show the connection the issue with Solid
Mechanic. Also, one issue has been decided to settle utilizing Solid Mechanic which is about diversion and strain
energy of shaft like jumping board. Avoidance is inward and bowing second that happen when applied outer
power, while strain energy is inner work that changed over when there is no loss of energy.

Keywords: Solid Mechanic, Deflection, Strain energy, Diving board

*Corresponding author: [email protected] 1

2019 UTHM Publisher. All rights reserved.
penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/ijie
Author 1 et al., Int. J. of Integrated Engineering Vol. 0 No. 0 (2000) p. 1-4

1. Introduction
Mechanics of solids is the branch of continuum mechanics that studies the behavior of solid materials,
especially their motion and deformation under the action of forces, temperature changes and other external or internal
agents. There are 6 chapters in this course that we have studied which consist of the following chapter one: Plane strain
Analysis, chapter two: Deflection of Beams, chapter three: Buckling of Columns, chapter four: Strain Energy, chapter
five: Thick Cylinder, chapter six: Theories of Elastic Failure.

The movement of a beam or node from its original position due to the forces and loads applied to the member
is referred to as deflection in structural engineering terms. It's also known as displacement, and it can be caused by
external loads or the weight of the building itself, as well as the force of gravity. Beams, trusses, frames, and just about
any other structure can deflect. Figure 1.1 below is an example of a simple cantilevered beam deflection which has a
load at point W downward.

Figure 1. Simple Cantilevered Beam.

Because of the force exerted by the person at the end, the beam will bend and deflect from its natural position. The
blue beam in figure 1.2 represents the initial location, whereas the dotted line represents the cantilever beam deflection:

Figure 2. Deflection of Beam.

The beam has bent or migrated away from its initial position. The meaning or definition of deflection is the
distance measured at each point along the member.

2. Real-world Problem
For this project, it has been discovered 5 real world problems that able to be solved and analyzed by
implementing techniques or methods learned in this course. The problem that we choose firstly is deflection and strain
energy of the diving board. Second is the deflection of the bookshelf. Next is Bending on the skateboard and bending
bridge. Lastly, is the wall thickness of deep-water pipelines.

2.1 Deflection and strain energy of diving board

The diving board is constructed as a cantilever beam, with one side supported and fixed and the other side
exposed and susceptible to deflection when external forces are applied. Engineers use the board's deflection to
determine the maximum forces that can be applied before the board fractures, by elucidating the relationship between
normal strain and internal moment [1]. Furthermore, when the strain energy external forces are applied to the board,
energy is released, causing the material to distort. Additionally, the forces' work will be turned into strain energy,
implying that no energy would be lost due to heat [2]. As a result, knowledge of mechanics can be used to determine
using chapter 2 to find the maximum deflection and strain energy which has been learned on mechanics of solid II.

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Figure 3. Diving board.

2.2 Deflection of bookshelf

If there are only two brackets supporting the shelf, one at each end, it will sag with time. The middle of the shelf
will sag, especially if heavy books or other objects are stored there. This problem not only detracts from the shelf's
aesthetic appeal, but it also poses a risk if it becomes unstable. Installing another support bracket in the centre of the
shelf, which should ideally be placed into a wall stud, solves the problem. Shelf deflection is influenced by a variety of
factors. A shelf constructed of wood, for example, will sag more than one made of strong maple. Increase the breadth
of the board, raise the thickness of the board, or decrease the shelf span to increase the shelf load. From these cases, we
can implement the knowledge that we have studied from Chapter 2 of Solid Mechanics 2. Not only that, from the figure
below, we can analyse that the bookshelf is using the fixed beam application.[3]

2.3 Bending on the skateboard Figure 4. Deflected bookshelf.

In this case for bending on the skateboard application, it may appear to be a minor engineering issue, but it is
critical to determine how the skate could withstand a greater load delivered to the skateboard using the material
utilised. The weight of a rider on a skateboard can cause the board to bend due to the rider's weight. To support the
rider's weight, the board should be robust yet flexible [4]. If the board is totally solid and is subjected to strong pressure
and force, it can easily break. It is compulsory to link engineering knowledge to the bending of the board so that it
could withstand the force applied to it and be utilised safely by the rider. As a result, the amount of force that can be
given to the board and how flexible it can be bent may be estimated. For this application, it can be applied in chapter 2
which is deflection of beam which involves calculating a suitable unbreakable material for the skateboard stability that
stands any applicable weight.

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Figure 5. Skateboarding.
2.4 Bending Bridge
A bridge is built to safely and cost-effectively carry or resist design loads. Depending on how they are applied to
the structure, loads can be concentrated or diffused. A concentrated load, also known as a point load, is applied to a
single point or a tiny region. Concentrated loads include vehicle loads. From history, the Tay Bridge Disaster, as it is
commonly known, was one of the deadliest structure collapses of the period, both in terms of scale and significance of
the construction, as well as one of the worst disasters, with 75 people killed. Author 1 et al., Int. J. of Integrated
Engineering Vol. 0 No. 0 (2000) p. 1-4 5 Figure 7. Tay Bridge disaster. As previously noted, the incident has piqued
the curiosity of engineers, scientists, and the general public. The event has been revisited by many, and several attempts
have been made to uncover the causes of the bridge's breakdown. One of the assumptions that cause the bridge to
collapse is the design of the bridge itself. The bridge was found to be constructed for a wind load of 10 pound/square
foot, which was the lowest number given to Bouch (Tay Bridge engineer). It was discovered that building the bridge for
a wind load greater than 10 would necessitate a significant modification in design, increasing the bridge's cost.

Hence, in Mechanics Solid, we learn about load which is point load, concentrated load and many more.[5] The
amount of load per unit of length is generally consistent when a distributed load is applied to all or part of the member.
Superstructures, bridge decks, worn surfaces, and bridge parapets all contribute to distributed loads. Wind, stream flow,
earth cover, and ice are all examples of secondary loads that are typically distributed. To avoid bridge failure, engineers
utilize a variety of design methodologies that incorporate safety concerns such as, account for uncertainties and random
variances in material strength, fabrication, construction, durability, and loadings. Not only that, engineers need to
calculate the Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or Working Stress Design (WSD) which refers to a process in which a
member's maximum stress is limited to an allowable or working stress. Other than design, Tay Bridge collapsed
because of the construction of the bridge. At least two piers were discovered to have fallen during construction and
were used after repair/straightening. This can be avoided if the engineer is concerned about the maintenance and the
condition of the bridge that has been built. The stress and strain values of most structural materials are directly related.

However, this proportionality only exists up to a certain stress value known as the elastic limit. The proportional
limit and the yield point are two more commonly used words that are similar to the elastic limit. Each material has an
arbitrary maximum stress value to which it can be loaded and unloaded indefinitely. For infrequently applied loads, this
stress value is referred to as the fatigue limit, and it is usually lower than the breaking strength. As we mentioned
earlier, Tay Bridge collapsed because the vehicle load exceeded the bridge minimum load. Thus, this proved that
knowledge in Bending stress play an important role in engineers’ life because engineer failure can be disastrous.[6]

Figure 6. Tay bridge disaster.

2.5 Wall thickness of deep-water pipelines

In this real-world problem of determination, the wall thickness of deep-water pipelines at offshore which
involves external pressure, it requires for a pipe-in-pipe design in which the inner pipe is enclosed by an outer casing
pipe with the annulus pressurized or a pipe in a marine environment exposed to external hydrostatic head. This real-

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world problem is applied to chapter 1: strain analysis knowledge. Through computing the hoop stress, the wall
thickness of an internally pressurized cylindrical vessel can be determined. The hoop stress must be less than the
maximum allowable stress. If the calculated hoop stress is bigger than the allowable stress, the pipe wall thickness must
be increased. A pressurized pipe develops both radial and tangential stresses in a two-dimensional cross section.
Moreover, the longitudinal stress is neglected or ignored by assuming no constraints at the ends of the pipe. The
tangential stress is induced in the circumferential or hoop direction in the pipe wall. Furthermore, the radial stress acts
perpendicular to the pipe wall. As the external pressure increases, for example as the water depth increases for a deep-
water pipeline (marine), the thin wall formula predicts a higher hoop stress than the exact value. [7]

Figure 7. Deep-water pipelines offshore.

3. Methodology
For methodology, this project is focusing on deflection of diving board cases which is related to the deflection
of beam topic. Various approaches can be used to calculate the laden beam's deflection. The direct integration
approach, which uses the differential equation that we have derived, is one of the methods for determining the
deflection of the beam. This case study is related to Chapter 2 of Solid Mechanics II. The slope and displacement by
integration is written as follows:

Where:
the radius of curvature at a point of an elastic curve

(x) can be used to express the elastic curve for a beam. The curvature must be represented in terms of
and to produce this equation. From calculus book, this relationship is shown as:

From the equation above, we substitute into ① into ②, it can be obtained;

As a result, the slope of the elastic curve given by will be very small, and the square of the curve will be negligible.
Therefore, the curvature can be approximated by . Then, by simplifying the equation;

From the above equation, it has to integrate to obtain the equation for the slope of the loaded beam, thus;

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Author 1 et al., Int. J. of Integrated Engineering Vol. 0 No. 0 (2000) p. 1-4

However, in order to obtain the deflection of the beam, it has needed to integrate it once again. Thus;

Where and are integration constants to be determined from known slope and deflection conditions for a given
value of . A simply supported beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load whose intensity rate varies as
weight/length in this case.

Figure 8. Free body diagram of diving board.

Consider any cross-section at a distance of meters from the left end to write down the expression for bending
moment.

Figure 9. Supported beam.

We might also express this equation in two additional ways as an alternative. Because the equation can differentiate
either side of the equation in terms of and substitute , we get the following;

Next, are to differentiate the above equation one more time by using

In most circumstances, the flexural rigidity (EI) of a beam will remain constant throughout its length. Three sets of
equations can be derived from this, as illustrated below:

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Where;

The elastic curve for the deflected beam is given by the differential equation;

When the equation is integrated once, it will get this equation, which show the laden beam's slope

Boundary conditions that are relevant during this case are that the deflection at every support should be zero. At
whereas at , allow us to apply these 2 boundary conditions on equation (1) as a result of
the boundary conditions are on , This yield = 0

Thus, the equation of deflection will be,

Lastly, in this situation the most deflection will arise on the centre of the beam in which This is due to the
fact at this role is in which the burden is being applied. So, if we replace the value of , we will obtain the
maximum deflection equation as below;

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Author 1 et al., Int. J. of Integrated Engineering Vol. 0 No. 0 (2000) p. 1-4

4. Calculation
Based on the problem from cantilevered beam, theoretical calculation deflection and strain energy of beams
are used to solve the objective which to find the maximum deflection and strain energy with two different material
which are aluminium and wood. Elastic modulus for aluminium is 69 GPa while the elastic modulus for the wood is 3
GPa. This calculation started by finding the maximum deflection.

4.1 Deflection of Beams (maximum deflection of beams)

 Elastic Curve
The load tends to deflect the beam as shown in Fig. 1.0. By inspection, the internal moment can be represented
throughout the beam using a single x coordinate.

 Moment Function
From the free-body diagram, with M acting in positive direction(anti-clockwise) and the segment on the left is
shown above. The equation for the distributed loading is,

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Hence,

The constants of integration are obtained by applying the boundary condition v= 0 at x = L and the symmetry condition
that dv/dx = 0 at x = L. This leads to

Determining the maximum deflection at x = 0, we get

Aluminum Wood

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Author 1 et al., Int. J. of Integrated Engineering Vol. 0 No. 0 (2000) p. 1-4

4.2 Elastic Strain Energy due to the bend

Aluminum

Wood

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5. Discussion
Every engineering problem that are encountered can be analyzed and solved using different approachable
methods depending on their engineering subjects. For the problems that we have chosen for our project, which is the
spring board similar to a cantilevered beam, we will discuss two different methods to approach the solution. When
mentioning relative beam problems, it often involves the stability and also to prevent the cracking of any attached
materials due to the deflection. Other than that, we will demonstrate how the energy methods can relate in the
deflection of beam problem. We have chosen two different materials for this solution to further differentiate how
suitable materials can affect the solution of the spring board problems.

For the first calculation, we are discussing on how to finds the maximum deflection of the beam and for this
problem specifically, where the beam supports the triangular distributed loading as shown above. We will start from the
free body diagram to find the internal load. If having difficulties to establish the elastic curve, it is advised to draw the
moment diagram first. After that, we have obtained the positive internal moment direction which is anticlockwise,
therefore the shear force will be downward. Then, we can write the equation of moment function as;

However, the is a constant value in this calculation which is the moment of inertia, which can be obtained
from the basic inertia moment formula and in this case for a square shape;

This, moment of inertia formula is used in both methods of calculation for the deflection and strain energy of
the beam/spring board. Next, the equation of the elastic curve will be defined by the coordinate of v and x. From the
calculation above, the elastic curve from the flexural rigidity can be determined for EI equation. Mostly, the flexural
rigidity, EI is constant along the length of the beam and the results above can be shows and these three sets of equation;

From these three equations, we take the equation moment and put into the non-linear second order differential
equation and we differentiate this moment equation two times. Then, the boundary condition will be determined from
these three equations. We also can call it as a general solution. The constant of integration is obtained by applying the
boundary condition where v=0 at x=L and the symmetry condition that dv/dx=0 at x=L. Then we can get the c1 and c2.
This boundary condition is important to find the particular solution and after we put this boundary, we can get this
particular solution;

So, at the end of the calculation we can determine the equation of maximum deflection when we put x=0 into
the particular solution above. The maximum deflection can write as;

Next calculation is to evaluate the elastic strain energy with different materials. Step for calculating the strain
energy is same as we discussed before same as deflection method. We have determined the internal load which are the
internal moment and the shear moment for the free body diagram that we developed before. The basic formula for this
problem is;

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Our objective is to find the maximum deflection and also the strain energy using the formula that we created
before with different value of elastic modulus which is for wood and aluminum. When we put the Young Modulus of
wood in the strain energy formula, we get the value of 937.63 J while the value of aluminum is 40.766 J. As we can see
here the strain energy for the wooden material is bigger that the aluminum. This is because the value of Young
Modulus of wood is smaller than aluminum.

Figure 10. Strain simulation of diving board.

Figure 11. Strain simulation of diving board.

Figure 12. Displacement simulation of diving board.

This study used the 3D SOLIDWORKS software in order to run simulation tests. According to the data we have,
we can decide which material is best for it by analyzing it stress strain curve graph from a simulation. We know that the
beam that be selected is cantilevered and for each segment will be fixed into the wall for example. As we can see from
the figure, this beam has affected by the triangle distributed load. Distributed introduce as the force acting overall of the
surface area beam. For this problem, an external force acting on left the beam. This external shown for the point where
the maximum deflection happens. In other words, when x=0 and the maximum deflection can be determined. From the
figure, dark blue colour shows the maximum deflection happen while for red colour it shown that deflection it is not

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happen. This calculation gives into two parts separate which are to find the maximum deflection and the different strain
energy from the beam using two different materials. The materials are wood and aluminum. The value of inertia
moment is constant for this problem, but the elastic modulus will be different. It will affect for the calculation whether
the aluminium or wood will be maximum or minimum the value of deflection.

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

As conclusion, the deflection of a beam is proportional to the mass applied to it. According to the calculations,
the maximum deflection of the beam varies depending on the material. We will be able to recognise and use the
concept of solid mechanics in order to calculate the deflection of various types of materials after completing this report.
We discovered that Castiglione's first theorem is utilised in structural analysis to determine the deflection of an elastic
structure based on the structure's strain energy. When the structure's supports are rigid and the structure's temperature
remains constant, Castiglione's theorem can be used. We've learnt a lot about how a beam's bending is affected by its
load, material qualities, cross section, and support method. Engineers use the static beam equation and the concepts
we've discussed to comprehend the static deformations of more complex structures. Integration, as you can see, is
critical to an engineer's capacity to examine these structures.
For instance, plywood is the most often used contemporary material which is still the best choice for a non-
hybrid material. Plywood, as previously said, is the most often used material for skateboard decks and is made up of
many types of wood glued together with glue. It was a lightweight material with considerable impact resistance. For
recommendation by comparing plywood and Al-Wood hybrid reveals that the Al-Wood hybrid has higher Young's
Modulus and Strength than plywood. As a result, the material indices for Al-Wood hybrid are higher than those for
plywood, implying that Al-Wood may be a better choice based on the mechanic loading studied in the previous section.

7. References
[1] Dowling, Norman E., "Mechanical Behaviour of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and
Fatigue," 3rd Edition.
[2] Russell C. Hibbeler. (2015). Mechanics of Materials, 10th Edition.
[3] Deflection of Bookshelf.
[4] Ferdinand P. Beer; E. Russell Johnston Jr.; John T. DeWolf; David F. Mauzek, 2012, Mechanics of Materials, 6 th Edition,
McGraw-Hill
[5] M.R. (n.d.). Bridge Mechanics (BIRM) (Vol. 3) [E-book].
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/Bridge%20Mechanics%20BIRM.pdf
[6] UKEssays. (November 2018). The Tay Bridge Disaster Engineering Essay. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/the-tay-bridge-disaster-engineering-essay.php?vref=1.
[7] ASME B31.8, "Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems," 1992, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York.

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