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EIGRP

The document discusses the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It provides details on EIGRP such as that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses DUAL algorithm and RTP for communication. It also maintains neighbor, topology, and routing tables and uses metric components like bandwidth and delay to calculate the best path. The document further explains EIGRP configuration, tables, metric calculation, and provides an example lab configuration.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views

EIGRP

The document discusses the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). It provides details on EIGRP such as that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses DUAL algorithm and RTP for communication. It also maintains neighbor, topology, and routing tables and uses metric components like bandwidth and delay to calculate the best path. The document further explains EIGRP configuration, tables, metric calculation, and provides an example lab configuration.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networkforyou

Welcome
To
Network for you
EIGRP

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EIGRP:

• EIGRP stands for Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.


• EIGRP is a Cisco Proprietary routing protocol however open in 2013.
• It is hybrid routing protocol sometime called Advanced Distance Vector.
• It has characteristics of both distance vector and link state protocols.
• It uses DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) algorithm to select best path.
• It uses RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol) to communicate with neighbors.
• It use multicast for updates.
• It supports both Internet Protocol V4 and IPV6 routed protocols.
• It includes subnet mask information in the routing updates message.
• It supports route summarization.
• It supports VLSM, CIDR.
• Hello time of EIGRP protocol is 5 seconds and the dead time is 15 seconds.
• The Default Internal Administrative Distance of EIGRP protocol is 90.
• The Default External Administrative Distance of EIGRP protocol is 170.
• The EIGRP default hope count support is 100 but it can be tune to 255.
• EIGRP protocol support Equal cost Load and Unequal Cost load balancing.
• It take load balancing by default up-to 4 paths can configure up to 32.
• It updates are sent to through on Multicast (224.0.0.10).
• It Support MD5 Authentication.
• By default, Auto Summarization is enable.

EIGRP Tables:

• It maintains three tables


• Neighbor table
• Topology table
• Routing table

Configuring EIGRP:

Router(config)# router eigrp <as no>

Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>

Router(config-router)# no auto-summary

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Eigrp Basic Lab:

R1 Configuration: R2 Configuration:
en en
config t config t
hostname R2 hostname R2

int e0/0 int e0/0


ip add 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
no sh no sh

int lo0 int lo0


ip add 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ip add 2.2.2.2 255.0.0.0

router eigrp 1 router eigrp 1


network 192.168.12.0 network 192.168.12.0
network 1.0.0.0 network 2.0.0.0
no auto-summary no auto-summary
To Check Sh ip route or sh ip router eigrp

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Eigrp Neighbor Table Explanation:

R1#show ip eigrp neighbors

H (Handle) Lists the neighbors in the order this router was learned.
Address The IP address of the neighbors
Interface The interface of the local router on which this Hello packet was
received.
Hold The amount of time left before neighbor is considered in “Down”
Status.
Uptime How long the neighbor has been up
SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Timer): If a multicast has failed, then a unicast is
send to that particular router, the RTO is the time in milliseconds that
the router waits for an acknowledgement of that unicast.
Q Cnt (Q Count): Shows the number of queued EIGRP packets. It is usually 0.
RTO (Retransmission Timeout): if a multicast has failed, then a unicast is sent
to that particular router, the RTO is the time in milliseconds that the

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router waits for an acknowledgement of that unicast.


Seq Num The sequence number of the last update EIGRP packet received.

Eigrp Topology Table Explanation:

As Autonomous System number 1


Codes Passive is good and Active is bad
Sia Status (Struck in EIGRP has not received a reply to a query packet from one of the neighbors within
Active) the allowed time about 3 minutes.
1 Successors The best path in this case only one way to get to the destination
FD is 281600 Feasible Distance: Total distance to get to the destination

Eigrp Routing Table Explanation:

R1#sh ip route eigrp

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D Shows this is an EIGRP learnt route


2.0.0.0/8 Destination learn network and 8 is subnet mask.
90 90 is the Administrative Distance of EIGRP
409600 This is the metric, Total distance to get to the destination
192.168.12.2 The neighbor that advertised the route.
00:09:41 Time since the route was learnt.
Ethernet 0/0 The outbound interface going towards the destination.

EIGRP Metric:

• EIGRP uses metric to select the best route from all available routes for destination.
• Metric has five components. 1. Bandwidth, 2. Load, 3. Delay, 4. Reliability and 5. MTU. From these
only bandwidth and delay are by default enabled.

K Value Component Description


K1 Bandwidth Lowest bandwidth of route
K2 Load Worst load on route based on packet rate
K3 Delay Cumulative interface delay of route
K4 Reliability Worst reliability of route based on keep alive
K5 MTU Smallest MTU in path [Not used in route Calculation]

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Bandwidth (K1):

• EIGRP picks lowest bandwidth from all outing-going interfaces of route to the destination network.
• Bandwidth is amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.

Load (K2):

• Load is a dynamic value that changes frequently.


• It is based on packet rate and bandwidth of interface.
• It calculates the volume of traffic passing through the interface in comparison of maximum capacity.
• It is expressed on a scale of 255 where 1 represent that an interface is empty and 255 represent that
an interface is fully utilized.
• Sine data flows from both directions, router maintains two separate metric counters; TXload for
outgoing traffic and RXload for incoming traffic.

Delay (K3):

• Delay reflects the time taken by a packet in crossing the interface.


• It is measured in fractions of seconds.

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Reliability (K4):

• Just like load, reliability is also a dynamic value.


• It compares all successfully received frames against all received frames.
• 100 % reliability indicates that all the frames, which we received, were good.
• We do not have any issue with physical link.
• If we have any issue with physical link, this value will be decrease.

MTU (K5):

• MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Unit.


• It is advertised with routing update but it does not actively participate in metric calculation.

Autonomous System:

• EIGRP shares routing information only with neighbors.


• In order to become a neighbor AS number must be matched.
• AS create a logical boundary for route information. By default, router will not propagate route
information outside the AS.

Path Metric Calculation:

EIGRP Metric = 256*((10^7 / min. BW) + Delay)

=256*((10000000/Minimum BW) + Sum of Interface Delays/10)

Where Bandwidth = 10000000/bandwidth (i), where bandwidth (i) is the least bandwidth of all outgoing
interfaces on the route to the destination network represented in kilobits.

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Delay = delay (i) where delay (i) is the sum of the delays configured on the interfaces, on the route to the
destination network, in tens of microseconds.

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EIGRP Metric = 256*((10000000/Minimum BW) + (Sum of Interface Delays/10))

EIGRP Metric = 256*((10000000/10000) + (1000+5000/10))

EIGRP Metric = 256*((1000) + (6000/10))

EIGRP Metric = 256*((1000) + (600))

EIGRP Metric = 256*(1600)

EIGRP Metric = 409600

Path Selection Optimization:

• Change EIGRP metrics by manipulating the bandwidth and or delay values.

Configuration:

R1 Configuration R2 Configuration
en en
Config t Config t
hostname R1 hostname R2

int f0/0 int f0/0


ip add 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
no sh no sh

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int f0/1 int f0/1


ip add 192.168.21.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 192.168.21.2 255.255.255.0
no sh no sh

router eigrp 1 int lo0


no auto-summary ip add 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0
network 192.168.21.0
network 192.168.12.0
router eigrp 1
no auto-summary
network 192.168.21.0
network 192.168.12.0
network 2.2.2.0

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Commands Description
R1#Sh ip route eigrp First verify both routes in routing table
Equal path load balancing
D 2.2.2.0 [90/409600] via 192.168.21.2, 00:13:50, F0/1
[90/409600] via 192.168.12.2, 00:13:50, F0/0
R1(config)#int f0/0 Enter interface mode
R1(config-if)#bandwidth 1000 Decrease the bandwidth to 1000
R1#sh ip route eigrp Verify again only one path now
D 2.2.2.0 [90/409600] via 192.168.21.2, 00:00:38, F0/1
R1(config)#int f0/0 Verify again two path now
R1(config-if)#no band
R1(config-if)#no bandwidth 1000

R1#sh ip route eigrp


2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
D 2.2.2.0 [90/409600] via 192.168.21.2, 00:00:25, F0/1
[90/409600] via 192.168.12.2, 00:00:25, F0/0

R1(Config-if)# delay 10000 Enter interface mode


Increase the delay this time
R1#sh ip route eigrp
2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

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D 2.2.2.0 [90/409600] via 192.168.21.2, 00:00:21, F0/1 Verify again only one path now
R1(config)#int f0/0 Enter interface mode
R1(config-if)#no delay 10000 Make the default delay again
R1#sh ip route eigrp Verify again two path now
2.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
D 2.2.2.0 [90/409600] via 192.168.21.2, 00:00:13, F0/1
[90/409600] via 192.168.12.2, 00:00:13, Fa0/0

EIGRP Packet Types:

• EIGRP uses five packet types in communication with its neighbors.


• As given below.

Packet Description
Hello Used to identify neighbors. They are sent as periodic multicasts.
Update Used to advertise routes, only sent as multicasts when something is changed.
Ack Acknowledges receipt of an update.
Query Used to find alternate paths when all paths to a destination have failed.
Reply Used to response to query packets about routing information.

Hello:

• Hello packets are used for neighbor discovery.


• As soon as the hello packets send and receive EIGRP routers will try to form the neighbor
adjacency.
• They are multicast to 224.0.0.10. By default, EIGRP sends hello packets every 5 seconds.

Update:

• Update packets contain routing information for destinations.


• EIGRP unicasts update packets to newly discovered neighbors; otherwise, it multicasts update
packets to 224.0.0.10 when a link or metric changes.
• Update packets are acknowledged to ensure reliable transmission.

Query:

• EIGRP sends query packets used to find alternate paths when all paths to a destination have
failed.
• Query packets are always multicast.

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Reply:

• EIGRP sends reply packets to respond to query packets.


• Reply packets provide a feasible successor to the sender of the query.
• Reply packets are unicast to the sender of the query packet.

ACK:

• ACK packets are used to acknowledge the receipt of update, query and replay packets.
• ACK packets are sent by using unicast.

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EIGRP Terminologies:

Advertised Distance (AD)/Reported Distance (RD): The cost from the neighbor to the destination.
Feasible Distance (FD): The total cost to reach a destination network.

Successor: The primary route used to reach a destination. The successor route is kept in the routing
table. Notice that successor is the best route to that destination.

Feasible Successor: The backup route. To be a feasible successor, the route must have an AD less than
the FD of the current successor route.

Lab Time:

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R1 Configuration R2 Configuration
En En
Config t Config t
Hostname R1 Hostname R2
Int e0/0 Int e0/0
Ip add 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0 Ip add 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
No sh No sh
Int e0/1 Int e0/1
Ip add 192.168.21.1 255.255.255.0 Ip add 192.168.21.2 255.255.255.0
No sh No sh
Router eigrp 1 Int lo 0
Network 192.168.12.0 Ip add 2.2.2.2 255.0.0.0
Network 192.168.21.0
Router eigrp 1
Network 192.168.12.0
Network 192.168.21.0
Network 2.0.0.0

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EIGRP Summarization:

Auto-Summarization:

• Auto Summarization is a feature, which allows Routing Protocols to summarize its routes to
their classful networks automatically.
• By default, EIGRP has auto summary feature enabled. Because of this, routes are summarized to
classful address at network boundaries in the routing updates.
• The Auto-Summarization can be disabled with a command of no auto-summary from the router
prompt.

R1 Configuration R2 Configuration
en en
config t config t
hostname R1 hostname R2

int f0/0 int f0/0


ip add 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0 ip add 1.1.1.2 255.0.0.0
no sh no sh

int lo 0 int lo 0
ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
int lo 1 int lo 1
ip add 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
int lo 2 int lo 2
ip add 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0
int lo 3 int lo 3
ip add 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 172.168.4.1 255.255.255.0

router eigrp 1 router eigrp 1

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network 0.0.0.0 network 0.0.0.0


no auto-summary no auto-summary

Commands Description
R1(config)#router eigrp 1 Enter EIGRP mode
R1(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 Advertise all networks
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary Disable auto summary feature
R2(config)#router eigrp 1 Enter EIGRP mode
R2(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 Advertise all network
R2(config-router)#no auto-summary Disable auto summary feature
R1#show ip route eigrp View routing table for EIGRP all four networks of 172 present in
table
R2(config)#router eigrp 1 Enter EIGRP mode
R2(config-router)#auto-summary Enable auto summary feature
R1#show ip route eigrp Again, view routing table for EIGRP
Only summary route 172.16.0.0/16

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• The manual summarization is a process of creating a summary route that will be used to
represent multiple routes and can be used to reduce the sizes of routing tables in a network.
• Manual summarization is configured differently on different protocols.
• The syntax of the command is (config-if) ip summary-address eigrp ASN SUMMARY_ADDRESS
SUBNET_MASK.

Advantages of Summarization:

• Saves Memory: Routing tables will be smaller which reduces memory requirements.
• Saves Bandwidth: There are less routes to advertise so we save some bandwidth.
• Saves CPU Cycles: Less packets to process and smaller routing tables to work on.
• Stability: Prevents routing table instability due to flapping networks.

Lab-Manual Summarization:

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Calculating the Summarize route:

192.168.1.0

192.168.4.0

192.168.00000 001. 0 = 8 + 8 + 5 = 21 => 255.255.248.0

192.168.00000 100. 0

So IP will be 192.168.0.0 and subnet mask is 255.255.248.0

Commands Description
R1(config)#router eigrp 1 Enter EIGRP mode
R1(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 Advertise all networks
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary Disable auto summary feature
R2(config)#router eigrp 1 Enter EIGRP mode
R2(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0 Advertise only 1 network
R2(config-router)#no auto-summary Disable auto summary feature
R2#show ip route eigrp View routing table for EIGRP all four networks of
192.168. present
R1(config)#interface f0/0 Enter interface mode facing R2
R1(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp 1 Enter summary route to send
192.168.0.0 255.255.248.0
R2#show ip route eigrp Check again routing table only summary route
192.168.0.0/21 only
R1#show ip route eigrp Checking summary route in R1
192.168.0.0/21 is a summary, Null0

EIGRP Load Balancing:

• Load balancing is a router’s capability to distribute traffic over all of its network ports that are
the same metric from the destination address.
• By default, the CISCO IOS balances between a maximum of four equal-cost paths for IP.
• EIGRP support Equal Cost and Unequal Cost loading balancing.

EIGRP Equal Cost:

• By default, EIGRP supports equal-cost load balancing over four links.


• Equal-cost means that multiple routes must have the same metric to reach a destination, so that
router can choose to load balance across equal cost links.

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• Using maximum-path router configuration command, to request up to 16 equally good routes to


be kept in the routing table. Set maximum-path to 1 to disable load balancing.

Lab EIGRP Equal Cost:

Commands Description
(config)#router eigrp 1 Apply this on both R1 and R2
(config-router)#no auto-summary Disable auto summary
(config-router)#network 0.0.0.0 Enable EIGRP for all networks
R1#show ip route eigrp Check routing table for EIGRP equal 2 paths
R1#show ip eigrp topology Check EIGRP topology table for all paths
R1(config)#router eigrp 1 Enters EIGRP routing mode
R1(config‐router)# maximum-paths 1 To disable equal cost load balancing set 1
R1#show ip route eigrp Check routing table for EIGRP now 1 path
R1(config)#router eigrp 1 Enters EIGRP routing mode
R1(config‐router)# maximum-paths 4 Enable back equal cost load balancing

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EIGRP Unequal Cost:

• EIGRP can also balance traffic across multiple routes that have different metrics and it is called
Unequal-Cost Load Balancing.

R1 Configuration: R2 Configuration:
en en
config t config t
hostname R1 hostname R2

int f0/0 int f0/0


ip add 192.168.12.1 255.255.255.0 ip add 192.168.12.2 255.255.255.0
no sh no sh

int e2/0
ip add 192.168.13.1 255.255.255.0 int f1/0
no sh ip add 192.168.25.1 255.255.255.0
no sh

router eigrp 1 router eigrp 1


no auto-summary no auto-summary
network 0.0.0.0 network 0.0.0.0
Enters EIGRP routing mode
Set variance 3 to install other route

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R3 Configuration: R4 Configuration:
en en
config t config t
hostname R3 hostname R4
int f0/0
int e2/0 ip add 192.168.25.2 255.255.255.0
ip add 192.168.13.2 255.255.255.0 no sh
no sh

int f1/0
int f0/0 ip add 192.168.35.2 255.255.255.0
ip add 192.168.35.1 255.255.255.0 no sh
no sh
int lo 0
router eigrp 1 ip add 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
no auto-summary
network 0.0.0.0 router eigrp 1
no auto-summary
network 0.0.0.0

Now we can see topology table show two route but in routing table only one is coming which is best.

So we will calculate variance

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Variance = 412160/158720 = 2.596774193548387 so we will take 3

Then go to eigrp

R1(config)#router eigrp 1
R1(config‐router)#variance 3

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