Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.

Network Functions Virtualization Product

Guide

Overview of the Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

Last Updated: 2022-06-22

Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization
Product Guide
Overview of the Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)

OpenStack Team
[email protected]
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Abstract
This guide introduces Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), its advantages, supported
configurations, architecture, components, installation, and integration information.
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
. . . . . . . . . .OPEN
MAKING . . . . . . SOURCE
. . . . . . . . . .MORE
. . . . . . .INCLUSIVE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . FEEDBACK
PROVIDING . . . . . . . . . . . . ON
. . . .RED
. . . . .HAT
. . . . .DOCUMENTATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.CHAPTER
. . . . . . . . . . 1.. .UNDERSTANDING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RED
. . . . . HAT
. . . . .NETWORK
. . . . . . . . . . . FUNCTIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .VIRTUALIZATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (NFV)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1. ADVANTAGES OF NFV 5
1.2. SUPPORTED CONFIGURATIONS FOR NFV DEPLOYMENTS 5

.CHAPTER
. . . . . . . . . . 2.
. . SOFTWARE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. ETSI NFV ARCHITECTURE 7
2.2. NFV ETSI ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENTS 7
2.3. RED HAT NFV COMPONENTS 9
2.4. NFV INSTALLATION SUMMARY 9

. . . . . . . . . . . 3.
CHAPTER . . NFV
. . . . . HARDWARE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.CHAPTER
. . . . . . . . . . 4.
. . .NFV
. . . . .DATA
. . . . . .PLANE
. . . . . . . .CONNECTIVITY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
..............
4.1. FAST DATA PATH OPTIONS 12

. . . . . . . . . . . 5.
CHAPTER . . NFV
. . . . . PERFORMANCE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CONSIDERATIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
..............
5.1. CPUS AND NUMA NODES 14
5.1.1. NUMA node example 14
5.1.2. NUMA aware instances 15
5.2. CPU PINNING 15
5.3. HUGE PAGES 16
5.4. PORT SECURITY 16

. . . . . . . . . . . 6.
CHAPTER . . .FINDING
. . . . . . . . . MORE
. . . . . . .INFORMATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
..............

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

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 MAKING OPEN SOURCE MORE INCLUSIVE

MAKING OPEN SOURCE MORE INCLUSIVE

Red Hat is committed to replacing problematic language in our code, documentation, and web
properties. We are beginning with these four terms: master, slave, blacklist, and whitelist. Because of the
enormity of this endeavor, these changes will be implemented gradually over several upcoming releases.
For more details, see our CTO Chris Wright’s message .

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

PROVIDING FEEDBACK ON RED HAT DOCUMENTATION

We appreciate your input on our documentation. Tell us how we can make it better.

Using the Direct Documentation Feedback (DDF) function

Use the Add Feedback DDF function for direct comments on specific sentences, paragraphs, or code
blocks.

1. View the documentation in the Multi-page HTML format.

2. Ensure that you see the Feedback button in the upper right corner of the document.

3. Highlight the part of text that you want to comment on.

4. Click Add Feedback.

5. Complete the Add Feedback field with your comments.

6. Optional: Add your email address so that the documentation team can contact you for
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7. Click Submit.

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 CHAPTER 1. UNDERSTANDING RED HAT NETWORK FUNCTIONS VIRTUALIZATION (NFV)

CHAPTER 1. UNDERSTANDING RED HAT NETWORK

FUNCTIONS VIRTUALIZATION (NFV)
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a software-based solution that helps the Communication
Service Providers (CSPs) to move beyond the traditional, proprietary hardware to achieve greater
efficiency and agility while reducing the operational costs.

An NFV environment allows for IT and network convergence by providing a virtualized infrastructure
using the standard virtualization technologies that run on standard hardware devices such as switches,
routers, and storage to virtualize network functions (VNFs). The management and orchestration logic
deploys and sustains these services. NFV also includes a Systems Administration, Automation and Life-
Cycle Management thereby reducing the manual work necessary.

1.1. ADVANTAGES OF NFV

The main advantages of implementing network functions virtualization (NFV) are as follows:

Accelerates the time-to-market by allowing you to to quickly deploy and scale new networking
services to address changing demands.

Supports innovation by enabling service developers to self-manage their resources and

prototype using the same platform that will be used in production.

Addresses customer demands in hours or minutes instead of weeks or days, without sacrificing
security or performance.

Reduces capital expenditure because it uses commodity-off-the-shelf hardware instead of

expensive tailor-made equipment.

Uses streamlined operations and automation that optimize day-to-day tasks to improve
employee productivity and reduce operational costs.

1.2. SUPPORTED CONFIGURATIONS FOR NFV DEPLOYMENTS

Red Hat OpenStack Platform (RHOSP) supports NFV deployments with the inclusion of automated
OVS-DPDK and SR-IOV configuration. For more information about the support scope for features
marked as technology previews, see Technology Preview.

Hyper-converged Infrastructure (HCI)

You can colocate the Compute sub-system with the Red Hat Ceph Storage nodes. This hyper-
converged model delivers lower cost of entry, smaller initial deployment footprints, maximized
capacity utilization, and more efficient management in NFV use cases. For more information about
HCI, see Hyperconverged Infrastructure Guide .
Composable roles
You can use composable roles to create custom deployments. Composable roles allow you to add or
remove services from each role. For more information about the Composable Roles, see Composable
Roles and Services.
Open vSwitch (OVS) with LACP
As of OVS 2.9, LACP with OVS is fully supported. This is not recommended for Openstack control
plane traffic, as OVS or Openstack Networking interruptions might interfere with management. For
more information, see Open vSwitch Bonding Options .
OVS Hardware offload

Red Hat OpenStack Platform supports, with limitations, the deployment of OVS hardware offload.
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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

Red Hat OpenStack Platform supports, with limitations, the deployment of OVS hardware offload.
For information about deploying OVS with hardware offload, see OpenvSwitch Hardware offload .
Open Virtual Network (OVN)
The following NFV OVN configurations are available in RHOSP 16.1.4:

OVN with OVS-DPDK colocated with SR-IOV .

OVN with OVS TC Flower offload .

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 CHAPTER 2. SOFTWARE

CHAPTER 2. SOFTWARE

2.1. ETSI NFV ARCHITECTURE

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent standardization group
that develops standards for information and communications technologies (ICT) in Europe.

Network functions virtualization (NFV) focuses on addressing problems involved in using proprietary
hardware devices. With NFV, the necessity to install network-specific equipment is reduced, depending
upon the use case requirements and economic benefits. The ETSI Industry Specification Group for
Network Functions Virtualization (ETSI ISG NFV) sets the requirements, reference architecture, and the
infrastructure specifications necessary to ensure virtualized functions are supported.

Red Hat is offering an open-source based cloud-optimized solution to help the Communication Service
Providers (CSP) to achieve IT and network convergence. Red Hat adds NFV features such as single root
I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) and Open vSwitch with Data Plane Development Kit (OVS-DPDK) to Red
Hat OpenStack.

2.2. NFV ETSI ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENTS

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

In general, a network functions virtualization (NFV) platform has the following components:

Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) - the software implementation of routers, firewalls,

load balancers, broadband gateways, mobile packet processors, servicing nodes, signalling,
location services, and other network functions.

NFV Infrastructure (NFVi) - the physical resources (compute, storage, network) and the
virtualization layer that make up the infrastructure. The network includes the datapath for
forwarding packets between virtual machines and across hosts. This allows you to install VNFs
without being concerned about the details of the underlying hardware. NFVi forms the
foundation of the NFV stack. NFVi supports multi-tenancy and is managed by the Virtual
Infrastructure Manager (VIM). Enhanced Platform Awareness (EPA) improves the virtual
machine packet forwarding performance (throughput, latency, jitter) by exposing low-level CPU
and NIC acceleration components to the VNF.

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 CHAPTER 2. SOFTWARE

NFV Management and Orchestration (MANO) - the management and orchestration layer
focuses on all the service management tasks required throughout the life cycle of the VNF. The
main goals of MANO is to allow service definition, automation, error-correlation, monitoring, and
life-cycle management of the network functions offered by the operator to its customers,
decoupled from the physical infrastructure. This decoupling requires additional layers of
management, provided by the Virtual Network Function Manager (VNFM). VNFM manages the
life cycle of the virtual machines and VNFs by either interacting directly with them or through
the Element Management System (EMS) provided by the VNF vendor. The other important
component defined by MANO is the Orchestrator, also known as NFVO. NFVO interfaces with
various databases and systems including Operations/Business Support Systems (OSS/BSS) on
the top and the VNFM on the bottom. If the NFVO wants to create a new service for a customer,
it asks the VNFM to trigger the instantiation of a VNF, which may result in multiple virtual
machines.

Operations and Business Support Systems (OSS/BSS)- provides the essential business
function applications, for example, operations support and billing. The OSS/BSS needs to be
adapted to NFV, integrating with both legacy systems and the new MANO components. The
BSS systems set policies based on service subscriptions and manage reporting and billing.

Systems Administration, Automation and Life-Cycle Management - manages system

administration, automation of the infrastructure components and life cycle of the NFVi
platform.

2.3. RED HAT NFV COMPONENTS

Red Hat’s solution for NFV includes a range of products that can act as the different components of the
NFV framework in the ETSI model. The following products from the Red Hat portfolio integrate into an
NFV solution:

Red Hat OpenStack Platform - Supports IT and NFV workloads. The Enhanced Platform
Awareness (EPA) features deliver deterministic performance improvements through CPU
Pinning, Huge pages, Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) affinity and network adaptors
(NICs) that support SR-IOV and OVS-DPDK.

Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host - Create virtual machines
and containers as VNFs.

Red Hat Ceph Storage - Provides the the unified elastic and high-performance storage layer
for all the needs of the service provider workloads.

Red Hat JBoss Middleware and OpenShift Enterprise by Red Hat - Optionally provide the
ability to modernize the OSS/BSS components.

Red Hat CloudForms - Provides a VNF manager and presents data from multiple sources, such
as the VIM and the NFVi in a unified display.

Red Hat Satellite and Ansible by Red Hat - Optionally provide enhanced systems
administration, automation and life-cycle management.

2.4. NFV INSTALLATION SUMMARY

The Red Hat OpenStack Platform director installs and manages a complete OpenStack environment.
The director is based on the upstream OpenStack TripleO project, which is an abbreviation for
"OpenStack-On-OpenStack". This project takes advantage of the OpenStack components to install a
fully operational OpenStack environment; this includes a minimal OpenStack node called the

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

undercloud. The undercloud provisions and controls the overcloud (a series of bare metal systems used
as the production OpenStack nodes). The director provides a simple method for installing a complete
Red Hat OpenStack Platform environment that is both lean and robust.

For more information on installing the undercloud and overcloud, see Red Hat OpenStack Platform
Director Installation and Usage.

To install the NFV features, complete the following additional steps:

Include SR-IOV and PCI Passthrough parameters in your network-environment.yaml file,

update the post-install.yaml file for CPU tuning, modify the compute.yaml file, and run the
overcloud_deploy.sh script to deploy the overcloud.

Install the DPDK libraries and drivers for fast packets processing by polling data directly from
the NICs. Include the DPDK parameters in your network-environment.yaml file, update the
post-install.yaml files for CPU tuning, update the compute.yaml file to set the bridge with
DPDK port, update the controller.yaml file to set the bridge and an interface with VLAN
configured, and run the overcloud_deploy.sh script to deploy the overcloud.

For required NFV planning guidelines and configuration, see Network Function Virtualization Planning
and Configuration Guide.

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 CHAPTER 3. NFV HARDWARE

CHAPTER 3. NFV HARDWARE

See Director Installation and Usage for guidance on hardware selection for OpenStack nodes.

For a list of tested NICs for network functions virtualization (NFV), see Network Adapter Support .
Customer Portal login required.

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

CHAPTER 4. NFV DATA PLANE CONNECTIVITY

With the introduction of NFV, more networking vendors are starting to implement their traditional
devices as VNFs. While the majority of networking vendors are considering virtual machines, some are
also investigating a container-based approach as a design choice. An OpenStack-based solution should
be rich and flexible due to two primary reasons:

Application readiness - Network vendors are currently in the process of transforming their
devices into VNFs. Different VNFs in the market have different maturity levels; common
barriers to this readiness include enabling RESTful interfaces in their APIs, evolving their data
models to become stateless, and providing automated management operations. OpenStack
should provide a common platform for all.

Broad use-cases - NFV includes a broad range of applications that serve different use-cases.
For example, Virtual Customer Premise Equipment (vCPE) aims at providing a number of
network functions such as routing, firewall, virtual private network (VPN), and network address
translation (NAT) at customer premises. Virtual Evolved Packet Core (vEPC), is a cloud
architecture that provides a cost-effective platform for the core components of Long-Term
Evolution (LTE) network, allowing dynamic provisioning of gateways and mobile endpoints to
sustain the increased volumes of data traffic from smartphones and other devices.
These use cases are implemented using different network applications and protocols, and
require different connectivity, isolation, and performance characteristics from the
infrastructure. It is also common to separate between control plane interfaces and protocols and
the actual forwarding plane. OpenStack must be flexible enough to offer different datapath
connectivity options.

In principle, there are two common approaches for providing data plane connectivity to virtual machines:

Direct hardware access bypasses the linux kernel and provides secure direct memory access
(DMA) to the physical NIC using technologies such as PCI Passthrough or single root I/O
virtualization (SR-IOV) for both Virtual Function (VF) and Physical Function (PF) pass-through.

Using a virtual switch (vswitch), implemented as a software service of the hypervisor. Virtual
machines are connected to the vSwitch using virtual interfaces (vNICs), and the vSwitch is
capable of forwarding traffic between virtual machines, as well as between virtual machines and
the physical network.

4.1. FAST DATA PATH OPTIONS

Some of the fast data path options are as follows:

Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)is a standard that makes a single PCI hardware device
appear as multiple virtual PCI devices. It works by introducing Physical Functions (PFs), which
are the fully featured PCIe functions that represent the physical hardware ports, and Virtual
Functions (VFs), which are lightweight functions that are assigned to the virtual machines. To
the VM, the VF resembles a regular NIC that communicates directly with the hardware. NICs
support multiple VFs.

Open vSwitch (OVS) is an open source software switch that is designed to be used as a virtual
switch within a virtualized server environment. OVS supports the capabilities of a regular L2-L3
switch and also offers support to the SDN protocols such as OpenFlow to create user-defined
overlay networks (for example, VXLAN). OVS uses Linux kernel networking to switch packets
between virtual machines and across hosts using physical NIC. OVS now supports connection
tracking (Conntrack) with built-in firewall capability to avoid the overhead of Linux bridges that
use iptables/ebtables. Open vSwitch for Red Hat OpenStack Platform environments offers
default OpenStack Networking (neutron) integration with OVS.

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 CHAPTER 4. NFV DATA PLANE CONNECTIVITY

Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) consists of a set of libraries and poll mode drivers (PMD)
for fast packet processing. It is designed to run mostly in the user-space, enabling applications
to perform their own packet processing directly from or to the NIC. DPDK reduces latency and
allows more packets to be processed. DPDK Poll Mode Drivers (PMDs) run in busy loop,
constantly scanning the NIC ports on host and vNIC ports in guest for arrival of packets.

DPDK accelerated Open vSwitch (OVS-DPDK) is Open vSwitch bundled with DPDK for a high
performance user-space solution with Linux kernel bypass and direct memory access (DMA) to
physical NICs. The idea is to replace the standard OVS kernel data path with a DPDK-based
data path, creating a user-space vSwitch on the host that uses DPDK internally for its packet
forwarding. The advantage of this architecture is that it is mostly transparent to users. The
interfaces it exposes, such as OpenFlow, OVSDB, the command line, remain mostly the same.

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

CHAPTER 5. NFV PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS

For a network functions virtualization (NFV) solution to be useful, its virtualized functions must meet or
exceed the performance of physical implementations. Red Hat’s virtualization technologies are based on
the high-performance Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) hypervisor, common in OpenStack and
cloud deployments.

5.1. CPUS AND NUMA NODES

Previously, all memory on x86 systems was equally accessible to all CPUs in the system. This resulted in
memory access times that were the same regardless of which CPU in the system was performing the
operation and was referred to as Uniform Memory Access (UMA).

In Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA), system memory is divided into zones called nodes, which are
allocated to particular CPUs or sockets. Access to memory that is local to a CPU is faster than memory
connected to remote CPUs on that system. Normally, each socket on a NUMA system has a local
memory node whose contents can be accessed faster than the memory in the node local to another
CPU or the memory on a bus shared by all CPUs.

Similarly, physical NICs are placed in PCI slots on the Compute node hardware. These slots connect to
specific CPU sockets that are associated to a particular NUMA node. For optimum performance,
connect your datapath NICs to the same NUMA nodes in your CPU configuration (SR-IOV or OVS-
DPDK).

The performance impact of NUMA misses are significant, generally starting at a 10% performance hit or
higher. Each CPU socket can have multiple CPU cores which are treated as individual CPUs for
virtualization purposes.

TIP

For more information about NUMA, see What is NUMA and how does it work on Linux?

5.1.1. NUMA node example

The following diagram provides an example of a two-node NUMA system and the way the CPU cores
and memory pages are made available:

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 CHAPTER 5. NFV PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS

NOTE

Remote memory available via Interconnect is accessed only if VM1 from NUMA node 0
has a CPU core in NUMA node 1. In this case, the memory of NUMA node 1 acts as local
for the third CPU core of VM1 (for example, if VM1 is allocated with CPU 4 in the diagram
above), but at the same time, it acts as remote memory for the other CPU cores of the
same VM.

5.1.2. NUMA aware instances

You can configure an OpenStack environment to use NUMA topology awareness on systems with a
NUMA architecture. When running a guest operating system in a virtual machine (VM) there are two
NUMA topologies involved:

the NUMA topology of the physical hardware of the host

the NUMA topology of the virtual hardware exposed to the guest operating system

You can optimize the performance of guest operating systems by aligning the virtual hardware with the
physical hardware NUMA topology.

5.2. CPU PINNING

CPU pinning is the ability to run a specific virtual machine’s virtual CPU on a specific physical CPU, in a
given host. vCPU pinning provides similar advantages to task pinning on bare-metal systems. Since
virtual machines run as user space tasks on the host operating system, pinning increases cache

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Red Hat OpenStack Platform 16.2 Network Functions Virtualization Product Guide

efficiency.

For details on how to configure CPU pinning, see Configuring CPU pinning on Compute nodes in the
Configuring the Compute Service for Instance Creation guide.

5.3. HUGE PAGES

Physical memory is segmented into contiguous regions called pages. For efficiency, the system
retrieves memory by accessing entire pages instead of individual bytes of memory. To perform this
translation, the system looks in the Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLB) that contain the physical to
virtual address mappings for the most recently or frequently used pages. When the system cannot find a
mapping in the TLB, the processor must iterate through all of the page tables to determine the address
mappings. Optimize the TLB to minimize the performance penalty that occurs during these TLB misses.

The typical page size in an x86 system is 4KB, with other larger page sizes available. Larger page sizes
mean that there are fewer pages overall, and therefore increases the amount of system memory that
can have its virtual to physical address translation stored in the TLB. Consequently, this reduces TLB
misses, which increases performance. With larger page sizes, there is an increased potential for memory
to be under-utilized as processes must allocate in pages, but not all of the memory is likely required. As a
result, choosing a page size is a compromise between providing faster access times with larger pages,
and ensuring maximum memory utilization with smaller pages.

5.4. PORT SECURITY

Port security is an anti-spoofing measure that blocks any egress traffic that does not match the source
IP and source MAC address of the originating network port. You cannot view or modify this behavior
using security group rules.

By default, the port_security_enabled parameter is set to enabled on newly created Neutron networks
in OpenStack. Newly created ports copy the value of the port_security_enabled parameter from the
network they are created on.

For some NFV use cases, such as building a firewall or router, you must disable port security.

To disable port security on a single port, run the following command:

openstack port set --disable-port-security <port-id>

To prevent port security from being enabled on any newly created port on a network, run the following
command:

openstack network set --disable-port-security <network-id>

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 CHAPTER 6. FINDING MORE INFORMATION

CHAPTER 6. FINDING MORE INFORMATION

The following table includes additional Red Hat documentation for reference:

The Red Hat OpenStack Platform documentation suite can be found here: Red Hat OpenStack
Platform Documentation Suite

Table 6.1. List of Available Documentation

Component Reference

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Red Hat OpenStack Platform is supported on Red Hat Enterprise
Linux 8.0. For information on installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
see the corresponding installation guide at: Red Hat Enterprise
Linux Documentation Suite.

Red Hat OpenStack Platform To install OpenStack components and their dependencies, use the
Red Hat OpenStack Platform director. The director uses a basic
OpenStack installation as the undercloud to install, configure, and
manage the OpenStack nodes in the final overcloud. Ensure that
you have one extra host machine for the installation of the
undercloud, in addition to the environment necessary for the
deployed overcloud. For detailed instructions, see Red Hat
OpenStack Platform Director Installation and Usage.

For information on configuring advanced features for a Red Hat

OpenStack Platform enterprise environment using the Red Hat
OpenStack Platform director, such as network isolation, storage
configuration, SSL communication, and general configuration
method, see Advanced Overcloud Customization.

NFV Documentation For more details on planning and configuring your Red Hat
OpenStack Platform deployment with single root I/O virtualization
(SR-IOV) and Open vSwitch with Data Plane Development Kit
(OVS-DPDK), see Network Function Virtualization Planning and
Configuration Guide.

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