• CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

• SUBMITTED BY
– ANJALI CHOUDHARY
• CLASS & SEC– XI B
• SUBMITTED TO– YOGITA BHUTRA MAM
 Certificate
This is to certify that “ Anjali Choudhary ” of class XI “ B
” has satisfactorily completed the project on “FORMING
CAPACITY OF SOAP ” under the guidance of “YOGITA
BHUTRA ” during the session 2022-2023

Student’s Sign Teacher’s Sign

Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successful , many people
have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support , this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with project .
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this
project with success .Then I would like to thank my principal
Mrs. Dr. Archana Sharma and chemistry teacher Mrs. Yogita
Bhutra, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof success
her suggestion and her instruction has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then i would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Chemistry Investigatory Project

FORMING CAPACITY OF SOAP
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF : YOGITA BHUTRA
SUBMITTED BY : ANJALI CHOUDHARY

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CERTIFICATE
AIM OF THE PROJECT
 INTRODUCTION
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION CALCULATION
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
SOAPS ARE SODIUM OR POTASSIUM SALTS OF HIGHER FATTY ACIDS
LIKE
STEARIC , PALMITIC AND OLEIC ACIDS CAN BE EITHER SATURATED OR
UNSATURATED . THEY CONTAIN A LONG HYDROCARBON CHAIN OF
ABOUT
10-20 CARBON WITH ONE CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP AS THE FUNCTION
 GROUP . A SOAP MOLECULE A TADPOLE SHAPED STRUCTURE , WHOSE
ENDS HAVE DIFFERENT POLARITIERS . AT ONE END IS THE LONG
HYDROCARBON CHAIN THAT IS NON-POLARAND HYDROPHOBIC , I.E.,
INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT OIL SOLUBLE . AT THE OTHER IS THE SHORT
POLAR CARBOXYLATE ION WHICH IS HYDROPHILIC I.E., WATER SOLUBLE
BUT INSOLUBLE IN OIL AND GREASE .

WHEN SOAP IS SHAKEN WITH WATER IT BECOMES A SOAP SOLUTION THAT

IS COLLOIDAL IN NATURE . AGITATING IT TENDS TO CONCENTRATE THE
SOLUTION ON THE SURFACE AND CAUSES FORMING . THIS HELPS THE SOAP
MOLECULES MAKE A UNIMOLECULAR FILM ON THE SURFACE OF WATER
AND
TO PENETRATE THE FABRIC . THE LONG NON-POLAR END OF A SOAP
MOLECULE THAT ARE HYDROPHOBIC , GRAVITATE TOWARDS AND
SURROUND THE DIRT (FAT OR OIL WITH DUST ABSORBED IN IT ).THE SHORT
POLAR END CONTAINING THE CARBOXYLATE ION , FACE THE WATER AWAY
FROM THE DIRT . THE NUMBER OF SOAP , MOLECULES SURROUND OR
ENCIRCLE WHICH DIRT AND GREASE IN A CLUSTERED CALLED ‘ MICELLES’ ,
WHICH ENCIRCLES SUCH PARTICLES AND EMULSIFY THEM .
 Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard
water. Hard water contains Calcium and
magnesium ions which react with sodium
carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of
higher fatty acids.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Ca↓ + 2Na+
(Water soluble) (ppt.)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Mg ↓ + 2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of
Sodium Carbonate.
Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+
Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+
 AIM

Study the effects of the addition of

Sodium Carbonate
(washing Soda) on the
foaming capacity of
different soap solutions.
APPARATUS :
3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.
Materials Required :
0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10
Na2CO3 solution

THEORY
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water containing calcium
and magnesium ions (Hard water), results in formation of scum which
applies grey appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or
cleaning action, more soap must be added.
 2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Ca↓ + 2Na+
(Water soluble) (ppt.)

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly calcium and
magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water). Hard water minerals
primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+ ), and magnesium (Mg2+ ) metal cations,
and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and
sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO 4), in
the form of other mineral deposits. When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the
calcium (Ca2+ ), and magnesium (Mg2+ ) ions precipitate as their
carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity of soap increases.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

 PROCEDURE
 Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml
ofdistilled water.
 Take three test tubes and add distilled water
infirst, tap water in second and third test tube.
 Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third
testtube.
 To above test tubes add soap solutions
separately. Now shake first test tubes for
formation of foam.
Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken
for disappearance of foam.
 Similarly, perform the experiment with other
soapsolutions.
 Record the observations in a tabular form
OBSERVATION
Amount of each soap sample taken = 0. 5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml. Volume
of each soap solution take = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml
S.no. Water Used Time Taken
1. Distilled Water 15’12”
2. Tap Water 8’45”
3. Tap Water + 13’24”
5mL M/10
Na2CO3
CONCLUSIONS
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled water.
The foaming capacity of soap increases on the addition of
Sodium
Carbonate.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTERNET :
www.wikipedia.co.in
 www.google.co.in
www.icbse.com
BOOKS :
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry