React Interview Questions & Answers Venkatesh

Table of Contents

No. Questions

Core React

1 What is React?

2 What are the major features of React?

3 What is JSX?

4 What is the difference between Element and Component?

5 How to create components in React?

6 When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

7 What are Pure Components?

8 What is state in React?

9 What are props in React?

10 What is the difference between state and props?

11 Why should we not update the state directly?

12 What is the purpose of callback function as an argument of setState()?

13 What is the difference between HTML and React event handling?

14 How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?

15 How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?

16 What are synthetic events in React?

17 What are inline conditional expressions?

18 What is "key" prop and what is the benefit of using it in arrays of elements?

19 What is the use of refs?

20 How to create refs?

21 What are forward refs?

22 Which is preferred option with in callback refs and findDOMNode()?

No. Questions

23 Why are String Refs legacy?

24 What is Virtual DOM?

25 How Virtual DOM works?

26 What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?

27 What is React Fiber?

28 What is the main goal of React Fiber?

29 What are controlled components?

30 What are uncontrolled components?

31 What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?

32 What is Lifting State Up in React?

33 What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

34 What are the lifecycle methods of React?

35 What are Higher-Order components?

36 How to create props proxy for HOC component?

37 What is context?

38 What is children prop?

39 How to write comments in React?

40 What is the purpose of using super constructor with props argument?

41 What is reconciliation?

42 How to set state with a dynamic key name?

43 What would be the common mistake of function being called every time the component renders?

44 Is lazy function supports named exports?

45 Why React uses className over class attribute?

46 What are fragments?

47 Why fragments are better than container divs?

48 What are portals in React?

49 What are stateless components?

50 What are stateful components?

51 How to apply validation on props in React?

52 What are the advantages of React?

53 What are the limitations of React?

54 What are error boundaries in React v16

55 How error boundaries handled in React v15?

No. Questions

56 What are the recommended ways for static type checking?

57 What is the use of react-dom package?

58 What is the purpose of render method of react-dom?

59 What is ReactDOMServer?

60 How to use InnerHtml in React?

61 How to use styles in React?

62 How events are different in React?

63 What will happen if you use setState in constructor?

64 What is the impact of indexes as keys?

65 Is it good to use setState() in componentWillMount() method?

66 What will happen if you use props in initial state?

67 How do you conditionally render components?

68 Why we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM elements??

69 How you use decorators in React?

70 How do you memoize a component?

71 How you implement Server-Side Rendering or SSR?

72 How to enable production mode in React?

73 What is CRA and its benefits?

74 What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

75 What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React v16?

76 What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method?

77 What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method?

78 Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

79 What is the recommended way for naming components?

80 What is the recommended ordering of methods in component class?

81 What is a switching component?

82 Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

83 What is strict mode in React?

84 What are React Mixins?

85 Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper solution?

86 What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

87 Why should component names start with capital letter?

88 Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?

No. Questions

89 What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?

90 Can you force a component to re-render without calling setState?

91 What is the difference between super() and super(props) in React using ES6 classes?

92 How to loop inside JSX?

93 How do you access props in attribute quotes?

94 What is React PropType array with shape?

95 How to conditionally apply class attributes?

96 What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?

97 Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

98 How to use React label element?

99 How to combine multiple inline style objects?

100 How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

101 What is the difference between setState and replaceState methods?

102 How to listen to state changes?

103 What is the recommended approach of removing an array element in react state?

104 Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

105 How to pretty print JSON with React?

106 Why you can't update props in React?

107 How to focus an input element on page load?

108 What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?

110 How can we find the version of React at runtime in the browser?

111 What are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-react-app?

112 How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?

113 How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

114 How to add Google Analytics for react-router?

115 How to update a component every second?

116 How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?

117 How to import and export components using react and ES6?

118 What are the exceptions on React component naming?

119 Why is a component constructor called only once?

120 How to define constants in React?

121 How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

122 Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?

No. Questions

123 What are the common folder structures for React?

124 What are the popular packages for animation?

125 What is the benefit of styles modules?

126 What are the popular React-specific linters?

127 How to make AJAX call and In which component lifecycle methods should I make an AJAX call?

128 What are render props?

React Router

129 What is React Router?

130 How React Router is different from history library?

131 What are the \ components of React Router v4?

132 What is the purpose of push and replace methods of history?

133 How do you programmatically navigate using React router v4?

134 How to get query parameters in React Router v4

135 Why you get "Router may have only one child element" warning?

136 How to pass params to history.push method in React Router v4?

137 How to implement default or NotFound page?

138 How to get history on React Router v4?

139 How to perform automatic redirect after login?

React Internationalization

140 What is React-Intl?

141 What are the main features of React Intl?

142 What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?

143 How to use FormattedMessage as placeholder using React Intl?

144 How to access current locale with React Intl

145 How to format date using React Intl?

React Testing

146 What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?

147 What is TestRenderer package in React?

148 What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?

149 What is Jest?

150 What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

151 Give a simple example of Jest test case

React Redux
No. Questions

152 What is Flux?

153 What is Redux?

154 What are the core principles of Redux?

155 What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?

156 What is the difference between mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()?

157 Can I dispatch an action in reducer?

158 How to access Redux store outside a component?

159 What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern

160 Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?

161 How to dispatch an action on load?

162 How to use connect from React Redux?

163 How to reset state in Redux?

164 Whats the purpose of at symbol in the redux connect decorator?

165 What is the difference between React context and React Redux?

166 Why are Redux state functions called reducers?

167 How to make AJAX request in Redux?

168 Should I keep all component's state in Redux store?

169 What is the proper way to access Redux store?

170 What is the difference between component and container in React Redux?

171 What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

172 What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps()?

173 What is the use of the ownProps parameter in mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps()?

174 How to structure Redux top level directories?

175 What is redux-saga?

176 What is the mental model of redux-saga?

177 What are the differences between call and put in redux-saga

178 What is Redux Thunk?

179 What are the differences between redux-saga and redux-thunk

180 What is Redux DevTools?

181 What are the features of Redux DevTools?

182 What are Redux selectors and Why to use them?

183 What is Redux Form?

184 What are the main features of Redux Form?

No. Questions

185 How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

186 How to set initial state in Redux?

187 How Relay is different from Redux?

188 What is an action in Redux?

React Native

188 What is the difference between React Native and React?

189 How to test React Native apps?

190 How to do logging in React Native?

191 How to debug your React Native?

React supported libraries and Integration

192 What is reselect and how it works?

193 What is Flow?

194 What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?

195 How to use font-awesome icons in React?

196 What is React Dev Tools?

197 Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?

198 How to use Polymer in React?

199 What are the advantages of React over Vue.js?

200 What is the difference between React and Angular?

201 Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?

202 What are styled components?

203 Give an example of Styled Components?

204 What is Relay?

205 How to use TypeScript in create-react-app application?

Miscellaneous

206 What are the main features of reselect library?

207 Give an example of reselect usage?

209 Does the statics object work with ES6 classes in React?

210 Can Redux only be used with React?

211 Do you need to have a particular build tool to use Redux?

212 How Redux Form initialValues get updated from state?

213 How React PropTypes allow different type for one prop?

214 Can I import an SVG file as react component?

No. Questions

215 Why are inline ref callbacks or functions not recommended?

216 What is render hijacking in React?

217 What are HOC factory implementations?

218 How to pass numbers to React component?

219 Do I need to keep all my state into Redux? Should I ever use react internal state?

220 What is the purpose of registerServiceWorker in React?

221 What is React memo function?

222 What is React lazy function?

223 How to prevent unnecessary updates using setState?

224 How do you render Array, Strings and Numbers in React 16 Version?

225 How to use class field declarations syntax in React classes?

226 What are hooks?

227 What rules need to be followed for hooks?

228 How to ensure hooks followed the rules in your project?

229 What are the differences between Flux and Redux?

230 What are the benefits of React Router V4?

231 Can you describe about componentDidCatch lifecycle method signature?

232 In which scenarios error boundaries do not catch errors?

233 Why do you not need error boundaries for event handlers?

234 What is the difference between try catch block and error boundaries?

235 What is the behavior of uncaught errors in react 16?

236 What is the proper placement for error boundaries?

237 What is the benefit of component stack trace from error boundary?

238 What is the required method to be defined for a class component?

239 What are the possible return types of render method?

240 What is the main purpose of constructor?

241 Is it mandatory to define constructor for React component?

242 What are default props?

243 Why should not call setState in componentWillUnmount?

244 What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromError?

245 What is the methods order when component re-rendered?

246 What are the methods invoked during error handling?

247 What is the purpose of displayName class property?

No. Questions

248 What is the browser support for react applications?

249 What is the purpose of unmountComponentAtNode method?

250 What is code-splitting?

251 What is the benefit of strict mode?

252 What are Keyed Fragments?

253 Does React support all HTML attributes?

254 What are the limitations with HOCs?

255 How to debug forwardRefs in DevTools?

256 When component props defaults to true?

257 What is NextJS and major features of it?

258 How do you pass an event handler to a component?

259 Is it good to use arrow functions in render methods?

260 How to prevent a function from being called multiple times?

261 How JSX prevents Injection Attacks?

262 How do you update rendered elements?

263 How do you say that props are read only?

264 How do you say that state updates are merged?

265 How do you pass arguments to an event handler?

266 How to prevent component from rendering?

267 What are the conditions to safely use the index as a key?

268 Is it keys should be globally unique?

269 What is the popular choice for form handling?

270 What are the advantages of formik over redux form library?

271 Why do you not required to use inheritance?

272 Can I use web components in react application?

273 What is dynamic import?

274 What are loadable components?

275 What is suspense component?

276 What is route based code splitting?

277 Give an example on How to use context?

278 What is the purpose of default value in context?

279 How do you use contextType?

280 What is a consumer?

No. Questions

281 How do you solve performance corner cases while using context?

282 What is the purpose of forward ref in HOCs?

283 Is it ref argument available for all functions or class components?

284 Why do you need additional care for component libraries while using forward refs?

285 How to create react class components without ES6?

286 Is it possible to use react without JSX?

287 What is diffing algorithm?

288 What are the rules covered by diffing algorithm?

289 When do you need to use refs?

290 Is it prop must be named as render for render props?

291 What are the problems of using render props with pure components?

292 How do you create HOC using render props?

293 What is windowing technique?

294 How do you print falsy values in JSX?

295 What is the typical use case of portals?

296 How do you set default value for uncontrolled component?

297 What is your favorite React stack?

298 What is the difference between Real DOM and Virtual DOM?

299 How to add Bootstrap to a react application?

300 Can you list down top websites or applications using react as front end framework?

301 Is it recommended to use CSS In JS technique in React?

302 Do I need to rewrite all my class components with hooks?

303 How to fetch data with React Hooks?

304 Is Hooks cover all use cases for classes?

305 What is the stable release for hooks support?

306 Why do we use array destructuring (square brackets notation) in useState?

307 What are the sources used for introducing hooks?

308 How do you access imperative API of web components?

309 What is formik?

310 What are typical middleware choices for handling asynchronous calls in Redux?

311 Do browsers understand JSX code?

312 Describe about data flow in react?

 No. Questions

313 What is react scripts?

314 What are the features of create react app?

315 What is the purpose of renderToNodeStream method?

316 What is MobX?

317 What are the differences between Redux and MobX?

318 Should I learn ES6 before learning ReactJS?

319 What is Concurrent Rendering?

320 What is the difference between async mode and concurrent mode?

321 Can I use javascript urls in react16.9?

322 What is the purpose of eslint plugin for hooks?

323 What is the difference between Imperative and Declarative in React?

324 What are the benefits of using typescript with reactjs?

How do you make sure that user remains authenticated on page refresh while using Context API State Management?
325

326 What are the benefits of new JSX transform?

327 How does new JSX transform different from old transform?

328 How do you get redux scaffolding using create-react-app?

329 What are React Server components?

330 What is prop drilling?

331 What is state mutation and how to prevent it?

332 What is the difference between useState and useRef hook?

Core React

1. What is React?

React is an open-source front-end JavaScript library that is used for building user interfaces, especially for single-page applications. It is used for handling view layer for web
and mobile apps. React was created by Jordan Walke, a software engineer working for Facebook. React was first deployed on Facebook's News Feed in 2011 and on Instagram
in 2012.

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2. What are the major features of React?

The major features of React are:

It uses VirtualDOM instead of RealDOM considering that RealDOM manipulations are expensive. Supports
server-side rendering.
Follows Unidirectional data flow or data binding.
Uses reusable/composable UI components to develop the view.

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3. What is JSX?

JSX is a XML-like syntax extension to ECMAScript (the acronym stands for JavaScript XML). Basically it just provides syntactic sugar for the
React.createElement() function, giving us expressiveness of JavaScript along with HTML like template syntax. In the

example below text inside <h1> tag is returned as JavaScript function to the render function.
 jsx harmony class App extends React.Component { render() { return( <div> <h1>{'Welcome to React world!'}</h1> </div> ) } }

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4. What is the difference between Element and Component?

An Element is a plain object describing what you want to appear on the screen in terms of the DOM nodes or other components. Elements can contain other
Elements in their props. Creating a React element is cheap. Once an element is created, it is never mutated. The object

representation of React Element would be as follows:

{id: 'login-btn'},
'Login'

The above React.createElement() function returns an object:

children: 'Login',

And finally it renders to the DOM using ReactDOM.render() :

<div id='login-btn'>Login</div>

Whereas a component can be declared in several different ways. It can be a class with a render() method or it can be defined as a function. In either case, it takes props as an
input, and returns a JSX tree as the output:

<div id={'login-btn'} onClick={onLogin}>Login</div>

Then JSX gets transpiled to a React.createElement() function tree:

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5. How to create components in React?

There are two possible ways to create a component.

1. Function Components: This is the simplest way to create a component. Those are pure JavaScript functions that accept props object as the first parameter and
return React elements:

```jsx harmony function Greeting({ message }) { return

{ Hello, ${message} }
} ```

2. Class Components: You can also use ES6 class to define a component. The above function component can be written as:

jsx harmony class Greeting extends React.Component { render() { return <h1>{`Hello, ${this.props.message}`}</h1> } }

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6. When to use a Class Component over a Function Component?

If the component needs state or lifecycle methods then use class component otherwise use function component. However, from React 16.8 with the addition of Hooks, you could
use state , lifecycle methods and other features that were only available in class component right in your function component . *So, it is always recommended to use Function
components, unless you need a React functionality whose Function component equivalent is not present yet, like Error Boundaries *

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 7. What are Pure Components?

React.PureComponent is exactly the same as React.Component except that it handles the shouldComponentUpdate() method for you. When props or state changes,
PureComponent will do a shallow comparison on both props and state. Component on the other hand won't compare current props and state to next out of the box. Thus, the
component will re-render by default whenever shouldComponentUpdate is called.

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8. What is state in React?

State of a component is an object that holds some information that may change over the lifetime of the component. We should always try to make our state as simple as
possible and minimize the number of stateful components.

Let's create a user component with message state,

```jsx harmony class User extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props)

render() { return (

{this.state.message}
) } } ```

state

State is similar to props, but it is private and fully controlled by the component ,i.e., it is not accessible to any other component till the owner component decides to pass it.

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9. What are props in React?

Props are inputs to components. They are single values or objects containing a set of values that are passed to components on creation using a naming convention similar to HTML-
tag attributes. They are data passed down from a parent component to a child component.

The primary purpose of props in React is to provide following component functionality:

1. Pass custom data to your component.

2. Trigger state changes.
3. Use via this.props.reactProp inside component's render() method.

For example, let us create an element with reactProp property:

```jsx harmony

props.reactProp ```

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10. What is the difference between state and props?

Both props and state are plain JavaScript objects. While both of them hold information that influences the output of render, they are different in their functionality with respect
to component. Props get passed to the component similar to function parameters whereas state is managed within the component similar to variables declared within a function.

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11. Why should we not update the state directly?

If you try to update the state directly then it won't re-render the component.

Instead use setState() method. It schedules an update to a component's state object. When state changes, the component responds by re-rendering.
 Note: You can directly assign to the state object either in constructor or using latest javascript's class field declaration syntax.

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12. What is the purpose of callback function as an argument of setState() ?

The callback function is invoked when setState finished and the component gets rendered. Since setState() is asynchronous the callback function is used for any post
action.

Note: It is recommended to use lifecycle method rather than this callback function.

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13. What is the difference between HTML and React event handling?

Below are some of the main differences between HTML and React event handling,

1. In HTML, the event name usually represents in lowercase as a convention:

<button onclick='activateLasers()'>

Whereas in React it follows camelCase convention:

jsx harmony <button onClick={activateLasers}>

2. In HTML, you can return false to prevent default behavior:

Whereas in React you must call preventDefault() explicitly:

3. In HTML, you need to invoke the function by appending () Whereas in react you should not append () with the function name. (refer
"activateLasers" function in the first point for example)

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14. How to bind methods or event handlers in JSX callbacks?

There are 3 possible ways to achieve this:

1. Binding in Constructor: In JavaScript classes, the methods are not bound by default. The same thing applies for React event handlers defined as class methods. Normally
we bind them in constructor.

this.handleClick = this.handleClick.bind(this);

console.log('Click happened');

return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>Click Me</button>;

2. Public class fields syntax: If you don't like to use bind approach then public class fields syntax can be used to correctly bind callbacks.

```jsx harmony handleClick = () => { console.log('this is:', this) }

 <button onClick={this.handleClick}>

3. Arrow functions in callbacks: You can use arrow functions directly in the callbacks.

Note: If the callback is passed as prop to child components, those components might do an extra re-rendering. In those cases, it is preferred to go with
.bind() or public class fields syntax approach considering performance.

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15. How to pass a parameter to an event handler or callback?

You can use an arrow function to wrap around an event handler and pass parameters:

```jsx harmony
i i i

<button onClick={this.handleClick.bind(this, id)} />

16. What are synthetic events in React?

SyntheticEvent is a cross-browser wrapper around the browser's native event. Its API is same as the browser's native event, including
stopPropagation() and preventDefault() , except the events work identically across all browsers.

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17. What are inline conditional expressions?

You can use either if statements or ternary expressions which are available from JS to conditionally render expressions. Apart from these approaches, you can also embed any
expressions in JSX by wrapping them in curly braces and then followed by JS logical operator && .

jsx harmony <h1>Hello!</h1> { messages.length > 0 && !isLogin? <h2> You have {messages.length} unread messages. </h2> : <h2>
You don't have unread messages. </h2> }

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18. What is "key" prop and what is the benefit of using it in arrays of elements?

A key is a special string attribute you should include when creating arrays of elements. Key prop helps React identify which items have changed, are added, or are removed.

Most often we use ID from our data as key:

```jsx harmony const todoItems = todos.map((todo) =>

19. {todo.text}
)

Note:
 1. Using indexes for keys is not recommended if the order of items may change. This can negatively impact performance and may cause issues with component state.
2. If you extract list item as separate component then apply keys on list component instead of li tag.
3. There will be a warning message in the console if the key prop is not present on list items.

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20. What is the use of refs?

The ref is used to return a reference to the element. They should be avoided in most cases, however, they can be useful when you need a direct access to the DOM element or
an instance of a component.

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21. How to create refs?

There are two approaches

1. This is a recently added approach. Refs are created using React.createRef() method and attached to React elements via the ref attribute. In order to use refs
throughout the component, just assign the ref to the instance property within constructor.

jsx harmony class MyComponent extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) this.myRef = React.createRef()
} render() { return <div ref={this.myRef} /> } }

2. You can also use ref callbacks approach regardless of React version. For example, the search bar component's input element is accessed as follows, jsx harmony
class SearchBar extends Component { constructor(props) { super(props); this.txtSearch = null; this.state = { term: '' };
this.setInputSearchRef = e => { this.txtSearch = e; } } onInputChange(event) { this.setState({ term: this.txtSearch.value
}); } render() { return ( <input value={this.state.term} onChange={this.onInputChange.bind(this)}
ref={this.setInputSearchRef} /> ); } }

You can also use refs in function components using closures. Note: You can also use inline ref callbacks even though it is not a recommended approach.

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22. What are forward refs?

Ref forwarding is a feature that lets some components take a ref they receive, and pass it further down to a child.

```jsx harmony const ButtonElement = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => ( i ));

// Create ref to the DOM button: const ref = React.createRef(); {'Forward Ref'} ```

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23. Which is preferred option with in callback refs and findDOMNode()?

It is preferred to use callback refs over findDOMNode() API. Because findDOMNode() prevents certain improvements in React in the future. The legacy

approach of using findDOMNode :

The recommended approach is:

this.node.current.scrollIntoView();
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24. Why are String Refs legacy?

If you worked with React before, you might be familiar with an older API where the ref attribute is a string, like ref={'textInput'} , and the DOM node is accessed as
this.refs.textInput . We advise against it because string refs have below issues, and are considered legacy. String refs were removed in React v16.

1. They force React to keep track of currently executing component. This is problematic because it makes react module stateful, and thus causes weird errors when react
module is duplicated in the bundle.
2. They are not composable — if a library puts a ref on the passed child, the user can't put another ref on it. Callback refs are perfectly composable.
3. They don't work with static analysis like Flow. Flow can't guess the magic that framework does to make the string ref appear on this.refs , as well as its type
(which could be different). Callback refs are friendlier to static analysis.

4. It doesn't work as most people would expect with the "render callback" pattern (e.g. ) ```jsx harmony class MyComponent extends Component { renderRow =
(index) => { // This won't work. Ref will get attached to DataTable rather than MyComponent: return ;

// This would work though! Callback refs are awesome. return this['input-' + index] = input} />; }

render() { return } } ```

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25. What is Virtual DOM?

The Virtual DOM (VDOM) is an in-memory representation of Real DOM. The representation of a UI is kept in memory and synced with the "real" DOM. It's a step that happens
between the render function being called and the displaying of elements on the screen. This entire process is called reconciliation.

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26. How Virtual DOM works?

The Virtual DOM works in three simple steps.

1. Whenever any underlying data changes, the entire UI is re-rendered in Virtual DOM representation.

2. Then the difference between the previous DOM representation and the new one is calculated.

3. Once the calculations are done, the real DOM will be updated with only the things that have actually changed.

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27. What is the difference between Shadow DOM and Virtual DOM?

The Shadow DOM is a browser technology designed primarily for scoping variables and CSS in web components. The Virtual DOM is a concept implemented by libraries in
JavaScript on top of browser APIs.

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28. What is React Fiber?

Fiber is the new reconciliation engine or reimplementation of core algorithm in React v16. The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas l ike animation, layout,
gestures, ability to pause, abort, or reuse work and assign priority to different types of updates; and new concurrency primitives.

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29. What is the main goal of React Fiber?

The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout, and gestures. Its headline feature is incremental rendering: the ability to split rendering
work into chunks and spread it out over multiple frames.

from documentation

Its main goals are:

1. Ability to split interruptible work in chunks.

2. Ability to prioritize, rebase and reuse work in progress.
3. Ability to yield back and forth between parents and children to support layout in React.
4. Ability to return multiple elements from render().
5. Better support for error boundaries.

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30. What are controlled components?

A component that controls the input elements within the forms on subsequent user input is called Controlled Component, i.e, every state mutation will have an associated handler
function.
 For example, to write all the names in uppercase letters, we use handleChange as below,

handleChange(event) {
this.setState({value: event.target.value.toUpperCase()})

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31. What are uncontrolled components?

The Uncontrolled Components are the ones that store their own state internally, and you query the DOM using a ref to find its current value when you need it. This is a bit more
like traditional HTML.

In the below UserProfile component, the name input is accessed using ref.

```jsx harmony class UserProfile extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) this.handleSubmit = this.handleSubmit.bind(this) this.input = React.createRef() }

handleSubmit(event) { alert('A name was submitted: ' + this.input.current.value) event.preventDefault() } render() { return

{'Name:'}
); } } ```

In most cases, it's recommend to use controlled components to implement forms. In a controlled component, form data is handled by a React component. The alternative is
uncontrolled components, where form data is handled by the DOM itself.

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32. What is the difference between createElement and cloneElement?

JSX elements will be transpiled to React.createElement() functions to create React elements which are going to be used for the object representation of UI. Whereas
cloneElement is used to clone an element and pass it new props.

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33. What is Lifting State Up in React?

When several components need to share the same changing data then it is recommended to lift the shared state up to their closest common ancestor. That means if two child
components share the same data from its parent, then move the state to parent instead of maintaining local state in both of the child components.

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34. What are the different phases of component lifecycle?

The component lifecycle has three distinct lifecycle phases:

1. Mounting: The component is ready to mount in the browser DOM. This phase covers initialization from constructor() ,
getDerivedStateFromProps() , render() , and componentDidMount() lifecycle methods.

2. Updating: In this phase, the component gets updated in two ways, sending the new props and updating the state either from setState() or forceUpdate() . This
phase covers getDerivedStateFromProps() , shouldComponentUpdate() , render() , getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidUpdate()
lifecycle methods.

3. Unmounting: In this last phase, the component is not needed and gets unmounted from the browser DOM. This phase includes
componentWillUnmount() lifecycle method.

It's worth mentioning that React internally has a concept of phases when applying changes to the DOM. They are separated as follows

1. Render The component will render without any side effects. This applies to Pure components and in this phase, React can pause, abort, or restart the render.

2. Pre-commit Before the component actually applies the changes to the DOM, there is a moment that allows React to read from the DOM through the
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() .

3. Commit React works with the DOM and executes the final lifecycles respectively componentDidMount() for mounting, componentDidUpdate() for updating,
and componentWillUnmount() for unmounting.

React 16.3+ Phases (or an interactive version)

Before React 16.3

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35. What are the lifecycle methods of React?

 Before React 16.3

componentWillMount: Executed before rendering and is used for App level configuration in your root component.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and here all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up event listeners should occur.
componentWillReceiveProps: Executed when particular prop updates to trigger state transitions.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By default it returns true . If you are sure that the component doesn't need to render
after state or props are updated, you can return false value. It is a great place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re- render if component receives new
prop.
componentWillUpdate: Executed before re-rendering the component when there are props & state changes confirmed by shouldComponentUpdate()
which returns true.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or state changes.
componentWillUnmount: It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners associated with the component.

React 16.3+

getDerivedStateFromProps: Invoked right before calling render() and is invoked on every render. This exists for rare use cases where you need a derived state.
Worth reading if you need derived state.
componentDidMount: Executed after first rendering and where all AJAX requests, DOM or state updates, and set up event listeners should occur.
shouldComponentUpdate: Determines if the component will be updated or not. By default, it returns true . If you are sure that the component doesn't need to render
after the state or props are updated, you can return a false value. It is a great place to improve performance as it allows you to prevent a re-render if component receives a
new prop.
getSnapshotBeforeUpdate: Executed right before rendered output is committed to the DOM. Any value returned by this will be passed into
componentDidUpdate() . This is useful to capture information from the DOM i.e. scroll position.
componentDidUpdate: Mostly it is used to update the DOM in response to prop or state changes. This will not fire if shouldComponentUpdate()
returns false .
componentWillUnmount It will be used to cancel any outgoing network requests, or remove all event listeners associated with the component.

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36. What are Higher-Order Components?

A higher-order component (HOC) is a function that takes a component and returns a new component. Basically, it's a pattern that is derived from React's compositional
nature.

We call them pure components because they can accept any dynamically provided child component but they won't modify or copy any behavior from their input components.

HOC can be used for many use cases:

const EnhancedComponent = higherOrderComponent(WrappedComponent)

1. Code reuse, logic and bootstrap abstraction.

2. Render hijacking.
3. State abstraction and manipulation.
4. Props manipulation.

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37. How to create props proxy for HOC component?

You can add/edit props passed to the component using props proxy pattern like this:

```jsx harmony function HOC(WrappedComponent) { return class Test extends Component { render() { const newProps = { title: 'New Header', footer: false, showFeatureX: false,
showFeatureY: true }

return <WrappedComponent {...this.props} {...newProps} />

} } ```

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38. What is context?

Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree without having to pass props down manually at every level. For example,

authenticated users, locale preferences, UI themes need to be accessed in the application by many components.

const {Provider, Consumer} = React.createContext(defaultValue)

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39. What is children prop?

Children is a prop ( this.props.children ) that allows you to pass components as data to other components, just like any other prop you use. Component tree put between
component's opening and closing tag will be passed to that component as children prop.

There are several methods available in the React API to work with this prop. These include React.Children.map , React.Children.forEach ,
React.Children.count , React.Children.only , React.Children.toArray .

A simple usage of children prop looks as below,

 ```jsx harmony const MyDiv = React.createClass({ render: function() { return

{this.props.children}
} })

ReactDOM.render( {'Hello'} {'World'} , node ) ```

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40. How to write comments in React?

The comments in React/JSX are similar to JavaScript Multiline comments but are wrapped in curly braces. Single-line

comments:

```jsx harmony

{/* Single-line comments(In vanilla JavaScript, the single-line comments are represented by double slash(//)) */} { Welcome ${user}, let's play React }

**Multi-line comments:**

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41. What is the purpose of using super constructor with props argument?

A child class constructor cannot make use of this reference until the super() method has been called. The same applies to ES6 sub-classes as well. The main reason for
passing props parameter to super() call is to access this.props in your child constructors.

Passing props:

Not passing props:

The above code snippets reveals that this.props is different only within the constructor. It would be the same outside the constructor.

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42. What is reconciliation?

When a component's props or state change, React decides whether an actual DOM update is necessary by comparing the newly returned element with the previously rendered one.
When they are not equal, React will update the DOM. This process is called reconciliation.

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43. How to set state with a dynamic key name?

If you are using ES6 or the Babel transpiler to transform your JSX code then you can accomplish this with computed property names.

handleInputChange(event) {
this.setState({ [event.target.id]: event.target.value })

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44. What would be the common mistake of function being called every time the component renders?

You need to make sure that function is not being called while passing the function as a parameter.

```jsx harmony render() { // Wrong: handleClick is called instead of passed as a reference! return }

return <button onClick={this.handleClick}>{'Click Me'}</button>

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45. Is lazy function supports named exports?

No, currently React.lazy function supports default exports only. If you would like to import modules which are named exports, you can create an intermediate module that
reexports it as the default. It also ensures that tree shaking keeps working and don’t pull unused components. Let's take a component file which exports multiple named
components,

// MoreComponents.js

and reexport MoreComponents.js components in an intermediate file IntermediateComponent.js

// IntermediateComponent.js

Now you can import the module using lazy function as below,

const SomeComponent = lazy(() => import("./IntermediateComponent.js"));

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46. Why React uses className over class attribute?

class is a keyword in JavaScript, and JSX is an extension of JavaScript. That's the principal reason why React uses className instead of class . Pass a string as the
className prop.

jsx harmony render() { return <span className={'menu navigation-menu'}>{'Menu'}</span> }

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47. What are fragments?

It's a common pattern in React which is used for a component to return multiple elements. Fragments let you group a list of children without adding extra nodes to the DOM.

```jsx harmony render() { return ( <React.Fragment> </React.Fragment> ) }

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48. Why fragments are better than container divs?

Below are the list of reasons,

1. Fragments are a bit faster and use less memory by not creating an extra DOM node. This only has a real benefit on very large and deep trees.
2. Some CSS mechanisms like Flexbox and CSS Grid have a special parent-child relationships, and adding divs in the middle makes it hard to keep the desired layout.
3. The DOM Inspector is less cluttered.

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49. What are portals in React?

Portal is a recommended way to render children into a DOM node that exists outside the DOM hierarchy of the parent component.

ReactDOM.createPortal(child, container)

The first argument is any render-able React child, such as an element, string, or fragment. The second argument is a DOM element.

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50. What are stateless components?

If the behaviour is independent of its state then it can be a stateless component. You can use either a function or a class for creating stateless components. But unless you need
to use a lifecycle hook in your components, you should go for function components. There are a lot of benefits if you decide to use function components here; they are easy to
write, understand, and test, a little faster, and you can avoid the this keyword altogether.

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51. What are stateful components?

If the behaviour of a component is dependent on the state of the component then it can be termed as stateful component. These stateful components are always class
components and have a state that gets initialized in the constructor .

React 16.8 Update:

Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing classes.

The Equivalent Functional Component

```javascript import React, {useState} from 'react';

 ```

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52. How to apply validation on props in React?

When the application is running in development mode, React will automatically check all props that we set on components to make sure they have correct type. If the type is
incorrect, React will generate warning messages in the console. It's disabled in production mode due to performance impact. The mandatory props are defined with isRequired .

The set of predefined prop types: 1.

2.
PropTypes.number
3.
PropTypes.string
4.
5. PropTypes.array
6. PropTypes.object
7. PropTypes.func
8. PropTypes.node
9. PropTypes.element
10. PropTypes.bool
PropTypes.symbol
We can define propTypes for User component as below:
PropTypes.any

```jsx harmony import React from 'react' import PropTypes from 'prop-types'

class User extends React.Component { static propTypes = { name: PropTypes.string.isRequired, age: PropTypes.number.isRequired } render() { return

( <>

{ Welcome, ${this.props.name} }
{Age, ${this.props.age} }

</> ) } }

<h1>{`Welcome, ${name}`}</h1>
<h2>{`Age, ${age}`}</h2>

name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,

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53. What are the advantages of React?

Below are the list of main advantages of React,

 1. Increases the application's performance with Virtual DOM.
2. JSX makes code easy to read and write.
3. It renders both on client and server side (SSR).
4. Easy to integrate with frameworks (Angular, Backbone) since it is only a view library.
5. Easy to write unit and integration tests with tools such as Jest.

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54. What are the limitations of React?

Apart from the advantages, there are few limitations of React too,

1. React is just a view library, not a full framework.

2. There is a learning curve for beginners who are new to web development.
3. Integrating React into a traditional MVC framework requires some additional configuration.
4. The code complexity increases with inline templating and JSX.
5. Too many smaller components leading to over engineering or boilerplate.

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55. What are error boundaries in React v16?

Error boundaries are components that catch JavaScript errors anywhere in their child component tree, log those errors, and display a fallback UI instead of the component tree that
crashed.

A class component becomes an error boundary if it defines a new lifecycle method called componentDidCatch(error, info) or static
getDerivedStateFromError() :

```jsx harmony class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) this.state = { hasError: false } }

componentDidCatch(error, info) { // You can also log the error to an error reporting service logErrorToMyService(error, info) } static

getDerivedStateFromError(error) { // Update state so the next render will show the fallback UI. return { hasError: true }; } render() { if

(this.state.hasError) { // You can render any custom fallback UI return

{'Something went wrong.'}

} return this.props.children } }

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56. How error boundaries handled in React v15?

React v15 provided very basic support for error boundaries using unstable_handleError method. It has been renamed to componentDidCatch in React v16.

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57. What are the recommended ways for static type checking?

Normally we use PropTypes library ( React.PropTypes moved to a prop-types package since React v15.5) for type checking in the React applications. For large code
bases, it is recommended to use static type checkers such as Flow or TypeScript, that perform type checking at compile time and provide auto- completion features.

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58. What is the use of react-dom package?

The react-dom package provides DOM-specific methods that can be used at the top level of your app. Most of the components are not required to use this module. Some of the
methods of this package are:

1. render()
2. hydrate()
3. unmountComponentAtNode()
4. findDOMNode()
5. createPortal()

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59. What is the purpose of render method of react-dom ?

 This method is used to render a React element into the DOM in the supplied container and return a reference to the component. If the React element was previously rendered into
container, it will perform an update on it and only mutate the DOM as necessary to reflect the latest changes.

ReactDOM.render(element, container[, callback])

If the optional callback is provided, it will be executed after the component is rendered or updated.

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60. What is ReactDOMServer?

The ReactDOMServer object enables you to render components to static markup (typically used on node server). This object is mainly used for server-side rendering (SSR). The
following methods can be used in both the server and browser environments:

1. renderToString()
2. renderToStaticMarkup()

For example, you generally run a Node-based web server like Express, Hapi, or Koa, and you call renderToString to render your root component to a string, which you
then send as response.

res.write('<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>My Page</title></head><body>')

res.write(renderToString(<MyPage/>))

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61. How to use innerHTML in React?

The dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute is React's replacement for using innerHTML in the browser DOM. Just like innerHTML , it is risky to use this attribute
considering cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. You just need to pass a html object as key and HTML text as value.

In this example MyComponent uses dangerouslySetInnerHTML attribute for setting HTML markup:

```jsx harmony function createMarkup() { return { html: 'First · Second' } }

function MyComponent() { return

} ```

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62. How to use styles in React?

The style attribute accepts a JavaScript object with camelCased properties rather than a CSS string. This is consistent with the DOM style JavaScript property, is more
efficient, and prevents XSS security holes.

```jsx harmony const divStyle = { color: 'blue', backgroundImage: 'url(' + imgUrl + ')' };

function HelloWorldComponent() { return

Hello World!
} ```

Style keys are camelCased in order to be consistent with accessing the properties on DOM nodes in JavaScript (e.g. node.style.backgroundImage ).

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63. How events are different in React?

Handling events in React elements has some syntactic differences:

1. React event handlers are named using camelCase, rather than lowercase.
2. With JSX you pass a function as the event handler, rather than a string.

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64. What will happen if you use setState() in constructor?

When you use setState() , then apart from assigning to the object state React also re-renders the component and all its children. You would get error like this: Can only
update a mounted or mounting component. So we need to use this.state to initialize variables inside constructor.
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65. What is the impact of indexes as keys?

Keys should be stable, predictable, and unique so that React can keep track of elements.

In the below code snippet each element's key will be based on ordering, rather than tied to the data that is being represented. This limits the optimizations that React can do.

```jsx harmony {todos.map((todo, index) => )}

{todos.map((todo) =>

key={todo.id} />

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66. Is it good to use setState() in componentWillMount() method?

Yes, it is safe to use setState() inside componentWillMount() method. But at the same it is recommended to avoid async initialization in componentWillMount()
lifecycle method. componentWillMount() is invoked immediately before mounting occurs. It is called before render() , therefore setting state in this method will not
trigger a re-render. Avoid introducing any side-effects or subscriptions in this method. We need to make sure async calls for component initialization happened in
componentDidMount() instead of componentWillMount() .

jsx harmony componentDidMount() { axios.get(`api/todos`) .then((result) => { this.setState({ messages: [...result.data] }) })

}

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67. What will happen if you use props in initial state?

If the props on the component are changed without the component being refreshed, the new prop value will never be displayed because the constructor function will never
update the current state of the component. The initialization of state from props only runs when the component is first created.

The below component won't display the updated input value:

```jsx harmony class MyComponent extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props)

inputValue: this.props.inputValue

render() { return

{this.state.inputValue}
}}

return <div>{this.props.inputValue}</div>

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68. How do you conditionally render components?

In some cases you want to render different components depending on some state. JSX does not render false or undefined , so you can use conditional
short-circuiting to render a given part of your component only if a certain condition is true.

```jsx harmony const MyComponent = ({ name, address }) => (

{name}
{address &&

{address}

}
)

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69. Why we need to be careful when spreading props on DOM elements?

When we spread props we run into the risk of adding unknown HTML attributes, which is a bad practice. Instead we can use prop destructuring with ...rest
operator, so it will add only required props.For

example,

```jsx harmony const ComponentA = () =>

const ComponentB = ({ isDisplay, ...domProps }) =>

{'ComponentB'}
```

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70. How you use decorators in React?

You can decorate your class components, which is the same as passing the component into a function. Decorators are flexible and readable way of modifying component
functionality.

```jsx harmony @setTitle('Profile') class Profile extends React.Component { // ................... }

/* title is a string that will be set as a document title WrappedComponent is what our decorator will receive when put directly above a component class as seen in the example
above */ const setTitle = (title) => (WrappedComponent) => { return class extends React.Component { componentDidMount() { document.title
= title }

} } ```

Note: Decorators are a feature that didn't make it into ES7, but are currently a stage 2 proposal.

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71. How do you memoize a component?

There are memoize libraries available which can be used on function components. For

example moize library can memoize the component in another component.

```jsx harmony import moize from 'moize' import Component from './components/Component' // this module exports a non-memoized component const MemoizedFoo =

moize.react(Component)

const Consumer = () => {

 {'I will memoize the following entry:'}
}

});

export default React.memo(MyFunctionComponent);

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72. How you implement Server Side Rendering or SSR?

React is already equipped to handle rendering on Node servers. A special version of the DOM renderer is available, which follows the same pattern as on the client side.

```jsx harmony import ReactDOMServer from 'react-dom/server' import App from './App'

ReactDOMServer.renderToString() ```

This method will output the regular HTML as a string, which can be then placed inside a page body as part of the server response. On the client side, React detects the pre-
rendered content and seamlessly picks up where it left off.

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73. How to enable production mode in React?

You should use Webpack's DefinePlugin method to set NODE_ENV to production , by which it strip out things like propType validation and extra warnings. Apart from
this, if you minify the code, for example, Uglify's dead-code elimination to strip out development only code and comments, it will drastically reduce the size of your bundle.

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74. What is CRA and its benefits?

The create-react-app CLI tool allows you to quickly create & run React applications with no configuration step. Let's

create Todo App using CRA:

It includes everything we need to build a React app:

1. React, JSX, ES6, and Flow syntax support.

2. Language extras beyond ES6 like the object spread operator.
3. Autoprefixed CSS, so you don’t need -webkit- or other prefixes.
4. A fast interactive unit test runner with built-in support for coverage reporting.
5. A live development server that warns about common mistakes.
6. A build script to bundle JS, CSS, and images for production, with hashes and sourcemaps.

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75. What is the lifecycle methods order in mounting?

The lifecycle methods are called in the following order when an instance of a component is being created and inserted into the DOM.

1. constructor()
2. static getDerivedStateFromProps()
3. render()
4. componentDidMount()

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76. What are the lifecycle methods going to be deprecated in React v16?

The following lifecycle methods going to be unsafe coding practices and will be more problematic with async rendering.

1. componentWillMount()
2. componentWillReceiveProps()
3.

Starting with React v16.3 these methods are aliased with UNSAFE_ prefix, and the unprefixed version will be removed in React v17.

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77. What is the purpose of getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method?

The new static getDerivedStateFromProps() lifecycle method is invoked after a component is instantiated as well as before it is re-rendered. It can return an object to
update state, or null to indicate that the new props do not require any state updates.

static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of componentWillReceiveProps() .

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78. What is the purpose of getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method?

The new getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() lifecycle method is called right before DOM updates. The return value from this method will be passed as the third parameter to
componentDidUpdate() .

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {

This lifecycle method along with componentDidUpdate() covers all the use cases of componentWillUpdate() .

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79. Do Hooks replace render props and higher order components?

Both render props and higher-order components render only a single child but in most of the cases Hooks are a simpler way to serve this by reducing nesting in your tree.

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80. What is the recommended way for naming components?

It is recommended to name the component by reference instead of using displayName . Using

displayName for naming component:

export default React.createClass({

displayName: 'TodoApp',

The recommended approach:

also
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81. What is the recommended ordering of methods in component class?

Recommended ordering of methods from mounting to render stage:

1. methods
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. componentWillReceiveProps()
7.
8.
componentWillUpdate()
9.
10.

11. click handlers or event handlers like or

12. getter methods for render like or
13. optional render methods like renderNavigation() or renderProfilePicture()
14. render()

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82. What is a switching component?

A switching component is a component that renders one of many components. We need to use object to map prop values to components. For example, a

switching component to display different pages based on page prop:

```jsx harmony import HomePage from './HomePage' import AboutPage from './AboutPage' import ServicesPage from './ServicesPage' import ContactPage from './ContactPage'

const PAGES = { home: HomePage, about: AboutPage, services: ServicesPage, contact: ContactPage } const Page =

(props) => { const Handler = PAGES[props.page] || ContactPage

return }

// The keys of the PAGES object can be used in the prop types to catch dev-time errors. Page.propTypes = { page: PropTypes.oneOf(Object.keys(PAGES)).isRequired } ```

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83. Why we need to pass a function to setState()?

The reason behind for this is that setState() is an asynchronous operation. React batches state changes for performance reasons, so the state may not change immediately
after setState() is called. That means you should not rely on the current state when calling setState() since you can't be sure what that state will be. The solution is to
pass a function to setState() , with the previous state as an argument. By doing this you can avoid issues with the user getting the old state value on access due to the
asynchronous nature of setState() .

Let's say the initial count value is zero. After three consecutive increment operations, the value is going to be incremented only by one.

If we pass a function to setState() , the count gets incremented correctly.

(OR)

Why function is preferred over object for setState() ?

React may batch multiple setState() calls into a single update for performance. Because this.props and this.state may be updated asynchronously, you should not
rely on their values for calculating the next state.

This counter example will fail to update as expected:

javascript // Wrong this.setState({ counter: this.state.counter + this.props.increment, })

The preferred approach is to call setState() with function rather than object. That function will receive the previous state as the first argument, and the props at the time the
update is applied as the second argument.
 javascript // Correct this.setState((prevState, props) => ({ counter: prevState.counter + props.increment }))

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84. What is strict mode in React?

React.StrictMode is a useful component for highlighting potential problems in an application. Just like <Fragment> , <StrictMode> does not render any extra DOM
elements. It activates additional checks and warnings for its descendants. These checks apply for development mode only.

```jsx harmony import React from 'react'function

ExampleApplication() { return (

<React.StrictMode>
</React.StrictMode>
) } ```

In the example above, the strict mode checks apply to <ComponentOne> and <ComponentTwo> components only.

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85. What are React Mixins?

Mixins are a way to totally separate components to have a common functionality. Mixins should not be used and can be replaced with higher-order components or decorators.

One of the most commonly used mixins is PureRenderMixin . You might be using it in some components to prevent unnecessary re-renders when the props and state are
shallowly equal to the previous props and state:

const PureRenderMixin = require('react-addons-pure-render-mixin')

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86. Why is isMounted() an anti-pattern and what is the proper solution?

The primary use case for isMounted() is to avoid calling setState() after a component has been unmounted, because it will emit a warning.

Checking isMounted() before calling setState() does eliminate the warning, but it also defeats the purpose of the warning. Using isMounted() is a code smell
because the only reason you would check is because you think you might be holding a reference after the component has unmounted.

An optimal solution would be to find places where setState() might be called after a component has unmounted, and fix them. Such situations most commonly occur due
to callbacks, when a component is waiting for some data and gets unmounted before the data arrives. Ideally, any callbacks should be canceled in
componentWillUnmount() , prior to unmounting.

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87. What are the Pointer Events supported in React?

Pointer Events provide a unified way of handling all input events. In the old days we had a mouse and respective event listeners to handle t hem but nowadays we have many
devices which don't correlate to having a mouse, like phones with touch surface or pens. We need to remember that these events will only work in browsers that support the
Pointer Events specification.

The following event types are now available in React DOM: 1.

2.
onPointerDown
3. onPointerUp
onPointerMove
4. onPointerCancel
5. onGotPointerCapture
6. onLostPointerCapture
7. onPointerEnter
8. onPointerLeave
9. onPointerOver
10. onPointerOut

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88. Why should component names start with capital letter?

 If you are rendering your component using JSX, the name of that component has to begin with a capital letter otherwise React will throw an error as an unrecognized tag. This
convention is because only HTML elements and SVG tags can begin with a lowercase letter. ```jsx harmony class SomeComponent extends Component { // Code goes here }

While when imported in another file it should start with capital letter:

```jsx harmony import MyComponent from './MyComponent'

<obj.component/> // `React.createElement(obj.component)`

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89. Are custom DOM attributes supported in React v16?

Yes. In the past, React used to ignore unknown DOM attributes. If you wrote JSX with an attribute that React doesn't recognize, React would just skip it. For example,

let's take a look at the below attribute:

```jsx harmony

In React v16 any unknown attributes will end up in the DOM:

<div mycustomattribute='something' />

This is useful for supplying browser-specific non-standard attributes, trying new DOM APIs, and integrating with opinionated third-party libraries.

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90. What is the difference between constructor and getInitialState?

You should initialize state in the constructor when using ES6 classes, and getInitialState() method when using React.createClass() . Using ES6

classes:
 Using React.createClass() :

Note: React.createClass() is deprecated and removed in React v16. Use plain JavaScript classes instead.

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91. Can you force a component to re-render without calling setState?

By default, when your component's state or props change, your component will re-render. If your render() method depends on some other data, you can tell React that the
component needs re-rendering by calling forceUpdate() .

It is recommended to avoid all uses of forceUpdate() and only read from this.props and this.state in render() .

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92. What is the difference between super() and super(props) in React using ES6 classes?

When you want to access this.props in constructor() then you should pass props to super() method. Using

super(props) :

Using super() :

console.log(this.props) // undefined

Outside constructor() both will display same value for this.props .

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93. How to loop inside JSX?

You can simply use Array.prototype.map with ES6 arrow function syntax.

For example, the items array of objects is mapped into an array of components:

```jsx harmony {items.map(item => )}

<SomeComponent key={items[i].id} name={items[i].name} />

This is because JSX tags are transpiled into function calls, and you can't use statements inside expressions. This may change thanks to do expressions which are stage 1
proposal.

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94. How do you access props in attribute quotes?

React (or JSX) doesn't support variable interpolation inside an attribute value. The below representation won't work:

```jsx harmony

Using template strings will also work:

jsx harmony <img className='image' src={`images/${this.props.image}`} />

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95. What is React proptype array with shape?

If you want to pass an array of objects to a component with a particular shape then use React.PropTypes.shape() as an argument to
React.PropTypes.arrayOf() .

arrayWithShape: React.PropTypes.arrayOf(React.PropTypes.shape({

fontSize: React.PropTypes.number.isRequired

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96. How to conditionally apply class attributes?

You shouldn't use curly braces inside quotes because it is going to be evaluated as a string.

```jsx harmony

Template strings will also work:

jsx harmony <div className={`btn-panel ${this.props.visible ? 'show' : 'hidden'}`}>

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97. What is the difference between React and ReactDOM?

The react package contains React.createElement() , React.Component , React.Children , and other helpers related to elements and component classes. You can
think of these as the isomorphic or universal helpers that you need to build components. The react-dom package contains ReactDOM.render() , and in react-
dom/server we have server-side rendering support with ReactDOMServer.renderToString() and ReactDOMServer.renderToStaticMarkup() .

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98. Why ReactDOM is separated from React?

The React team worked on extracting all DOM-related features into a separate library called ReactDOM. React v0.14 is the first release in which the libraries are split. By looking at
some of the packages, react-native , react-art , react-canvas , and react-three , it has become clear that the beauty and
essence of React has nothing to do with browsers or the DOM.

To build more environments that React can render to, React team planned to split the main React package into two: react and react-dom . This paves the way to writing
components that can be shared between the web version of React and React Native.

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99. How to use React label element?

If you try to render a <label> element bound to a text input using the standard for attribute, then it produces HTML missing that attribute and prints a warning to the
console.

```jsx harmony {'User'}

 <label htmlFor={'user'}>{'User'}</label>

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100. How to combine multiple inline style objects?

You can use spread operator in regular React:

```jsx harmony

<button style={[styles.panel.button, styles.panel.submitButton]}>{'Submit'}</button>

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101. ### How to re-render the view when the browser is resized?

You can listen to the resize event in componentDidMount() and then update the dimensions ( width and height ). You should remove the listener in
componentWillUnmount() method.

```javascript class WindowDimensions extends React.Component { constructor(props){ super(props); this.updateDimensions = this.updateDimensions.bind(this); }

componentWillMount() { this.updateDimensions() }

componentDidMount() { window.addEventListener('resize', this.updateDimensions) }

componentWillUnmount() { window.removeEventListener('resize', this.updateDimensions) }

updateDimensions() { this.setState({width: window.innerWidth, height: window.innerHeight}) } render() {

return {this.state.width} x {this.state.height} } } ```

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102. ### What is the difference between setState() and replaceState() methods?

When you use setState() the current and previous states are merged. replaceState() throws out the current state, and replaces it with only what you provide. Usually
setState() is used unless you really need to remove all previous keys for some reason. You can also set state to false / null in setState() instead of using
replaceState() .

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103. ### How to listen to state changes?

The componentDidUpdate lifecycle method will be called when state changes. You can compare provided state and props values with current state and props to determine if
something meaningful changed.

componentDidUpdate(object prevProps, object prevState)

Note: The previous releases of ReactJS also uses componentWillUpdate(object nextProps, object nextState) for state changes. It has been deprecated in
latest releases.

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104. ### What is the recommended approach of removing an array element in React state?

The better approach is to use Array.prototype.filter() method.

For example, let's create a removeItem() method for updating the state.

javascript removeItem(index) { this.setState({ data: this.state.data.filter((item, i) => i !== index) }) }

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105. ### Is it possible to use React without rendering HTML?

It is possible with latest version (>=16.2). Below are the possible options:

jsx harmony render() { return false }

jsx harmony render() { return null }

jsx harmony render() { return [] }

 jsx harmony render() { return <React.Fragment></React.Fragment> }

jsx harmony render() { return <></> }

Returning undefined won't work.

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106. ### How to pretty print JSON with React?

We can use <pre> tag so that the formatting of the JSON.stringify() is retained:

```jsx harmony const data = { name: 'John', age: 42 } class User

extends React.Component { render() { return (

i i

}}

React.render(, document.getElementById('container')) ```

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107. ### Why you can't update props in React?

The React philosophy is that props should be immutable and top-down. This means that a parent can send any prop values to a child, but the child can't modify received props.

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108. ### How to focus an input element on page load?

You can do it by creating ref for input element and using it in componentDidMount() :

```jsx harmony class App extends React.Component{ componentDidMount() { this.nameInput.focus() } render() { return

this.nameInput = input} defaultValue={'Will focus'} />

) } } ReactDOM.render(, document.getElementById('app')) ``` Also in Functional component (react 16.08 and above) ```jsx harmony import React, {useEffect, useRef} from
'react'; const App = () => { const inputElRef = useRef(null) useEffect(()=>{ inputElRef.current.focus() }, []) return(

ReactDOM.render(, document.getElementById('app')) ``` ⬆ Back to Top

109. ### What are the possible ways of updating objects in state?

1. Calling setState() with an object to merge with state:

Using Object.assign() to create a copy of the object:

javascript const user = Object.assign({}, this.state.user, { age: 42 }) this.setState({ user })

Using spread operator:

javascript const user = { ...this.state.user, age: 42 } this.setState({ user })

2. Calling setState() with a function:

javascript this.setState(prevState => ({ user: { ...prevState.user, age: 42 } }))

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110. ### How can we find the version of React at runtime in the browser?

You can use React.version to get the version.

```jsx harmony const REACT_VERSION = React.version

ReactDOM.render(

{`React version: ${REACT_VERSION}`}

, document.getElementById('app') ) ```

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111. ### What are the approaches to include polyfills in your create-react-app ?

There are approaches to include polyfills in create-react-app,

 1. Manual import from core-js :

Create a file called (something like) polyfills.js and import it into root index.js file. Run npm install core-js or yarn add core-js and import
your specific required features.

javascript import 'core-js/fn/array/find' import 'core-js/fn/array/includes' import 'core-js/fn/number/is-nan'

2. Using Polyfill service:

Use the polyfill.io CDN to retrieve custom, browser-specific polyfills by adding this line to index.html :

html <script src='https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.min.js?features=default,Array.prototype.includes'></script>

In the above script we had to explicitly request the Array.prototype.includes feature as it is not included in the default feature set.

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112. ### How to use https instead of http in create-react-app?

You just need to use HTTPS=true configuration. You can edit your package.json scripts section:

json "scripts": { "start": "set HTTPS=true && react-scripts start" }

or just run set HTTPS=true && npm start

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113. ### How to avoid using relative path imports in create-react-app?

Create a file called .env in the project root and write the import path:

NODE_PATH=src/app

After that restart the development server. Now you should be able to import anything inside src/app without relative paths.

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114. ### How to add Google Analytics for React Router?

Add a listener on the history object to record each page view:

javascript history.listen(function (location) { window.ga('set', 'page', location.pathname + location.search)

window.ga('send', 'pageview', location.pathname + location.search) })

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115. ### How to update a component every second?

You need to use setInterval() to trigger the change, but you also need to clear the timer when the component unmounts to prevent errors and memory leaks.

```javascript componentDidMount() { this.interval = setInterval(() => this.setState({ time: Date.now() }), 1000) }

componentWillUnmount() { clearInterval(this.interval) } ```

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116. ### How do you apply vendor prefixes to inline styles in React?

React does not apply vendor prefixes automatically. You need to add vendor prefixes manually.

```jsx harmony

```

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117. ### How to import and export components using React and ES6?

You should use default for exporting the components

```jsx harmony import React from 'react' import User from 'user'

export default class MyProfile extends React.Component { render(){ return ( //... ) } } ```

With the export specifier, the MyProfile is going to be the member and exported to this module and the same can be imported without mentioning the name in other components.

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118. ### Why is a component constructor called only once?

React's reconciliation algorithm assumes that without any information to the contrary, if a custom component appears in the same place on subsequent renders, it's the same
component as before, so reuses the previous instance rather than creating a new one.

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119. ### How to define constants in React?

You can use ES7 static field to define constant.

javascript class MyComponent extends React.Component { static DEFAULT_PAGINATION = 10 }

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120. ### How to programmatically trigger click event in React?

You could use the ref prop to acquire a reference to the underlying object through a callback, store the reference as a class property, then method.
use that reference to later trigger a click from your event handlers using the

This can be done in two steps:

1. Create ref in render method:

jsx harmony <input ref={input => this.inputElement = input} />

2. Apply click event in your event handler:

javascript this.inputElement.click()

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121. ### Is it possible to use async/await in plain React?

If you want to use async / await in React, you will need Babel and transform-async-to-generator plugin. React Native ships with Babel and a set of transforms.

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122. ### What are the common folder structures for React?

There are two common practices for React project file structure.

1. Grouping by features or routes:

One common way to structure projects is locate CSS, JS, and tests together, grouped by feature or route.

common/ ├─ Avatar.js ├─ Avatar.css ├─ APIUtils.js └─ APIUtils.test.js feed/ ├─ index.js ├─ Feed.js ├─ Feed.css ├─

FeedStory.js ├─ FeedStory.test.js └─ FeedAPI.js profile/ ├─ index.js ├─ Profile.js ├─ ProfileHeader.js ├─
ProfileHeader.css └─ ProfileAPI.js

2. Grouping by file type:

Another popular way to structure projects is to group similar files together.

api/ ├─ APIUtils.js ├─ APIUtils.test.js ├─ ProfileAPI.js └─ UserAPI.js components/ ├─ Avatar.js ├─ Avatar.css ├─ Feed.js

├─ Feed.css ├─ FeedStory.js ├─ FeedStory.test.js ├─ Profile.js ├─ ProfileHeader.js └─ ProfileHeader.css

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123. ### What are the popular packages for animation?

React Transition Group and React Motion are popular animation packages in React ecosystem.

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124. ### What is the benefit of styles modules?

It is recommended to avoid hard coding style values in components. Any values that are likely to be used across different UI components should be extracted into their own
modules.

For example, these styles could be extracted into a separate component:

```javascript export const colors = { white, black, blue } export

const space = [ 0, 8, 16, 32, 64 ] ```

And then imported individually in other components:

javascript import { space, colors } from './styles'

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125. ### What are the popular React-specific linters?

ESLint is a popular JavaScript linter. There are plugins available that analyse specific code styles. One of the most common for React is an npm package called eslint-
plugin-react . By default, it will check a number of best practices, with rules checking things from keys in iterators to a complete set of prop types.

Another popular plugin is eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y , which will help fix common issues with accessibility. As JSX offers slightly different syntax to regular HTML, issues
with alt text and tabindex , for example, will not be picked up by regular plugins.

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126. ### How to make AJAX call and in which component lifecycle methods should I make an AJAX call?

You can use AJAX libraries such as Axios, jQuery AJAX, and the browser built-in fetch . You should fetch data in the componentDidMount() lifecycle method. This
is so you can use setState() to update your component when the data is retrieved.

For example, the employees list fetched from API and set local state:

```jsx harmony class MyComponent extends React.Component { constructor(props) { super(props) this.state = { employees: [], error: null } }

componentDidMount() { fetch('https://api.example.com/items') .then(res => res.json()) .then( (result) => { this.setState({ employees: result.employees }) }, (error) => {
this.setState({ error }) } ) }
 render() { const { error, employees } = this.state if (error) { return Error:

{error.message}

; } else { return (

{employees.map(employee => (
{employee.name}-{employee.experience}
))}

} } ```

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127. ### What are render props?

Render Props is a simple technique for sharing code between components using a prop whose value is a function. The below component uses render prop which returns a React
element.

```jsx harmony (

{`Hello ${data.target}`}
)}/> ```

Libraries such as React Router and DownShift are using this pattern.

React Router
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129. ### What is React Router?

React Router is a powerful routing library built on top of React that helps you add new screens and flows to your application incredibly quickly, all while keeping the URL
in sync with what's being displayed on the page.

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130. ### How React Router is different from history library?

React Router is a wrapper around the history library which handles interaction with the browser's window.history with its browser and hash histories. It also provides
memory history which is useful for environments that don't have global history, such as mobile app development (React Native) and unit testing with Node.

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131. ### What are the <Router> components of React Router v4?

React Router v4 provides below 3 <Router> components: 1.

2.
<BrowserRouter>
3. <MemoryRouter>
<HashRouter>

The above components will create browser, hash, and memory history instances. React Router v4 makes the properties and methods of the history
instance associated with your router available through the context in the router object.

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132. ### What is the purpose of push() and replace() methods of history ?

A history instance has two methods for navigation purpose.

1. push()

2. replace()

If you think of the history as an array of visited locations, push() will add a new location to the array and replace() will replace the current location in the array
with the new one.

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133. ### How do you programmatically navigate using React Router v4?

There are three different ways to achieve programmatic routing/navigation within components.

1. Using the withRouter() higher-order function:

The withRouter() higher-order function will inject the history object as a prop of the component. This object provides push() and replace()
methods to avoid the usage of context.

```jsx harmony import { withRouter } from 'react-router-dom' // this also works with 'react-router-native'
 const Button = withRouter(({ history }) => ( i i i )) ```

2. Using <Route> component and render props pattern:

The component passes the same props as withRouter() , so you will be able to access the history methods through the history prop.

```jsx harmony import { Route } from 'react-router-dom'

const Button = () => ( ( i i i )} /> ) ```

3. Using context:

This option is not recommended and treated as unstable API.

```jsx harmony const Button = (props, context) => ( i i i )

Button.contextTypes = { history: React.PropTypes.shape({ push: React.PropTypes.func.isRequired }) } ```

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134. ### How to get query parameters in React Router v4?

The ability to parse query strings was taken out of React Router v4 because there have been user requests over the years to support different implementation. So the decision has
been given to users to choose the implementation they like. The recommended approach is to use query strings library.

javascript const queryString = require('query-string'); const parsed = queryString.parse(props.location.search);

You can also use URLSearchParams if you want something native:

javascript const params = new URLSearchParams(props.location.search) const foo = params.get('name')

You should use a polyfill for IE11.

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135. ### Why you get "Router may have only one child element" warning?

You have to wrap your Route's in a <Switch> block because <Switch> is unique in that it renders a route exclusively. At first you

need to add Switch to your imports:

javascript import { Switch, Router, Route } from 'react-router'

Then define the routes within <Switch> block:

jsx harmony <Router> <Switch> <Route {/* ... */} /> <Route {/* ... */} /> </Switch> </Router>

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136. ### How to pass params to history.push method in React Router v4?

While navigating you can pass props to the history object:

javascript this.props.history.push({ pathname: '/template', search: '?name=sudheer', state: { detail: response.data } })

The search property is used to pass query params in push() method.

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137. ### How to implement default or NotFound page?

A <Switch> renders the first child <Route> that matches. A <Route> with no path always matches. So you just need to simply drop path attribute as below

jsx harmony <Switch> <Route exact path="/" component={Home}/> <Route path="/user" component={User}/> <Route component=
{NotFound} /> </Switch>

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138. ### How to get history on React Router v4? Below are the list of steps to get history object on React Router v4,

1. Create a module that exports a history object and import this module across the project.

For example, create history.js file:

```javascript import { createBrowserHistory } from 'history'

export default createBrowserHistory({ /* pass a configuration object here if needed */ }) ```

2. You should use the <Router> component instead of built-in routers. Import the above history.js inside index.js file:

```jsx harmony import { Router } from 'react-router-dom' import history from './history' import App from './App'ReactDOM.render(( ),

holder) ```

3. You can also use push method of history object similar to built-in history object:

```javascript // some-other-file.js import history from './history'

history.push('/go-here') ```
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139. ### How to perform automatic redirect after login?

The react-router package provides <Redirect> component in React Router. Rendering a <Redirect> will navigate to a new location. Like server-side redirects, the new
location will override the current location in the history stack.

```javascript import React, { Component } from 'react' import { Redirect } from 'react-router'

export default class LoginComponent extends Component { render() { if (this.state.isLoggedIn === true) { return } else { return

{'Login Please'}
} } } ```

React Internationalization
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140. ### What is React Intl?

The React Intl library makes internalization in React straightforward, with off-the-shelf components and an API that can handle everything from formatting strings, dates, and
numbers, to pluralization. React Intl is part of FormatJS which provides bindings to React via its components and API.

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141. ### What are the main features of React Intl? Below are the main features of React Intl,

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142. ### What are the two ways of formatting in React Intl?

The library provides two ways to format strings, numbers, and dates:

1. Using react components:

jsx harmony <FormattedMessage id={'account'} defaultMessage={'The amount is less than minimum balance.'} />

2. Using an API:

```javascript const messages = defineMessages({ accountMessage: { id: 'account', defaultMessage: 'The amount is less than minimum balance.', } })

formatMessage(messages.accountMessage) ```

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143. ### How to use <FormattedMessage> as placeholder using React Intl?

The <Formatted... /> components from react-intl return elements, not plain text, so they can't be used for placeholders, alt text, etc. In that case, you should use lower
level API formatMessage() . You can inject the intl object into your component using injectIntl() higher-order component and then format the message using
formatMessage() available on that object.

```jsx harmony import React from 'react' import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => { const placeholder = intl.formatMessage({id: 'messageId'}) return {placeholder} }

MyComponent.propTypes = { intl: intlShape.isRequired } export

default injectIntl(MyComponent) ```

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144. ### How to access current locale with React Intl?

You can get the current locale in any component of your application using injectIntl() :

```jsx harmony import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'

const MyComponent = ({ intl }) => (

{`The current locale is ${intl.locale}`}

MyComponent.propTypes = { intl: intlShape.isRequired } export

default injectIntl(MyComponent) ```

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145. ### How to format date using React Intl?
 The injectIntl() higher-order component will give you access to the formatDate() method via the props in your component. The method is used internally by
instances of FormattedDate and it returns the string representation of the formatted date.

```jsx harmony import { injectIntl, intlShape } from 'react-intl'

const stringDate = this.props.intl.formatDate(date, { year: 'numeric', month: 'numeric', day: 'numeric' }) const

MyComponent = ({intl}) => (

{`The formatted date is ${stringDate}`}

MyComponent.propTypes = { intl: intlShape.isRequired } export

default injectIntl(MyComponent) ```

React Testing
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146. ### What is Shallow Renderer in React testing?

Shallow rendering is useful for writing unit test cases in React. It lets you render a component one level deep and assert facts about what its render methodreturns, without
worrying about the behavior of child components, which are not instantiated or rendered.

For example, if you have the following component:

javascript function MyComponent() { return ( <div> <span className={'heading'}>{'Title'}</span> <span className=

{'description'}>{'Description'}</span> </div> ) }

Then you can assert as follows:

```jsx harmony import ShallowRenderer from 'react-test-renderer/shallow'

// in your test const renderer = new ShallowRenderer() renderer.render() const result

= renderer.getRenderOutput()

expect(result.type).toBe('div') expect(result.props.children).toEqual([ {'Title'}, {'Description'} ]) ```

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147. ### What is TestRenderer package in React?

This package provides a renderer that can be used to render components to pure JavaScript objects, without depending on the DOM or a native mobile environment. This package
makes it easy to grab a snapshot of the platform view hierarchy (similar to a DOM tree) rendered by a ReactDOM or React Native without using a browser or jsdom .

```jsx harmony import TestRenderer from 'react-test-renderer' const

Link = ({page, children}) => {children}

const testRenderer = TestRenderer.create( {'Facebook'} )

console.log(testRenderer.toJSON()) // { // type: 'a', // props: { href: 'https://www.facebook.com/' }, // children: [ 'Facebook' ] // } ```

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148. ### What is the purpose of ReactTestUtils package?

ReactTestUtils are provided in the with-addons package and allow you to perform actions against a simulated DOM for the purpose of unit testing.

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149. ### What is Jest?

Jest is a JavaScript unit testing framework created by Facebook based on Jasmine and provides automated mock creation and a jsdom environment. It's often used for testing
components.

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150. ### What are the advantages of Jest over Jasmine?

There are couple of advantages compared to Jasmine:

Automatically finds tests to execute in your source code.

Automatically mocks dependencies when running your tests. Allows
you to test asynchronous code synchronously.
Runs your tests with a fake DOM implementation (via jsdom ) so that your tests can be run on the command line. Runs tests in
parallel processes so that they finish sooner.

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151. ### Give a simple example of Jest test case

Let's write a test for a function that adds two numbers in sum.js file:

```javascript const sum = (a, b) => a + bexport

default sum ```

 Create a file named sum.test.js which contains actual test:

```javascript import sum from './sum'

test('adds 1 + 2 to equal 3', () => { expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3) }) ``` And

then add the following section to your package.json :

json { "scripts": { "test": "jest" } }

Finally, run yarn test or npm test and Jest will print a result:

console $ yarn test PASS ./sum.test.js ✓ adds 1 + 2 to equal 3 (2ms)

React Redux
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152. ### What is flux?

Flux is an application design paradigm used as a replacement for the more traditional MVC pattern. It is not a framework or a library but a new kind of architecture that
complements React and the concept of Unidirectional Data Flow. Facebook uses this pattern internally when working with React.

The workflow between dispatcher, stores and views components with distinct inputs and outputs as follows:

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153. ### What is Redux?

Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps based on the Flux design pattern. Redux can be used together with React, or with any other viewlibrary. It is tiny
(about 2kB) and has no dependencies.

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154. ### What are the core principles of Redux?

Redux follows three fundamental principles:

1. Single source of truth: The state of your whole application is stored in an object tree within a single store. The single state tree makes it easier to keep track of changes
over time and debug or inspect the application.
2. State is read-only: The only way to change the state is to emit an action, an object describing what happened. This ensures that neither the views nor the network
callbacks will ever write directly to the state.
3. Changes are made with pure functions: To specify how the state tree is transformed by actions, you write reducers. Reducers are just pure functions that take the
previous state and an action as parameters, and return the next state.

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155. ### What are the downsides of Redux compared to Flux?

Instead of saying downsides we can say that there are few compromises of using Redux over Flux. Those are as follows:

1. You will need to learn to avoid mutations: Flux is un-opinionated about mutating data, but Redux doesn't like mutations and many packages complementary to
Redux assume you never mutate the state. You can enforce this with dev-only packages like redux-immutable-state- invariant , Immutable.js, or
instructing your team to write non-mutating code.
2. You''re going to have to carefully pick your packages: While Flux explicitly doesn't try to solve problems such as undo/redo, persistence, or forms, Redux has
extension points such as middleware and store enhancers, and it has spawned a rich ecosystem.
3. There is no nice Flow integration yet: Flux currently lets you do very impressive static type checks which Redux doesn't support yet.

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156. ### What is the difference between mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() ?

mapStateToProps() is a utility which helps your component get updated state (which is updated by some other components):

javascript const mapStateToProps = (state) => { return { todos: getVisibleTodos(state.todos, state.visibilityFilter) } }

mapDispatchToProps() is a utility which will help your component to fire an action event (dispatching action which may cause change of application state):

javascript const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => { return { onTodoClick: (id) => { dispatch(toggleTodo(id)) } } }

It is recommended to always use the “object shorthand” form for the mapDispatchToProps .

Redux wraps it in another function that looks like (…args) => dispatch(onTodoClick(…args)), and pass that wrapper function as a prop to your component.

javascript const mapDispatchToProps = ({ onTodoClick })

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157. ### Can I dispatch an action in reducer?

Dispatching an action within a reducer is an anti-pattern. Your reducer should be without side effects, simply digesting the action payload and returning a new state object. Adding
listeners and dispatching actions within the reducer can lead to chained actions and other side effects.

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158. ### How to access Redux store outside a component?

You just need to export the store from the module where it created with createStore() . Also, it shouldn't pollute the global window object.
 ```javascript store = createStore(myReducer)

export default store ```

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159. ### What are the drawbacks of MVW pattern?

1. DOM manipulation is very expensive which causes applications to behave slow and inefficient.
2. Due to circular dependencies, a complicated model was created around models and views.
3. Lot of data changes happens for collaborative applications(like Google Docs).
4. No way to do undo (travel back in time) easily without adding so much extra code.

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160. ### Are there any similarities between Redux and RxJS?

These libraries are very different for very different purposes, but there are some vague similarities.

Redux is a tool for managing state throughout the application. It is usually used as an architecture for UIs. Think of it as an alternative to (half of) Angular. RxJS is a reactive
programming library. It is usually used as a tool to accomplish asynchronous tasks in JavaScript. Think of it as an alternative to Promises. Redux uses the Reactive paradigm
because the Store is reactive. The Store observes actions from a distance, and changes itself. RxJS also uses the Reactive paradigm, but instead of being an architecture, it gives
you basic building blocks, Observables, to accomplish this pattern.

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161. ### How to dispatch an action on load?

You can dispatch an action in componentDidMount() method and in render() method you can verify the data.

```javascript class App extends Component { componentDidMount() { this.props.fetchData() } render() {

return this.props.isLoaded ?

{'Loaded'}
:
{'Not Loaded'}
}}

const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({ isLoaded: state.isLoaded }) const

mapDispatchToProps = { fetchData }

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(App) ```

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162. ### How to use connect() from React Redux?

You need to follow two steps to use your store in your container:

1. Use mapStateToProps() : It maps the state variables from your store to the props that you specify.

2. Connect the above props to your container: The object returned by the mapStateToProps function is connected to the container. You can import
connect() from react-redux .

```jsx harmony import React from 'react' import { connect } from 'react-redux' class

App extends React.Component { render() { return

{this.props.containerData}

}}

function mapStateToProps(state) { return { containerData: state.data } } export

default connect(mapStateToProps)(App) ```

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163. ### How to reset state in Redux?

You need to write a root reducer in your application which delegate handling the action to the reducer generated by combineReducers() .

For example, let us take rootReducer() to return the initial state after USER_LOGOUT action. As we know, reducers are supposed to return the initial state when they are
called with undefined as the first argument, no matter the action.

```javascript const appReducer = combineReducers({ /* your app's top-level reducers */ })

const rootReducer = (state, action) => { if (action.type === 'USER_LOGOUT') { state = undefined } return

appReducer(state, action) } ```

In case of using redux-persist , you may also need to clean your storage. redux-persist keeps a copy of your state in a storage engine. First, you need to import the
appropriate storage engine and then, to parse the state before setting it to undefined and clean each storage state key.

```javascript const appReducer = combineReducers({ /* your app's top-level reducers */ })

const rootReducer = (state, action) => { if (action.type === 'USER_LOGOUT') { Object.keys(state).forEach(key => { storage.removeItem( persist:${key} ) })
 }

return appReducer(state, action) } ```

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164. ### Whats the purpose of at symbol in the Redux connect decorator?

The @ symbol is in fact a JavaScript expression used to signify decorators. Decorators make it possible to annotate and modify classes and properties at design time.

Let's take an example setting up Redux without and with a decorator.

Without decorator:

```javascript import React from 'react' import * as actionCreators from './actionCreators' import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux' import { connect } from 'react-
redux'

function mapStateToProps(state) { return { todos: state.todos } }

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) { return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) } } class

MyApp extends React.Component { // ...define your main app here }

export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(MyApp) ``` With

decorator:

```javascript import React from 'react' import * as actionCreators from './actionCreators' import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux' import { connect } from 'react-
redux'

function mapStateToProps(state) { return { todos: state.todos } }

function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) { return { actions: bindActionCreators(actionCreators, dispatch) } }

@connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps) export default class MyApp extends React.Component { // ...define your main app here } ```

The above examples are almost similar except the usage of decorator. The decorator syntax isn't built into any JavaScript runtimes yet, and is still experimental and subject
to change. You can use babel for the decorators support.

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165. ### What is the difference between React context and React Redux?

You can use Context in your application directly and is going to be great for passing down data to deeply nested components which what it was designed for.

Whereas Redux is much more powerful and provides a large number of features that the Context API doesn't provide. Also, React Redux uses context internally but it doesn't
expose this fact in the public API.

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166. ### Why are Redux state functions called reducers?

Reducers always return the accumulation of the state (based on all previous and current actions). Therefore, they act as a reducer of state. Each time a Redux reducer is called, the
state and action are passed as parameters. This state is then reduced (or accumulated) based on the action, and then the next state is returned. You could reduce a collection of
actions and an initial state (of the store) on which to perform these actions to get the resulting final state.

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167. ### How to make AJAX request in Redux?

You can use redux-thunk middleware which allows you to define async actions. Let's take

an example of fetching specific account as an AJAX call using fetch API:

```javascript export function fetchAccount(id) { return dispatch => { dispatch(setLoadingAccountState()) // Show a loading spinner fetch( /account/${id} ,
(response) => { dispatch(doneFetchingAccount()) // Hide loading spinner if (response.status === 200) { dispatch(setAccount(response.json)) // Use a normal function to set the
received state } else { dispatch(someError) } }) } }

function setAccount(data) { return { type: 'SET_Account', data: data } } ```

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168. ### Should I keep all component's state in Redux store?

Keep your data in the Redux store, and the UI related state internally in the component.

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169. ### What is the proper way to access Redux store?

The best way to access your store in a component is to use the connect() function, that creates a new component that wraps around your existing one. This pattern is called
Higher-Order Components, and is generally the preferred way of extending a component's functionality in React. This allows you to map state and action creators to your
component, and have them passed in automatically as your store updates.

Let's take an example of <FilterLink> component using connect:

```javascript import { connect } from 'react-redux' import { setVisibilityFilter } from '../actions' import Link from '../components/Link' const

mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps) => ({ active: ownProps.filter === state.visibilityFilter })

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => ({ onClick: () => dispatch(setVisibilityFilter(ownProps.filter)) }) const

FilterLink = connect( mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps )(Link)

 export default FilterLink ```

Due to it having quite a few performance optimizations and generally being less likely to cause bugs, the Redux developers almost always recommend using over accessing the
connect() store directly (using context API).

javascript class MyComponent { someMethod() { doSomethingWith(this.context.store) } }

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170. ### What is the difference between component and container in React Redux?

Component is a class or function component that describes the presentational part of your application.

Container is an informal term for a component that is connected to a Redux store. Containers subscribe to Redux state updates and dispatch actions, and they usually don't
render DOM elements; they delegate rendering to presentational child components.

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171. ### What is the purpose of the constants in Redux?

Constants allows you to easily find all usages of that specific functionality across the project when you use an IDE. It also prevents you from introducing silly
bugs caused by typos – in which case, you will get a ReferenceError immediately.

Normally we will save them in a single file ( or ).

In Redux, you use them in two places:

1. During action creation:

Let's take actions.js :

```javascript import { ADD_TODO } from './actionTypes';

export function addTodo(text) { return { type: ADD_TODO, text } } ```

2. In reducers:

Let's create reducer.js :

```javascript import { ADD_TODO } from './actionTypes'

export default (state = [], action) => { switch (action.type) { case ADD_TODO: return [ ...state, { text: action.text, completed: false } ]; default: return state
} } ```

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172. ### What are the different ways to write mapDispatchToProps() ?

There are a few ways of binding action creators to dispatch() in mapDispatchToProps() . Below are

the possible options:

javascript const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({ action: () => dispatch(action()) })

javascript const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({ action: bindActionCreators(action, dispatch) })

javascript const mapDispatchToProps = { action }

The third option is just a shorthand for the first one.

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173. ### What is the use of the ownProps parameter in mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() ?

If the ownProps parameter is specified, React Redux will pass the props that were passed to the component into your connect functions. So, if you use a connected component:

```jsx harmony import ConnectedComponent from './containers/ConnectedComponent';

```

The ownProps inside your mapStateToProps() and mapDispatchToProps() functions will be an object:

javascript { user: 'john' }

You can use this object to decide what to return from those functions.

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174. ### How to structure Redux top level directories?

Most of the applications has several top-level directories as below:

1. Components: Used for dumb components unaware of Redux.

2. Containers: Used for smart components connected to Redux.
3. Actions: Used for all action creators, where file names correspond to part of the app.
4. Reducers: Used for all reducers, where files name correspond to state key.

5. Store: Used for store initialization.

 This structure works well for small and medium size apps.

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175. ### What is redux-saga?

redux-saga is a library that aims to make side effects (asynchronous things like data fetching and impure things like accessing the browser cache) in React/Redux applications
easier and better.

It is available in NPM:

console $ npm install --save redux-saga

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176. ### What is the mental model of redux-saga?

Saga is like a separate thread in your application, that's solely responsible for side effects. redux-saga is a redux middleware, which means this thread can be started, paused
and cancelled from the main application with normal Redux actions, it has access to the full Redux application state and it can dispatch Redux actions as well.

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177. ### What are the differences between call() and put() in redux-saga?

Both call() and put() are effect creator functions. call() function is used to create effect description, which instructs middleware to call the promise.
put() function creates an effect, which instructs middleware to dispatch an action to the store. Let's take

example of how these effects work for fetching particular user data.

```javascript function* fetchUserSaga(action) { // call function accepts rest arguments, which will be passed to api.fetchUser function. // Instructing
middleware to call promise, it resolved value will be assigned to userData variable const userData = yield call(api.fetchUser, action.userId)

// Instructing middleware to dispatch corresponding action. yield put({ type: 'FETCH_USER_SUCCESS', userData }) } ```

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178. ### What is Redux Thunk?

Redux Thunk middleware allows you to write action creators that return a function instead of an action. The thunk can be used to delay the dispatch of an action, or to dispatch
only if a certain condition is met. The inner function receives the store methods dispatch() and getState() as parameters.

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179. ### What are the differences between redux-saga and redux-thunk ?

Both Redux Thunk and Redux Saga take care of dealing with side effects. In most of the scenarios, Thunk uses Promises to deal with them, whereas Saga uses Generators.
Thunk is simple to use and Promises are familiar to many developers, Sagas/Generators are more powerful but you will need to learn them. But both middleware can coexist, so
you can start with Thunks and introduce Sagas when/if you need them.

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180. ### What is Redux DevTools?

Redux DevTools is a live-editing time travel environment for Redux with hot reloading, action replay, and customizable UI. If you don't want to bother withinstalling Redux
DevTools and integrating it into your project, consider using Redux DevTools Extension for Chrome and Firefox.

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181. ### What are the features of Redux DevTools? Some of the main features of Redux DevTools are below,

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182. ### What are Redux selectors and why to use them?

Selectors are functions that take Redux state as an argument and return some data to pass to the component. For example, to

get user details from the state:

javascript const getUserData = state => state.user.data

These selectors have two main benefits,

1. The selector can compute derived data, allowing Redux to store the minimal possible state
2. The selector is not recomputed unless one of its arguments changes

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183. ### What is Redux Form?

Redux Form works with React and Redux to enable a form in React to use Redux to store all of its state. Redux Form can be used with raw HTML5 inputs, but it also works very
well with common UI frameworks like Material UI, React Widgets and React Bootstrap.

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 184. ### What are the main features of Redux Form? Some of the main features of Redux Form are:

1. Field values persistence via Redux store.

2. Validation (sync/async) and submission.
3. Formatting, parsing and normalization of field values.

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185. ### How to add multiple middlewares to Redux?

You can use applyMiddleware() .

For example, you can add and passing them as arguments to :

javascript import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux' const createStoreWithMiddleware = applyMiddleware(ReduxThunk,

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186. ### How to set initial state in Redux?

You need to pass initial state as second argument to createStore:

```javascript const rootReducer = combineReducers({ todos: todos, visibilityFilter: visibilityFilter }) const

initialState = { todos: [{ id: 123, name: 'example', completed: false }] }

const store = createStore( rootReducer, initialState ) ```

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187. ### How Relay is different from Redux?

Relay is similar to Redux in that they both use a single store. The main difference is that relay only manages state originated from the server, and all access to the state is used via
GraphQL queries (for reading data) and mutations (for changing data). Relay caches the data for you and optimizes data fetching for you, by fetching only changed data and nothing
more.

188. ### What is an action in Redux?

Actions are plain JavaScript objects or payloads of information that send data from your application to your store. They are the only source of information for the store. Actions
must have a type property that indicates the type of action being performed.

For example, let's take an action which represents adding a new todo item:

{ type: ADD_TODO, text: 'Add todo item' }

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React Native
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188. ### What is the difference between React Native and React?

React is a JavaScript library, supporting both front end web and being run on the server, for building user interfaces and web applications.

React Native is a mobile framework that compiles to native app components, allowing you to build native mobile applications (iOS, Android, and Windows) in JavaScript that
allows you to use React to build your components, and implements React under the hood.

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189. ### How to test React Native apps?

React Native can be tested only in mobile simulators like iOS and Android. You can run the app in your mobile using expo app (https://expo.io) Where it syncs using QR code,
your mobile and computer should be in same wireless network.

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190. ### How to do logging in React Native?

You can use console.log , console.warn , etc. As of React Native v0.29 you can simply run the following to see logs in the console:

$ react-native log-ios $ react-native log-android

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191. ### How to debug your React Native?

Follow the below steps to debug React Native app:

1. Run your application in the iOS simulator.

2. Press Command + D and a webpage should open up at http://localhost:8081/debugger-ui .
3. Enable Pause On Caught Exceptions for a better debugging experience.
4. Press Command + Option + I to open the Chrome Developer tools, or open it via View -> Developer -> Developer Tools .
5. You should now be able to debug as you normally would.

React supported libraries & Integration

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192. ### What is reselect and how it works?

Reselect is a selector library (for Redux) which uses memoization concept. It was originally written to compute derived data from Redux-like applications state, but it can't be tied
to any architecture or library.

Reselect keeps a copy of the last inputs/outputs of the last call, and recomputes the result only if one of the inputs changes. If the the same inputs are provided twice in a row,
Reselect returns the cached output. It's memoization and cache are fully customizable.

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193. ### What is Flow?

Flow is a static type checker designed to find type errors in JavaScript. Flow types can express much more fine-grained distinctions than traditional type systems. For example,
Flow helps you catch errors involving null , unlike most type systems.

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194. ### What is the difference between Flow and PropTypes?

Flow is a static analysis tool (static checker) which uses a superset of the language, allowing you to add type annotations to all of your code and catch an entire class of bugs at
compile time.

PropTypes is a basic type checker (runtime checker) which has been patched onto React. It can't check anything other than the types of the props being passed to a given
component. If you want more flexible typechecking for your entire project Flow/TypeScript are appropriate choices.

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195. ### How to use Font Awesome icons in React?

The below steps followed to include Font Awesome in React:

1. Install font-awesome :

console $ npm install --save font-awesome

2. Import font-awesome in your index.js file:

javascript import 'font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css'

3. Add Font Awesome classes in className :

javascript render() { return <div><i className={'fa fa-spinner'} /></div> }

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196. ### What is React Dev Tools?

React Developer Tools let you inspect the component hierarchy, including component props and state. It exists both as a browser extension (for Chrome and Firefox), and as a
standalone app (works with other environments including Safari, IE, and React Native).

The official extensions available for different browsers or environments.

1. Chrome extension
2. Firefox extension
3. Standalone app (Safari, React Native, etc)

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197. ### Why is DevTools not loading in Chrome for local files?

If you opened a local HTML file in your browser ( file://... ) then you must first open Chrome Extensions and check Allow access to file URLs .

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198. ### How to use Polymer in React? You need to follow below steps to use Polymer in React,

1. Create a Polymer element:

jsx harmony <link rel='import' href='../../bower_components/polymer/polymer.html' /> Polymer({ is: 'calender-element',

ready: function() { this.textContent = 'I am a calender' } })

2. Create the Polymer component HTML tag by importing it in a HTML document, e.g. import it in the index.html of your React application:

html <link rel='import' href='./src/polymer-components/calender-element.html'>

3. Use that element in the JSX file:

```javascript import React from 'react'

class MyComponent extends React.Component { render() { return ( ) } } export

default MyComponent ```

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199. ### What are the advantages of React over Vue.js?

React has the following advantages over Vue.js:

1. Gives more flexibility in large apps developing.

2. Easier to test.
3. Suitable for mobile apps creating.
4. More information and solutions available.
 Note: The above list of advantages are purely opinionated and it vary based on the professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

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200. ### What is the difference between React and Angular? Let's see the difference between React and Angular in a table format.

React Angular

React is a library and has only the View layer Angular is a framework and has complete MVC functionality

AngularJS renders only on the client side but Angular 2 and above renders on the server side
React handles rendering on the server side

React uses JSX that looks like HTML in JS which can be confusing Angular follows the template approach for HTML, which makes code shorter and easy to understand

React Native, which is a React type to build mobile applications are

Ionic, Angular's mobile native app is relatively less stable and slower
faster and more stable

In React, data flows only in one way and hence debugging is easy In Angular, data flows both way i.e it has two-way data binding between children and parent and
hence debugging is often difficult

Note: The above list of differences are purely opinionated and it vary based on the professional experience. But they are helpful as base parameters.

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201. ### Why React tab is not showing up in DevTools?

When the page loads, React DevTools sets a global named , then React communicates with that hook during
initialization. If the website is not using React or if React fails to communicate with DevTools then it won't show up the tab.

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202. ### What are Styled Components?

styled-components is a JavaScript library for styling React applications. It removes the mapping between styles and components, and lets you write actual CSS augmented
with JavaScript.

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203. ### Give an example of Styled Components?

Lets create <Title> and <Wrapper> components with specific styles for each.

```javascript import React from 'react' import styled from 'styled-components'

// Create a