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Week12.1-Dimensional Analysis, Part II - Common Parameters-1

This document discusses dimensionless parameters that are commonly used in fluid mechanics problems. It introduces several key dimensionless parameters including the Reynolds number (Re), Euler number (Eu), Froude number (Fr), Weber number (We), and Strouhal number (St). These parameters arise when non-dimensionalizing the governing Navier-Stokes equations and provide a way to analyze problems by characterizing the relative importance of different forces like inertial, viscous, gravitational, and surface tension forces. The dimensionless parameters allow results from models to be applied to full-sized systems operating under the same conditions.

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Muhammad imran
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21 views

Week12.1-Dimensional Analysis, Part II - Common Parameters-1

This document discusses dimensionless parameters that are commonly used in fluid mechanics problems. It introduces several key dimensionless parameters including the Reynolds number (Re), Euler number (Eu), Froude number (Fr), Weber number (We), and Strouhal number (St). These parameters arise when non-dimensionalizing the governing Navier-Stokes equations and provide a way to analyze problems by characterizing the relative importance of different forces like inertial, viscous, gravitational, and surface tension forces. The dimensionless parameters allow results from models to be applied to full-sized systems operating under the same conditions.

Uploaded by

Muhammad imran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5.

4
Dimensionless Parameters
Many variables may be important in a fluid mechanics problem.

g = gravitational acceleration
ρ = fluid density
μ = fluid viscosity
P = fluid pressure
Li = characteristic length of system
V = characteristic velocity of system
ω = frequency of oscillating flow
σ = surface tension
c = speed of sound
EV = bulk modulus

When analyzing problems, certain dimensionless combinations of variables (pi


terms) appear over and over and over and …

3
Reynolds Number (Re):
rVL inertial force
Re = =
µ viscous force

Arises in flows where viscous effects are important.

If Re is very low, viscous effects play a large role in determining flow patterns.

If Re is very large, viscous effects play a small role in determining flow patterns.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51-6QCJTAjU
(Skip to 2:55. A comparison of flows with different Re is shown at 4:50.)

4
Euler Number (Eu):
P pressure force DP DP
Eu = = or or
rV 2
inertial force rV 2
0.5rV 2
(pressure coefficient)

Arises when a pressure drop becomes important.

Pr - Pv
= cavitation number Pr = reference pressure
0.5rV 2

Eu is used to characterize losses in flow.

Eu = 1 for frictionless flows.


(ΔP goes into kinetic energy without loss.)

5
Froude Number (Fr):

V inertial force speed of fluid


Fr = = =
gL gravitational force speed of waves
Arises in flows with a free surface.
• flow around partially submerged objects (e.g., ships)
• river and open conduits flow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_jump

Subcritical flow (Fr < 1) is slow and calm.


Supercritical flow (Fr > 1) is rapid and chaotic. 6
Weber Number (We)
rV 2 L inertial force
We = =
σ surface tension force
High We
Arises in flows with an interface.
• flow of thin films of liquid
• formation of droplets or bubbles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_number

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBe6JXbPM-o

7
Strouhal Number (St):
ωL inertial forces due to local acceleration (unsteadiness)
St = =
V inertial forces due to convective acceleration
Arises in unsteady, oscillating flow problems.

Oscillating flow may occur downstream from a solid body.

vortex shedding:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Hbbkd2d3H8
(for cylinders, strongest shedding when 60 < Re < 5000)

This can lead to wires “singing”


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zHh2VSHhhA

Strakes on chimneys induce turbulence and help prevent vortex shedding.

8
http://www.freefoto.com/preview/13-02-74/Chimney-Stack-and-Drifting-Steam
Be careful when designing tall buildings!

Softening corners, tapering, varying cross section, twisting, adding spoilers, and
creating openings help reduce vortex shedding.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/151_Incheon_Tower


(est. completion date: 2015) 9
von Karman vortex streets observed in nature.

http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=52702 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street
(Guadalupe Island, May–September) (Hallasan Volcano, Jeju Island, South Korea, October–April)

http://climate.nasa.gov/news/2218/
10
Cauchy Number (Ca) & Mach Number (Ma)

rV 2 inertial force
Ca = =
EV compressibility force
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine

Arises in flows when compressibility becomes important.


r V
Ma = Ca = V =
EV c

EV
c= = speed of sound
r http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number

The incompressible flow assumption is okay when Ma < 0.3.

11
Derivation
• These common dimensionless groups arise naturally from non-
dimensionalizing the Navier-Stokes equations.

$% $") $") $") $) $) $) $)


!"! − +( "
+ "+ " =! +) +. +/
$& $& $* $+ $- $& $* $+

$% $". $". $". $. $. $. $.


!"# − +( "
+ "+ " =! +) +. +/
$* $& $* $+ $- $& $* $+
$% $") $") $") $) $) $) $)
!"! − +( + + = ! + ) + . + /
Consider 2D flow (neglect variations in z). $& $& " $* " $+ " $- $& $* $+

Simplify to:

#! &'∗ *+ & # ,∗ & # ,∗ /+ # &,∗ ∗


&, ∗
∗
&, ∗
−( ) ∗ + # + = + , + 1
$ &( $ &( ∗ # &- ∗ # $ &0 ∗ &( ∗ &- ∗

#! &'∗ * & # ,∗ & # ,∗ &,∗ ∗


&, ∗
∗
&, ∗
−( # ) ∗ + + = + , + 1
/+ &( /+$ &( ∗ # &- ∗ # &0 ∗ &( ∗ &- ∗

Similarly in the y direction:

#! &'∗ 2$ * & # ,∗ & # ,∗ &,∗ ∗


&, ∗
∗
&, ∗
− − + + = + , + 1
#
/+ &- ∗ + /+$ &( ∗ # &- ∗ # &0 ∗ &( ∗ &- ∗
1 1 1
Eu Fr 2 Re

• Boundary conditions would give additional dimensionless terms (e.g., We).


• If a model is tested at the same dimensionless parameters as the full-
sized object will operate at, results from a modeling study can be
applied to the real object.

• The summary of common dimensionless groups in Fluid Mechanics is


listed in Table 5.2

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