ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND

PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES 12
1st Quarter
Week 7

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Division of Surigao del Sur
 Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning
Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides released by
DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external
resources is purely of non-profit, for educational use and constitutes fair use. All
Rights Reserved.

Development Team Quality Assurance Team

Developer: Marimel M. Bermudez Evaluators: Elaine Grace P. Plaza

Jecel Marie A. Consigna

Learning Area EPS: Camela G. Lerio

LAS Graphics and Design Credits:

Title Page Art: Marieto Cleben V. Lozada
Title Page Layout: Bryan L. Arreo
Visual Cues Art: Ivin Mae M. Ambos

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Surigao del Sur

Balilahan, Tandag City

Telephone: (086) 211-3225

Email Address: [email protected]
Facebook: SurSur Division LRMS Updates
Facebook Messenger: Learning Resource Concerns

Telefax:

Email Address:
 Lesson 1

Competency:
o Compare and contrast various kinds of concept papers

Objectives: At the end of the week, you are expected to have:

o discussed the main parts of a concept paper;
o differentiated various kinds of concept papers; and
o expressed appreciation on the importance of concept paper.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

Writing is a very crucial task to do. It requires enough knowledge for the topic that you
are going to write, and you need to be equipped with the different strategies in your
writing skill. This module will bring you to the broader aspect to develop further your
writing ability, specifically in writing one of the most required outputs in classes, the
concept paper. If you don’t know what it is or unsure on how to make one, this module
will be very helpful. Let’s get you started!

WHAT IS A CONCEPT PAPER?

A concept paper is a short summary of what the project is, why it is important and how
it is carried out. It serves as an introduction to a full paper. It aims to objectively inform
the reader about the idea or concept. It is an embodiment of your ideas on a certain
topic. It provides a concise summary of the key elements of a funding request for the
purpose of soliciting feedback and/or buy--in from prospective funders, prospective
partners, and other potential stakeholders.

A concept paper should follow any technical specifications provided by the funder.
If no specifications are provided, you may use the following:
– 1” margins
– single--spaced
– 11 pt Arial
– 0.25” left indented, fully justified paragraphs
— Bold headings where appropriate

The parts of a concept paper may vary depending on the specifications of the
funding agencies, or nature of the concept paper as used in a specific discipline.
When a concept paper is used as an introduction to a full-blown research, the
following parts may be present:
Title Page contains
▪ Research title
▪ Name and school

1
 ▪ Date of submission

Background of the Study contains

▪ State the field you are researching on
▪ State the problems to be addressed by the research, provide statistics
and previous studies to prove your claim
▪ Reasons in conducting the research
▪ Theoretical and practical implications

Preliminary Literature Review contains

▪ Provide theoretical framework
▪ Provide major related literature review at least 5
▪ Provide brief synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies.

Statement of the Problem/Objectives contains

▪ State the general problem in one sentence
▪ State your specific research questions of objectives.

Methodology contains
▪ Context and participants of the study
▪ Instruments to be used
▪ Data collection procedures
▪ Data analysis scheme to be used

Timeline contains
▪ Duration of the research (Gantt chart)

Reference contains
▪ List of books, journals, and other resources cited in your paper

When you want to write a concept paper for a project proposal, you must follow the
specifications given by the funder or if there is none the following parts should be
present:

Introduction
Introduce your idea and identify the program or opportunity you think is a good fit.
Demonstrate that you understand the mission of the funding agency and the types of
projects that they support. Identify how your project meets the goals of the funder.
Identify any other funders that will be involved and their interest in the project where
appropriate. Introduce the question, problem, or need to be addressed.

Purpose/Need
Briefly provide supporting documentation on the importance of addressing this
question, problem, or need. If you have statistical data, use it. Cite significant and
compelling sources. Why does this project matter? Make sure you cite or refer to what
others have accomplished relative to your project.

2
 Project Description
Concisely describe what you plan to do, your approach, who benefits and potential
impacts.

Goals/Objectives/Aims/Research Questions
Outline your goals, objectives/aims, and research questions. Goals are simply a
clearer statement of the vision, specifying the accomplishments to be achieved if the
vision is to become real. The target objectives/aims are clearer statements of the
specific activities required to achieve the goals. A goal is a statement describing a
broad or abstract intent, state or condition. An objective is a statement of action or
intent to achieve measurable outcomes that relate to the goal.

Methods and Timeline

Briefly describe how the project be carried out, providing sufficient detail to allow the
reader to assess feasibility and likely impact but not so much detail that the reader is
overwhelmed. Make sure the methods and timeline are explicitly related to the goals
and objectives.

Expected Outcomes/Benefits (and often Evaluation)

Budget/Needs & Requested Support
Contact Information

SAMPLE CONCEPT PAPER

Corruption in the Broadcast, Print, and Social Media: Its Effect to the Conception of
Perceived Social Reality (Title)

“Do media reflect reality (exactly or distortedly), or do they construct it in the first
place?” That question was asked by Stefan Weber in his paper on Media and The
Construction of Reality published in 2002 which totally convinced me to focus my
proposed dissertation on the conception of social reality. Gerbner in 1960s
spearheaded the study on Cultivation Analysis which is later discussed in this paper as
one of my frameworks for this study. (Background of the Study)

My proposed dissertation aims to determine and analyze the effect of corruption in

the Broadcast, Print, and Social Media to the conception of perceived social reality.
These are the following questions that I have in mind: What are the forms of corruption
(coercion, bribery, etc) encountered by the local media practitioners in Tagbilaran
City, Bohol? What are the usual favors in exchange (of the dole out)? How did the
local media practitioners handle the situation? How did corruption distort the news?
What is the perceived social reality of the voting populace after being exposed to
distorted broadcast, prints, and social media posts? What is the effect of news
distortion to the conception of perceived social reality in terms of voting preferences?
(Statement of the Problem/Objectives)

My proposed dissertation is going to be anchored from the study “Government

distortion in independently owned media: evidence from U.S. cold war news
coverage of human rights” by Qian & Yanagizawa-Drott (2010) and from the
Cultivation Analysis Theory. Qian & Yanagizawa-Drott (2010) will help me frame part
of the methods which covers corruption and distortion while Cultivation Analysis will

3
help me in unlocking the effects of news distortion on perceptions, opinions, and
attitudes of the voting populace in their conception of perceived social reality after
being exposed to distorted broadcast, prints, and social media posts.

Since this paper is intended to discuss about the framework of my proposed

dissertation based on the resources on cultural and critical theories, I will only mention
a few about Qian & Yanagizawa-Drott in this paper to give primary emphasis on
Cultivation Analysis.

The study of Qian & Yanagizawa-Drott (2010) investigated the attempt of the U.S
government to manipulate news coverage of human rights practices of their political
allies during the Cold War. These include coercion, bribery and other methods of
corrupt practices in the case of the government authority. In my dissertation, I will be
investigating the forms of corruptions, whether this is grounded on coercion or bribery,
which leads to news distortion in broadcast, print, and social media during election
periods in Tagbilaran City, Bohol. I will be discussing further how Qian & Yanagizawa-
Drott (2010) will help shape the concepts of my dissertation in the Course Project which
is due on the 13th of December.

On the other hand, Cultivation Analysis (as one of the frameworks for this study)
theorized that television creates a world view that, although possibly inaccurate,
becomes the reality because people believe it to be so. The most familiar version of
the “cultivation analysis’’ is that those who spend more time watching television are
more likely to perceive the real world in ways that reflect the most common and
recurrent messages of the world of fictional television (Morgan & Shanahan, 2010).
The viewers’ conception of social reality is an effect of their exposure to the different
issues or phenomena as presented by broadcast, print, and social media. This effect
in the conception of social reality is defined in terms of some kind of ‘‘change,’’ most
often short term, and in response to specifically targeted messages (political,
commercial, etc.). This change shall be the focus of my study. I will analyze the effects
of news distortion to the conception of perceived realities and how this affects voting
preferences during elections in the Province of Bohol.

There are already empirical studies conducted on Cultivation Analysis but most of
those focused on psychological and societal issues e.g. self-esteem, parenting, crime
and etc. (see Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner, Gross, Jackson-Beeck, Jeffries-Fox, &
Signorielli, 1978; Gerbner, Gross, Signorielli, Morgan, & Jackson-Beeck, 1979). However,
there are maybe a few or even none on cultivation analysis which attempted to draw
the possible effects of news distortion to the conception of perceived reality and its
relationship to the voting preferences of the people exposed to distortion. (Preliminary
Literature Review)

In my proposed dissertation, I would like to explore Cultivation Analysis from a different

perspective. This is on how media affects voters’ views and preferences on a
particular political image after being exposed to news distortion. I intend to use survey
methods to assess the difference (if any) on the change of perceptions, opinions, and
attitudes of the voting populace after being exposed to distorted broadcast, prints,
and social media posts.

I also noticed that most of the previous researches only focused on television so I
intend to extend from television to radio broadcast, print, and social media.

4
This study will use both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The study
will be conducted in the City of Tagbilaran, where there are two existing radio
stations—DYRD Worldwide AM/FM and DYTR Bohol 1116 Khz – AM/FM. Also, the City
has five newspaper companies—The Bohol Chronicle, The Bohol Sunday Post, The
Bohol Times, Bohol Bantay Balita, and The Bohol Standard. The respondents of this
study will be from the broadcast and print media practitioners and a sample of the
voting population who will be selected through purposive sampling. The number of
respondents will be identified after consultation with the statistician. This study will also
make use of questionnaires and interviews in order to derive the data needed for the
study. (Methodology)

Reference: Alternative Delivery Mode. English for Academic and Professional

Purposes Quarter 1-Module 8: Various Kinds of Concept Papers.
Department of Education– Region VII, Division of Cebu Province
First Edition, 2020.

VARIOUS KINDS OF CONCEPT PAPER

A. ART

What's Wrong with Filipino Art and Why is It Under-appreciated? (An excerpt)

We're surrounded by art every day, but how much of it do we notice?

Art is present in so many of the places we go to and the things we do. We might scroll
past most Instagram posts that we see, without thinking how each photo or video has
several elements in it that make it look appealing to people. We weave our paths
through the city every day, and we rarely see how the buildings are carefully designed
and how the billboards are strategically done. We use and consume so many
products per day, yet we fail to really appreciate the way they are presented to us.
We listen to music, we appreciate the aesthetics of a post, we read books, we watch
endless videos on our suggested list. But how much of it do we really pay attention to?

There are those who are still unaware of how it will always have a presence in our daily
lives, from the packaging of our favorite products to the shows we enjoy. Art has been
looked down on, especially local art. We may have been educated again and again
about colonial mentality and its effects, yet we still do not have enough appreciation
for our own.

First, let's identify why this is a problem. Filipino art hasn't entirely been put on a high
pedestal in years. There are great artists like Fernando Amorsolo and Juan Luna, who
will always be remembered in history books and will always be familiar names. But
these artists and their work, albeit should not be forgotten, aren't the only ones that
we should know about. More recent artists are often shunned, saying that their work
is unoriginal or not meeting a certain standard or not as good as their Western
counterparts. It's seen as if our art is only limited to a certain template, and cannot be
more, cannot be as interesting, cannot be worth our time.

5
Another problem is how we limit our artists. Oftentimes, original or unconventional
ideas are not accepted, since they are not what people are used to. Corporations
think that if this idea is not the usual thing that people gobble up, it is not worth the
risk. So here, we strip the artist of its freedom of expression, forcing him/her to keep
making a similar output just because it sells. We are not really allowed to show
controversial topics, when art should be a means of communicating with other
people and getting a message across. Artists are forced to do as the higher-ups tell
them to do, and their potential is never known. They couldn't make a change in our
viewpoints even if they wanted to, because our expression is silenced…

Reference: Abinuman, A. (2017). What's wrong with Filipino art and why is it
underappreciated? Retrieved on 20 April 2021, from:
https://www.candymag.com/lifestyle/what-s-wrong-with-filipino-art-
and-whyis-it-under-appreciated-a1580-20170722

B. BUSINESS

Essay on Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Business ethics (also known as Corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or

professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that
arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is
relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organisations as a whole.
(Wikipedia) Most people agree that high ethical standards require both businesses
and individuals to conform to sound moral principles. However, some special aspects
must be considered when applying ethics to business. To survive, businesses must
make a profit. If profits are realised by misconduct then the life of the business may be
short lived. The business must balance their desires for profits against the needs and
desires of society. Maintaining this balance can be difficult. To help with this, society
has developed rules – both legal and implicit – to guide the business in their efforts to
earn profits in ways that will not harm individuals or society as a whole. (Ferrell,
Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2002.)

One difference between an ordinary decision and an ethical one lies in “the point
where the accepted rules no longer serve, and the decision maker is faced with the
responsibility for weighing values and reaching a judgement in a situation which is not
quite the same as any he or she faced before”. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, 1994) Ethics is not
simply a glorified intellectual game, of no practical relevance. We become moral
individuals by practice; good at being truthful by habitually telling the truth; becoming
honest by trying always not to be dishonest. There is nothing abstract about business
ethics. It is simply another tool to help the practical businessman or woman deal with
the endlessly recurring moral dilemmas of business life. There is a connection between
our perception of the world and the way in which we make decisions in the world. If
managers believe that they are and ought to be rational egoists, concerned only with
maximising profit, they will take the decisions accordingly. If, on the other hand, they
are aware of moral theories and social policies that affect their own societies and the
wider world, then they will be likely to make rather different and more sophisticated
judgements, (Vallance, 1995).

The idea of ethics in business focuses on the moral or ethical actions of individuals. It
is in this sense that many people, when discussing business ethics, immediately raise

6
examples of immoral or unethical activity by individuals. (Richard T De George) Many
business people are strongly influenced by their religious beliefs and the ethical norms
that they have been taught as part of their religion, and apply these norms in their
business activities. A prime example is Aaron Feuerstein, whose actions after fire
destroyed almost all of his Malden Mills factory complex kept his workers on the payroll
until he could rebuild. He has stated often and publicly that he just did what his Jewish
faith told him was the right thing to do.

Reference: George, R. (2017). Essay on business ethics and social responsibility.

Retrieved on: 20 April 2021, from:
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/essay-defining-
businessethics-social-responsibility-business-essay.php

C. LAW

Bullying on Social Media: The Philippines’ Current Legal (An excerpt)

The pen is mightier than the sword or so the adage goes.

When this was once said, it was to highlight the power of thought and idea over brute
force and violence as a way to effect change.

Today, the pen can very well be a “tap” of a button, as social media has reinvented
our way of life anew -- for good or for bad. Regardless of political affiliation or social
philosophy, it is undeniable how the power of social media has shaped recent events.
In the Philippines, many attribute President Duterte’s electoral victory to a strong social
media presence and awareness from supporters and detractors alike. Similarly, in the
United States, President Trump’s astounding victory may not have been predictable
on the basis on old measures of popularity, but perhaps to a more subtle, even
subliminal influence, perhaps attributable to social media as well.

Unfortunately, when people log into their social media accounts, some tend to shed
normal sensibilities or even basic civility. This is the same phenomenon that perhaps
gives rise to the anomaly of Philippine vehicular traffic, where the polite and non-
confrontational is shed for disrespectful and sometimes barbaric behavior leading to
the Gordian knot that is Philippine traffic.

Part of this is the cloak of perceived anonymity that social media brings. We therefore
sometimes see posts or commentaries meant to embarrass competence and
intelligence, gender, or just plain rumor-mongering.

However, even when done behind the cloak of a social media platform may have
legal implications under our present laws.

Social media is a powerful tool. It is always best to set a limit on which issues to react
to or which people direct a post to.

While freedom of speech is well-enshrined in our Constitution, this right is not without
any limitations.

7
In the end, it is always best to devote the stroke of our fingers and the clicks of our
mouse to intellectual discourse rather than risk being held liable under our present
laws. After all, the power of our minds should be mightier than any sword there is.

Reference: Dela Cruz, C. (2017). Bullying on social media: The Philippines’ current legal
platform. Angara Abello Concepcion Regala & Cruz Law
OfficesACCRALAW Retrieved on 20 April 2021,
http://www.accralaw.com/publications/bullying-social-
mediaphilippines%2%80%99-current-legal-platform

D. PHILOSOPHY

Morality (An excerpt)

Morality Defined
Morality speaks of a system of behavior in regards to standards of right or wrong
behavior. The word carries the concepts of: (1) moral standards, with regard to
behavior; (2) moral responsibility, referring to our conscience; and (3) a moral identity,
or one who is capable of right or wrong action. Common synonyms include ethics,
principles, virtue, and goodness. Morality has become a complicated issue in the
multi-cultural world we live in today. Let's explore what morality is, how it affects our
behavior, our conscience, our society, and our ultimate destiny.

Morality and Our Behavior

Morality describes the principles that govern our behavior. Without these principles in
place, societies cannot survive for long. In today's world, morality is frequently thought
of as belonging to a particular religious point of view, but by definition, we see that
this is not the case. Everyone adheres to a moral doctrine of some kind. Morality as it
relates to our behavior is important on three levels. Renowned thinker, scholar and
author C.S. Lewis defines them as: (1) to ensure fair play and harmony between
individuals; (2) to help make us good people in order to have a good society; and (3)
to keep us in a good relationship with the power that created us. Based on this
definition, it's clear that our beliefs are critical to our moral behavior.

Morality and Our Conscience

Morality impacts our everyday decisions, and those choices are directed by our
conscience. Again, we must decide for ourselves where the conscience originates.
Many people hold to the idea that the conscience is a matter of our hearts, that
concepts of right, wrong, and fairness are "programmed" in each of us. This is in
keeping with the writings of Paul the Apostle, who points out that even those who do
not believe in God frequently obey God's laws as given in the Ten Commandments:
"for when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do the things in the law, these,
although not having the law, are a law to themselves, who show the work of the law
written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and between themselves
their thoughts accusing or else excusing them" (Romans 2:14-15, NKJV). Again, those
who do not believe in God are left with the only possible conclusion they can come
to - that our decisions are based solely on our need to survive. What we call our
conscience, then, would be based on learned behavior, rather than part of a Divine
design.

8
Reference: Morality. (2018). AllAboutPhilosophy. Retrieved on: 20 April 2021, from:
https://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/morality.htm

E. POLITICS

The Importance of Politics

It is very important to care about politics because you should know what is going on
around you. Also, it is important to have a say in what is going on around you. The
political decisions people make will affect many lives. Many people see politics as the
government and the laws being made, and that is true, but it is way more
complicated than that. Every law that is made will impact many. Sometimes the
decisions will affect people in a bad way. Every vote that you make will either break
people or make people.

One reason you should care about politics is because you should always know what
is going on around you. For example, if a new law is made is made in your area, you
might want to make sure that you and the people around you know that a new law
has been made so that no one breaks the law without even knowing it. Also, if
something dangerous is happening around you or someone you know, you want to
be aware if someone is breaking the law. It is very important to know what is
happening around you.

Another reason you should care about politics is because you should have a say in
what will happen. Everyone should have a say in what will happen, because we all
live side by side with each other, and it would not be fair if someone was left out. Also,
each vote makes a difference in the ways that we live. It is always important to to
share your opinion. The way you vote will affect many people, and their everyday life.

Finally, you should care about politics because the decisions people make will affect
many lives. For example, if someone wanted to build on land, it might be good for the
people who worked in the area, but residents who lived nearby and loved the land
and relied on the land for water and food, might be devastated. Sometimes things
that sound like good ideas might be very devastating later.

Reference: Mortensen, A. (2018). The importance of politics. Retrieved on 20 April

2021, from: https://www.centredaily.com/opinion/article69564172.html

F. RELIGION
What is True Religion?

What is true religion? Is there just one true religion or do all of them lead to the afterlife?
Religion is defined as: “a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally
agreed upon by a number of persons or sects: the Christian religion; the Buddhist
religion.”1 It is estimated that only 16% of the world considers themselves
“nonreligious.”2 There are two things that all religions hold as truth. 1) Humanity is
separated from God. 2) Humanity needs to be reconciled with God. The differences
come in how that reconciliation is acquired.

9
Many religions focus on rules and rituals. When those rules are followed or those rituals
are performed, the person is attempting to be made right with God or gain His favor.
For example, in Islam there are five pillars that one must do in order to show surrender
or submission to God. Other religions focus more on observing rituals, rather than
following rules. After those rituals are performed, it is taught that God will accept the
person who performed them.

Christianity presents a very different view of finding the acceptance of God. While the
other religions attempt to reach God, Christianity is about God reaching down to
man. The Bible teaches that God sent His perfect Son Jesus to earth to die for the sins
of mankind—as a perfect sacrifice. Other world religions try to balance the scales of
their good and bad deeds, hoping to have more good deeds on the day they die.
Christianity teaches a very different message.

What is true religion – How is Christianity different?

What is true religion? A true religion will teach a consistent message and have it based
on a reliable source. Christianity has the following view of reconciling with God:
• Every person has sinned and is separated from God (Romans 3:23).
• The penalty for that sin is death and separation from God (Romans 6:23).
• Jesus came to earth to die as a sinless substitute to provide full payment for
mankind’s sins. He rose from the dead to show His power over death, proving
His sacrifice was sufficient (Romans 5:8)

What is true religion vs. true relationship?

You may have heard a Christian say that Christianity isn’t a religion, it’s a relationship.
This is a way to express that true religion is more than doing good thing and making
sure your good deeds outweigh the bad. True religion is accepting the relationship
that Jesus wants to have with you. From that relationship, Christians are called to do
good things out of thanksgiving and love for God. In fact, the Bible speaks of this very
clearly… “Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look
after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by
the world” (James 1:27).

Reference: What is true religion? (2018) Retrieved on AllAboutReligion. Retrieved on

20 April 2021, from
https://www.allaboutreligion.org/what-is-true-religion.htm

G. SCIENCE
Modern science: What's changing? (An excerpt)

When Gregor Mendel began his investigations of plant genetics in the 1800s, he
worked alone — a middle-aged European monk counting peas in the abbey garden.
One hundred and fifty years later, modern plant genetics laboratories, like Chelsea
Specht's below, look a lot more diverse and employ the latest DNA sequencing
techniques. When J.J. Thomson discovered a new particle of matter — the electron
— at the turn of the century, his lab equipment mainly consisted of vacuum tubes,
magnets, and some simple wiring. One hundred years later, scientists searching for
new particles like the Higgs boson use a supercollider — a 17-mile-long machine that
costs several billion dollars and will produce data to be analyzed by the most powerful
supercomputer in the world. Science has come a long way in the last 150 years! We

10
now have more powerful data analysis techniques, more sophisticated equipment for
making observations and running experiments, and a much greater breadth and
depth of scientific knowledge. And as the attitudes of the broader society have
progressed, science has benefited from the expanding diversity of perspectives
offered by its participants. But what about the process of science itself? Has this
fundamental aspect of the scientific enterprise changed over time?

Science will always look for explanations for what goes on in the natural world and
test those explanations against evidence from the natural world — but exactly how
this gets done may evolve. The scientific enterprise is not static. Science is deeply
interwoven with society, and as it has changed, so too has science. Here are just a
few examples of how modern scientific practices have been transformed by
increasing knowledge, changing societal concerns, and advances in
communication and technology.

Reference: How science really works. (nd). Understanding science. Retrieved on 20

April 2021, from:
https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/modern_science

H. SPORTS
Sports In Our Life

Sport refers to an activity which is managed by a set of regulations or customs and

mainly engaged in competitively. In most cases sports often refer to actions where the
physical competence of the person competing is the only key determinant of the final
outcome which is usually winning or losing. However, the term is also used to
incorporate activities like mind sports. Occasionally it is extended to include all
competitive activities where offense and defense plays a big role, in spite of the level
of physical action.

Sport plays an integral part in our lives. In addition to making people healthier, it also
provides an excellent way of managing free time. We all require a break from
anything we take part in, for instance working, learning in class or simply sitting at
home (Nina &Cronin, 2002). A little bit of activity like sport is crucial in our lives. Different
persons like different forms of sports. The different disciplines consist of swimming,
running, and skating. These ones are the cheapest, which are mostly available and
affordable. The external games need equipment, which in most cases is very
expensive. They need strength as well as
courage. These forms of sports are also regarded as addictive and hazardous to the
human body. Examples of such kinds of sports include rugby, as well as
mountaineering.

Sport is most popular among the young, without forgetting the old. Quite a number of
people participate in morning cardiovascular exercise such as jogging. Others train
themselves in various groups and take part in competitions. Still others like sports but
only by watching while others listen to the news concerning them. Reading interesting
stories about sportsmen is a preference for many people. However, physical exercises
is generally helpful in making our physique strong and improving our mental
capabilities. Therefore any person who aspires to keep himself fit must fully take part
in sports and
games.

11
Physical training is usually an important subject in learning institutions and lessons are
allocated for physical exercises. It is compulsory in almost all the institutions of learning.
Students also take part in various competitions that are held in their institutions. It is a
requirement that every student develops a culture of sports as a way of developing a
sound mind that can help in internalizing class work. Sport protects teenagers from
engaging in harmful habits like smoking and taking of drugs. It keeps them busy all the
time and in turn, they develop good health. Teenagers involve themselves in sports
like football, basketball and hockey to keep them busy all the time.
Fitness involves the combination of the composition of the body and the performance
of the muscles. The resultant effect is that it reduces the risks that lead to heart disease
and high blood pressure. Aerobic exercise that entails steady and constant activity of
the muscles leads to an increase in the demand for oxygen by the body. Therefore
aerobic exercises work the muscle of the heart making it larger and stronger
(Chandler, 2005). The examples of such exercise are walking, swimming and cycling.
Good health can be considered a blessing of some sort. It is therefore essential that
everyone gets involved in sport to stay healthy. To be healthy means having the body
and mind in their best working condition and this entails being free from illnesses as
well as pain. As it is said: “A mind that is sound reflects a sound body,” (Chandler,
2005).

Reference: Sport in our life. (nd). Retrieved on 20 April 2021, from:

https://bestessayhelp.com/examples/sport/sport-in-our-life-
%E2%80%93-essay-samp

I. HOME ECONOMICS

The Future of Hospitality: From Then To Now, What’s Next?

Since its beginning, the hotel industry has constantly evolved and transformed to meet
the changing needs of travelers. While the industry has always been innovative, the
recent advancements in technology have catapulted the industry into
unprecedented change.

Starting as a necessity for wandering travelers, the hospitality industry has certainly
come a long way. However, before we can predict the future of the industry, it's
important to understand the current trends in the hospitality industry and how it grew
into the billion dollar industry it is today.

The Past
Since our ancestors roamed the Earth, people have been providing hospitality.
However, the experience a guest may have had centuries ago is quite different than
the one we experience today.

In early biblical times, "hotels" were mainly hospitable townsfolk who opened their
homes to weary travelers. Most visits lasted only one night, with the guest continuing
their travels in the morning. In comparison, villages in early Greece built thermal baths
for travelers to rest their joints and muscles. These travelers did not spend the night, the
baths simply provided them with the recuperation they needed. It wasn't until the year
1200 more permanent hotels were built. Though they were modest structures, they lay
the foundation for the intricate hotel facilities we're accustomed to today.

12
The 15th century saw a breakthrough in the hotel industry. French law required hotel
managers to keep track of guests through a registry, to which other countries soon
followed. More hotels were built, each with an increased focus on guest amenities.
The next century saw the introduction of hotel advertising, with the first "guidebooks"
published promoting the best establishments. Another major development occurred
during the Industrial Revolution. The century's technological, economical and social
developments
made travel more accessible for all people, not just the wealthy.

This momentum continued into the 20th century, where the population increase,
urbanization and economic prosperity in industrial nations prompted further growth
from the hospitality industry. This increase in demand triggered more properties to
open and encouraged diversity.

While the hospitality industry has only continued to grow since, the current trends in
the hospitality industry still reflect the needs of society.

The Present
Flashforward to today, travel is even more frequent. The hotel industry has continued
to evolve alongside changing demographic trends and technological
advancements and became a highly complex segment of the economy. Now, the
current trends in the hospitality industry revolve around comfort and exceptional guest
service.

As shown throughout its history, the hospitality industry is constantly changing. For
hospitality professionals to remain competitive, it is ever more crucial to stay current
on the trends in hospitality 2018.

The Future
With that in mind, hospitality professionals all over the world are wondering: "what is
the future of hospitality?".MicroMetrics The Future of Hospitality 2018 Research Report
While nothing can be determined for certain, the opportunities and threats listed in
the above infographic will definitely play a major role and be trends in hospitality 2018.
As a company deeply rooted in the hospitality industry, we also asked ourselves: "what
is the future of hospitality?". To answer, we took matters into our own hands and
created The Future of Hospitality 2018 Research Report, the industry's first data-driven
look into the future of hospitality.

This report will provide concrete data detailing the predicted path and future of the
hospitality industry, as well as list promising areas of business growth & investment
opportunities and threats to keep on your radar. To receive this in-depth report for
free, simply contribute your own valuable insights and join the community of
hospitality professionals dedicated to bettering the industry.

Reference: Lawrence, D. (2017). The Future of hospitality: From then to now, what’s
next? Retrieved on 20 April 2021, from:
https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4086037.html

13
J. AGRI-FISHERY

All About Aquaculture: Environmental Risks and Benefits (An excerpt)

For all the positive effects aquaculture can have on food security and conservation
of wild fisheries, it can also pose serious environmental risks and create sustainability
challenges. One of the environmental impacts that receives the most attention is the
issue of nutrient and effluent buildup on the sea floor below the cages. Because the
fish are contained in one place at high densities, their waste – which includes both
solids and dissolved nutrients like nitrogen – has the potential to build up below the
cages and in the surrounding area. This creates the potential for algal blooms, which
deplete the water of oxygen and can create damaging dead zones near
aquaculture sites. Regulatory agencies have recognized these problems and
implemented measures to prevent them, including siting the cages in places with
strong currents to wash away the effluent and moving the cages from year to year to
reduce impact on any one area.

Another environmental concern is the effect of the farmed fish on local wild fisheries.
Disease and parasite outbreaks in fish farms, though infrequent, can spread rapidly
among farmed fish because of the high densities at which they are kept, and disease
may spread to wild fish populations. Fish farmers used to combat these outbreaks with
antibiotics and other chemicals in fish feed, but this created concern about the effect
of the drugs on the ecosystems around the cages, as well as residual antibiotics
winding up on consumers’ plates. More recently, safe and effective vaccinations for
farmed fish have been developed and are widely used, and the use of antibiotics in
aquaculture has almost ceased in the United States.

Some aquaculture operations can even have positive effects on environmental and
human health. Farmed fish are generally free of environmental contaminants such as
mercury and heavy metals, since they eat exclusively human-processed feed for
which toxin levels are regulated. In addition, the farming of filter feeders such as
shellfish can improve water quality, and in fact shellfish are often integrated into finfish
production in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems, also known as
polyculture. Because shellfish are filter feeders, they use uneaten feed and elements
of fish waste as food, and can be cultivated near nets and cages containing finfish to
improve water quality and even protect against disease outbreaks. Polyculture
systems, which can also involve seaweed cultivation, are prominent in Maine, and
there is ongoing polyculture research at schools like the University of Maine, the
University of New Hampshire, and many others.

In addition to environmental risks, concerns about the long-term sustainability of

aquaculture in meeting our protein needs remain.

Clearly, the sustainability and environmental impacts of farmed seafood products

depends on many factors and varies with the methods used by the fish farmers.

Reference: Gamble, M. (2012). All about aquaculture: Environmental risks and

benefits. Talking Fish. Retrieved on 20 April 2021, from:
https://www.talkingfish.org/2012/did-you-know/all-
aboutaquaculture-environmental-risks-and-benefits

14
K. INDUSTRIAL ARTS
Jobs In Industrial Art

The term "industrial arts" generally refers to anything that involves the use of tools,
machinery and mechanical systems. Traditionally, industrial arts classes were the shop
classes in high school, such as metal shop or woodworking. Today, industrial arts
encompasses traditional shop training as well as advanced systems, such as robotics,
electronics and mechanical design.

Wood and Metal Work

Woodworkers are not just craftsmen who build ornate furniture using hand tools, they
are highly skilled tradespeople who operate advanced equipment and machinery.
They set up equipment, cut and shape wooden parts, and finish products. Similarly,
metalworkers study plans and use machines, measurements and technology to craft
products and build frames for buildings. Neither career path typically requires a
college degree, but both require apprenticeship training and an aptitude for building
and reading plans.

Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways make a product or material
work. They study products and their requirements; develop management-control
systems; and determine how to most efficiently combine raw materials, construction,
costs and transportation. Becoming an industrial engineer requires a college degree
and a background in mathematics and the physical sciences. A degree in industrial
engineering might include courses in operations research, production and inventory
control, probability and statistics, and information systems.

Mechanical Design
Mechanical designers are also known as drafters and computer-aided design and
drafting operators. They craft plans for products; structural and architectural projects;
designs and mechanical parts and tools. Aeronautical drafters prepare drawings used
in manufacturing aircraft and missiles; architectural drafters draw plans for
construction projects; and mechanical drafters prepare layouts that show details for
a wide variety of machinery and mechanical devices. To become a mechanical
designer typically requires at least an associate degree and preferably a bachelor's
degree.

Teaching
Tomorrow's industrial arts professionals will always need good teachers. Industrial arts
teachers can teach small engine repair, ventilation systems design, welding and
metal working. They also can teach computer repair, graphic design and computer-
aided design. Typically, this is a career path for teaching high school, which means a
career requires at least a bachelor's degree. Teaching requirements vary by state and
district, but typically, industrial arts teachers need to complete a degree program in
the field.

Reference: Morgan, S. (2019). Jobs in industrial art. Retrieved on 20 April 2021, from:
https://careertrend.com/jobs-industrial-art-7736.html

15
L. Information, Communications and Technology (ICT)

Importance of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Our Daily Life

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has an important role in the world
since we are now in the information age era. With ICT, the company can make the
business easier to happen with the client, supplier and the distributor. It is also very
important in our daily lives. The lack of appropriate information at the right time will
result in low productivity, low quality research works, and waste of time to pursue
information and even to do research which actually others had done or in other
countries. Nowadays ICT cannot be separated with our daily needs.

ICT has a great impact in our daily lives. For example, we can read our local
newspaper using the online newspaper. Another example is we still can get
connected with our family, relatives, or colleagues even if we are abroad by using
the electronic mail, yahoo messenger, call conference, or video conference. Digital
computer and networking has changed our economy concept to the economy with
no boundary in time and space because of ICT. It brings a lot of advantages for
economic development enabling millions of transactions to happen in an easy and
fast way.

ICT is one of the economic development pillars to gain national competitive

advantage. It can improve the quality of human life because it can be used as a
learning and education media, the mass communication media in promoting and
campaigning practical and important issues, such as the health and social area. It
provides wider knowledge and can help in gaining and accessing information.

ICT has become an integral part of everyday life for many people. It increases its
importance in people’s lives and it is expected that this trend will continue, to the
extent that ICT literacy will become a functional requirement for people’s work, social,
and personal lives.

The use of ICT in education add value in teaching and learning, by enhancing the
effectiveness of learning, or by adding a dimension to learning that was not previously
available. ICT may also be a significant motivational factor in students’ learning, and
can support students’ engagement with collaborative learning.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is basically our society’s efforts to

teach its current and emerging citizens valuable knowledge and skills around
computing and communications devices, software that operates them, applications
that run on them and systems that are built with them.

As a matter of fact, we are living in a constantly evolving digital world. ICT has an
impact on nearly every aspect of our lives – from working to socializing, learning to
playing. The digital age has transformed the way young people communicate,
network, seek help, access information and learn. We must recognize that young
people are now an online population and access is through a variety of means such
as computers, TV and mobile phones.

16
It is in this premise that educational technology and e-learning is taught in or out of
the classroom since educational technology is used by learners and educators in
homes, schools, businesses, and other settings.

Reference: Importance of information and communications technology (ICT) in Our

Daily Life(2016). Dreams. Retrieved on 07 December 2018, from:
https://pcdreams.com.sg/importance-of-information-and-
communicationstechnology-ict-in-our-daily-life/

17
 Lesson 2

Competency:
o Present a novel concept or project with accompanying visuals/
graphic aids.

Objectives: At the end of the week, you are expected to have:

o identified the types of graphic aids;
o presented a concept using a graphic aid; and
o expressed appreciation on the importance of graphic aids.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

Sometimes, any concept is better understood when it is presented in visuals. By visuals

we mean, the use of graphics and visually appealing presentations. This is often done
when a report is needed to be presented in the class; a business proposal or a
marketing plan that is proposed in a business meeting; or advisories, notices, and
reminders to the public.

In this era of technology, most of the people, particularly the learners, are classified as
visual learners. That means, they easily understand things when they see it or an
example of it. A concept may be organized into a graphical representation through
the use of the Graphic Aids or Graphic Organizers.

Graphic Aids or Graphic Organizers helps to enhance comprehension. According to

the Montgomery College, a visual or graphic aid is any image that assists you, the
reader in understanding the text which accompanies the visual aid. Vacca and
Vacca (1993) believe that the use of graphic aids in text will provide students with the
opportunity to decide what parts of the text are important, and how ideas and
concepts in the text are related.

18
 TYPES OF GRAPHIC AIDS

Bar Graphs Line Graphs

Circle/Pie Graphs Flow Charts/Mapping

Tables and Charts Photographs

19
Diagrams Example of Diagram

Here is an example of a graphic aid about the ways of how to make a concept
paper. Take a look at it.

STRUCTURE OF A CONCEPT ESSAY/PAPER

Introduction
The introductory paragraph announces your subject
Introduction and gives an indication of the important points within
the essay.
Discuss background. Also, your introduction should contain your thesis
Narrow focus to address research. statement. A thesis is a sentence or two that states the
Thesis Statement central idea of your paper. The thesis allows readers to
clearly understand the purpose of your essay.

Body paragraphs

One main point per paragraph

supported by citations. Body
Compose body paragraphs that support your thesis.
Research Citation Each paragraph conveys one main point. That main
(In-text Citation-supporting details) point is stated in the topic sentence of the paragraph.
The rest of the paragraph should support that topic
Research
Think about what you already sentence, and all paragraphs should support your
know about your subject and overall thesis.
then find out what you don’t
know. You are educating
someone about a topic, so make
sure you know as much as
possible about it.

Conclusion
Conclusion Remind the reader of the main idea of your essay. A
Sum up main points. conclusion summarizes the main points of your paper.
End by broadening the discussion. Be careful to word this in a new way so your essay does
not seem repetitive.

Reference List or Bibliography

Cite your references below the concept
essay using the APA Format.
20
Examples of concept or project with accompanying visuals/graphic aids;

21