University of Moratuwa

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Semester 1 Examination 2019/20

MSc/PG Diploma in Electrical Engineering/Electrical Installation/Industrial Automation

EE5102 Power Distribution Systems

Time allowed: Two Hours ONLY September 2020

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

This paper contains 4 questions in 6 pages

This is an open book examination.

The examination accounts for 70% of the module assessment.

Answer all questions.

The marks assigned for each question and sections thereof are indicated in square brackets.
Assume reasonable values for any data not given in or with the examination paper. Clearly
state such assumptions made on the script.

If you have any doubt as to the interpretation of the wording of a question, make your own
decision, but clearly state it on the script.

Electronic/Communication devices are not permitted. Only equipment allowed is a calculator

approved and labeled by the Faculty of Engineering.

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS: None

Continued………..

Page 1 of 6
Question 1

a) Figures Q1(a1) and Q1(a2) indicate the 24-hour demand curves for Customer – A and
Customer – B respectively. Explain giving reasons, which type of customer (Customer – A
or Customer – B) would be preferred by the utility? [5 marks]

Customer – A Customer – B

Figures Q1(a1) Figures Q1(a2)

b) A single-phase lateral provides service to two distribution transformers as shown in Figure

Q1(b). The total connected load of each customer (in KW) and the energy (in kWh)
consumed by each customer during a month is as shown on Figure Q1(b).

Figure Q1 (b)

Load survey has revealed that the 15-minute maximum kW demand for the customers
connected to transformer T1 and T2 are given by the equations Q1(b1) and Q1(b2)
respectively.

For customers connected to T1:

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑘𝑊 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.2 + [0.008 × (𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)]
→ (𝑸𝟏(𝒃𝟏))
For customers connected to T2:
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑘𝑊 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.01 × (𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑙𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )
→ (𝑸𝟏(𝒃𝟐))

Page 2 of 6
(i) Determine the demand factor of customer 1. [2 marks]

(ii) If the Diversity Factor varies with the number of customers as given in Table Q1,
determine the 15-minute maximum diversified kW demand for each transformer and at
the point N1. [10 marks]

Table Q1
No. of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Customers
Diversity 1 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.55 2.6 2.65 2.67 2.7 2.74 2.78 2.8
Factor

(iii) Determine the monthly load factor for Transformer T1. [4 marks]

(iv) Assuming a power factor of 0.9, select suitable ratings for the transformers T1 and T2.
Consider 50 kVA, 75 kVA and 100 kVA transformers are available. [2 marks]

(v) Calculate the utilization factor of each transformer. [2 marks]

Question 2

a) Explain with illustrations how the “Network Protector” supports in improving the
reliability and compactness in designing a distribution feeder arrangement.
[5 marks]

b) An 11 kV feeder arrangement is shown in Fig. Q2 (b). The line impedance is (0.5 + j0.9)
Ω/km and total length of the feeder is 22 km. The loads are star connected three-phase
loads totalling 1.9052 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor spaced as shown in Fig. Q2 (b).

Substation

5km 2km 2km 2km 2km

Fig. Q2 (b)

Page 3 of 6
 (i) Using the average method, calculate the percentage power loss in the feeder compared
to the supplied load. [5 marks]

(ii) Using the average method, calculate the percentage voltage drop at the furthest end of
the feeder. [4 marks]

(iii) Calculate the optimal capacitor size and its optimal placement (distance from the
substation) to minimize the power losses. [3 marks]

c) Fig. Q2 (c1) illustrates a section of a small distribution system in which, R represents

an auto-recloser and C illustrates 50T expulsion fuse. Fig. Q2 (c2) illustrates the time-
current characteristic curves of the expulsion fuse and the auto-recloser.

Fig. Q2 (c1)

Fig. Q2 (c2)

(i) Calculate the speed ratio of the expulsion fuse. [3 marks]

(ii) Explain the requirement of feeder selective relaying for distribution system.
[3 marks]

(iii) Identify the current range in which the feeder selective relay coordination is
satisfied for the given system. . [2 marks]

Page 4 of 6
Question 3

Consider the network given in Fig. Q 3.

Fig. Q 3

The line-to-line source voltage at Node 1 is 12.47 kV and the distribution line impedance is
(0.1 + j0.5) Ω/km. All loads are star connected and balanced. Using the forward-backward sweep
method, compute the node voltages after 2 iterations. [25 marks]

Question 4

Table Q 4.1 shows the reliability parameters of the feeder sections and the distributors in the
simple radial distribution system shown in Fig. Q 4. Load point details of the same distribution
system are shown in Table Q 4.2. There are isolators installed at points t and u and fuses are
installed at points v, w and x.

Fig. Q 4

Page 5 of 6
 Table Q 4.1
Component λ (failures/year) r (hours)
Feeder section 1 0.2 3.5
Feeder section 2 0.3 3.5
Feeder section 3 0.1 3.5
Distributor a 0.6 2.5
Distributor b 0.5 2.5
Distributor c 0.4 2.5

Table Q 4.2
Load point Number of customers Average load connected (kW)
A 500 3000
B 800 4500
C 1000 5000

Assume that all failures in feeder sections and distributors are short circuits and there are
no failures in fuses. The isolation and switching time is 0.5 hours.

a) Evaluate the following reliability parameters of load points A, B and C.

(i) Failure rate [5 marks]

(ii) Outage time [6 marks]
(iii) Unavailability [6 marks]

b) Evaluate the following customer and load oriented reliability indices.

(i) System average interruption frequency index [2 marks]

(ii) System average interruption duration index [2 marks]
(iii)Customer average interruption duration index [2 marks]
(iv) Average energy not supplied [2 marks]

Page 6 of 6