Learn Na'vi The Easy Way!

A fun, easy to use, workbook that will help you learn your first Na'vi words and phrases

SPECIAL NOTE: I apologize profusely for the formatting and general lack of clip art and other fun flourishes. My completely computer crashed early on in this project and as a result I lost my professional layout programs. And my back-up CD is scratched (naturaly). As a result, this book was created by using a patchwork configuration of standard word-processor and other random-software. Should I ever muster the desire to expand this book, professionally publish it, or write a second vilume speficially on grammar, I will make sure that version is more aeshtetically pleaseing, and complete.

If you have a learning tool that you would like included, or mentioned, in this, or any other AvatarTM or Na'vi project I am involved in, please email me directly: [email protected]

Copyright information: 1: James cameron's AvatarTM is a trademark of the Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. AVATAR. Copyright 2009 by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. All rights reserved. 2: Cover art and various images in this text are provided under paid license from iclipart.com 3: Layout and design of this book are copyright 2009 Dusty White. This is a piece of fan-(non)fiction and is not for sale. Please distribute freely, except where void by law. 4: All unstated copyrights more than likely belong to Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation. Please respect that and say no to piracy.

So what is this book anyway, and why should I read it?

The purpose of this book is to help you learn Na'vi fast, and as painlessly as possible. Na'vi is a fun, colorful language that is quickly evolving. We have just enough words that you can learn them all without too much hard work, and enough to pester your friends with your new language. The problem with learning a new language is knowing where to start, especially without formal instruction. We have no teachers, no classrooms to sit in, no seminars, or instructional DVDs. All we have is each other. Well, now we have an activity book! By the way, if you haven't seen the other amazing helpful documents yet, there is a professionally compiled unofficial dictionary of all things Na'vi, a Na'vi app for your iPhone, a Na'vi Rosetta Stone, all kinds of great grammar guides, flash cards, flash card programs, Shakespeare, and a large collection of my postswhich will never be mistaken for Shakespeare. These can all be found at LearnNavi.org. Membership is free, and you should sign up there, if you haven't already. There are many people there who are happy to help you learn this wonderful language, share ideas on Na'vi culture and philosophy, RDA technology, sequel possibilities, and even pictures of your cat. But there is so much more there as well! We have links to English-to-Na'vi, or Na'vi-to-English dictionaries, a cool software dictionary that you can start typing in letters from a Na'vi word and it will intuitively guess what you are looking for and present you with a list of related words. We have Na'vi crossword puzzles put together by our super-advanced students, polite arguments about who is tougher: Toruk or Thanator (Palulukan), and what the humans will do when they get back to Pandora. We have tee shirts and bumper stickers, and most important, we have over 3,000 supportive members from all over the world you might like. In short, we have a community; just one of many, but it is a place to start, or expand to, if you want to accelerate your knowledge of Na'vi (the people), or Na'vi (the language), or you just want to make new friends. Of course I will be more than happy to specifically list any and every Avatar group or project who wants to be mentioned in the back of the book, so please remember to check that section thoroughly for cool free stuff. But as this is a book on learning Na'vi, let's talk Na'vi: Even as new words are created we are finding more out about the words we already have. Subtle nuances of grammar are becoming clearer, so that we can say more with less words to get in the way. We can communicate poetically, fluidly, and even write parodies of pop-culture in our new language. The focus of this book is simply to immerse you in the language and get you speaking, writing, and thinking Na'vifast. At first it will be a little awkward, after all, you are learning a new language. Stay with it. We are all here to help, and many of us are using different methods to make learning as painless as possible. My approach is to build your root vocabulary quickly and easily, so that when you start studying the more advanced stuff like grammar and all of its subtleties, you will already have a foundation of familiarity with many words. You will be comfortable with the sound of the language, and you will understand how additions to words, like prefixes and suffixes simply alter words you already know. For example, once you understand the concept of the word you, learning the meanings of words like yours, you're, and even y'all is a breeze. Root words are affected by alterations, but they retain their root meaning. Na'vi works a lot like that as you will see. But enough of my yapping. Let's just get right into it. Remember that you can always find help at www.learnnavi.org if you get stuck, lost, or bored.

How to use this book:

Print it*, bind it, read it. (Repeat twice) Best used with a pencil and eraser, but a pen works well too, if you write lightly.

How get the most out of this book:

Start anywhere, really. This is mostly a collection of puzzles, exercises, and activities. What works for you may not work for your brother. You may have a working knowledge of some Na'vi, or you may be reading these words wondering what all the excitement is over a movie language that barely has a thousand known words. This book focuses primarily on building your vocabulary, so you can understand and actually use basic Na'vi within the next few days. Some people actually like to study grammar before they start in on vocabulary. We have included Skxawng's Grammar Worksheets to help you learn and practice grammar (with his permission of course). If you get confused, don't quit. Log on to LearnNavi.org and ask questions. Download any of the free dictionaries there and be sure to get the (free) dictionary software and the flash cards (also free sensing a pattern here?). Most of all though, make a commitment to yourself to stay at it and memorize words you like and use them often. Do all of the exercises, activities, and the puzzles in this book. If this book works for you, please post me a note in the forums. I like to know if anyone is actually getting anything out of this. At this point, there will more than likely not be a sequel (Learn Na'vi Grammar the Easy Way!) or major expansion in the near future. More and more learning tools are popping up every day, so I am going to concentrate my efforts on the new All things Avatar podcast due out around Valentine's day. (Be sure to enter the first-ever Na'vi Valentine's Day card/poetry contest at LearnNavi.org!)

*You can have Staples or Office Depot print this book for about a buck if you don't have immediate access to a black and white printer. Stapling is free, but a plastic spiral binding will probably run you about $3. Print three copies! Two for you, one for a friend! Remember to do the whole book again in a week or two!

2-Letter words to memorize and remember

This exercise is fairly simple. On the left you will find words in English. On the right are spaces to write in the Navi word equivalent. Mastering your short words now makes reading sentences in Navi later much easier. When words are mutated with prefixes, suffixes, and infixes, knowing the root word pattern will make grammatical variations of a word easier to spot and understand. So, with that in mind, here are some of the known 2-letter Navi words. This is easier than you think. There is a word bank at the bottom of the page. These are all of the 2-letter words you will use in this exercise. Each time you use a word, cross it off. Start with the words you know. Print extras of this page and do them every few days.

1. With (accompaniment) 2. In 3. From 4. Not 5. To 6. They 7. So (in that case) 8. Me (or) I 9. Like, or as 10. What (if before a noun) 11. Or 12. Before 13. With (by means of) 14. Than 15. And*
(connects 2 words)

_H_ ___ ___ __ ___ _A_ ___ _E_ ___ _E_ _F_ ___ ___ _A_ _O_ ___ _N_ ___ _P_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ _O_ _F_ ___ _T_ ___ ___ __ ___ _U_ _P_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ __ _K_ ___

I am going to the party _____ you. She is going _____ him. Wait here. I'm going ____. ____ case I don't come out... I'm _____ (your town). Where are you _____? I am so _____ going to do that. ____, ____, ____! No way!

Where ____? You want ____ go downtown? _____ are waiting for you. ____, if you don't want to stay here . . . ____? yeah, ____ could do that. Pxel is ____ ____. They both mean ____. You see? Not '____ cat', '____ BAT' picture is yours? Here are your choices: A, ____ B, ____ C. There is no D. You had better ask Mom ____ you do that! We help you learn Na'vi ____ this workbook.
I'd rather fight Toruk ____ get Eywa mad at me!

This ____ that, _____ some other thing. Who knows?

____ you ready? I ____. So ____ Bob. Will you ____ soon?

16. Is, am, or be 17. He (or) She 18. Drum 19. Go 20. Across

So ____ said that ____ said that YOU said . . . I have a cool 'goat-skin' head ____. ____. Just ____. ____ now. I will be fine. Just ____. I had to drive ____ town to get here. ____ town!"

WORD BANK
AU, EO, FA, FO, FU, HA, HU, K, KA, KE, LU, M, NA, OE, NE, PE, PO, S, SI, TA, TO *And is represented in Na'vi by two words: S, is used when connecting two words (e.g. this and <s> that, or Batman and <s> Robin). Ultxe is used when connecting two clauses (You do this AND <ulte> I will do that.)

3-Letter Action Words

1. Seem (appear) 2. Try 3. Become 4. Wait 5. Need 6. Wash 7. Want 8. Grab 9. Run 10. Sing 11. Live 12. Leave, (depart) 13. Suffice 14. Spin 15. Eat 16. Turn 17. Lead 18. Look (look at) 19. bind 20. Be at
(occupy a space)

_L_ ___ ___ ___ _M_ ___ ___ _L_ ___ _P_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _N_ ___ _U_ ___ ___ _E_ ___ ___ _I_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ _O_ ___ ___ ___ _Y_ _H_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _M_ ___ __ ___ ___ _O_ ___ _M_ ___ ___ ___ _Y_ ___ _N_ ___ ___ _Y_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _K_

It would ______ to me that you are up to something. _____, _____, _____ again? I say if you failjust quit!
If you want to _____ Na'vi, you must really _____ Na'vi. _____? _____ for what? I don't want to _____ any more.

I _____ some coffee and I _____ some chocolatenow! _____ your hands AND _____ your face before dinner. I _____ this, I _____ that. I _____ everything, now. _____ it and go kid. Just _____ it. We are already late. If you want to _____ with us, you have to _____ fast. _____ a song. _____ it loud. You can _____ can't you? Yes, _____ for today. But also _____ for tomorrow. _____. Go on _____ now or you will miss your bus. That will _____. But this will NOT _____. Not at all.
Daddy! Daddy! _____ me! _____ me fast! _____ me again!

I like to _____ spaghetti but I DON'T like to _____ liver.

_____ around! I'm over here. _____ your head!

_____, follow, or get out of the way! _____ at this. Just _____ at this mess! Now son, you have to tie this tight to _____ it properly. Do I even _____ (exist) to you? I can ______ (be) right here and you completely ignore me.

Can also mean exist

WORD BANK
EYK, FMI, HUM, KM, KIN, MN, NEW, NI, NN, ROL, PEY, REY, SLU, TAM, TOK, TUL, YM, YOM,YUR, LAM

3-Letter adjectives and connectors

PLEASE NOTE: In all of these exercises (2-, 3-, 4-, 5-letter words) px, tx, kx, ts, and ng are all seen as two letters even though they are really one sound. My crappy Earth-based consumer software is too primitive to fix this, so just go with it for now. If this were ever to be actually published, I will fix this.

1. If 2. But 3. Yellow 4. Blue 5. Long (time) 6. Straight 7. Hot 8. Sharp 9. Close (near) 10. Clear (certain) 11. One 12. One (1)

___ _X_ ___ ___ _L_ ___ ___ _I_ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _L_ ___ _E_ ___ ___ _O_ ___ ___ _X_ ___ ___ _O_ ___ ___ _A_ ___ _F_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _W_

____ you want to, fine,but ____ you do this instead... ____ I don't want a yam. I will eat it ____ I want it cooked.
Our sun is ____. But is Pandora's sun ____ too? Our sky is ____. Pandora's sun ____ as well.

It's been so ____ since i've worked out. Too ____ in fact. Okay, so you turn right at the cow, then go ____ for 5 miles... Today was ____. Yesterday was ____ too. Tomorrow? ____. Watch that blade. It's ____. ____ enough to cut your finger. I was so ____ I could touch the screen. That's too ____. Let me make this perfectly ____. It's ____ that you lied to me. This will be a ____ on ____ match, NOT a two on ____. My address is ____ ____ ____ 5 ____ Main street, unit ____.
Yes please, but just ____. Not that much. Just ____ please.

13. Small amount ___ _I_ ___

WORD BANK
'AW, 'IT, EAN, FKO, LAW, LOK, PXI, RIM, TXO, SL, SOM, YEY, YOL

S versus ulte.
Both words mean and, but s connects two words (this and thator this s that). Ulte connects two clauses, or two sentences (We saw Avatar and then we ate dinner at the mall.orWe saw Avatar ulte then we ate dinenr at the mall.) Please note, this lesson is not about grammar; it is simply about building vocabulary, so we are simply replacing and with s or ulte as needed.

Here are examples sentences using s instead of and. Please write in s in the blank spaces.
For Christmas I got a bike ____, a train, ____, an X-box ____, some socks, but I don't count those. Okay, I wll have the cheeseburger, ____, some fries, ____, a coke. I have a brother ____, two sisters. What have I been up to? Oh, this ____ that.

Here are examples sentences using ulte instead of and. Please write ulte in the blank spaces.
Wash the dishes, _______ while you are at it, feed the cat. Okay, so our first stop is the Grand canyon, _______ I want to buy some souvineers for grandma. Watch me_______ see if you can follow along.

***
Okay, so now we will use s AND ulte in the following examples. If you get confused, we have included the answers at the bottom of the page in grey. Try not to look there unless you have to. (Angry boss) Hey! Stop goofing off ____ get back to work; ____ while you are at it work faster. I have a wife ____ kids to pay for, ____ a mortgage to pay. (Bratty kid) I want chocolate ice cream ____ vanilla ____ strawberry, waitI don't like strawberry, _______ I want it in a cone, oh, _______ I want fudge ____ caramel all over it _______ peanuts too!

***
(Angry boss) Hey! Stop yapping ULTE get back to work; ULTE while you are at it work faster. I have a wife S kids to pay for, ULTE a mortgage to pay. (Bratty kid) I want chocolate ice cream S vanilla S strawberry, waitI don't like strawberry, ULTE I want it in a cone, oh, ULTE I want fudge S caramel all over it ULTE peanuts too!

Useful 3-Letter Words

1. Quiet (be quiet) 2. For the sake of 3. So that 4. From (direction) 5. No (if before a noun) 6. What (thing) 7. Now 8. Remembrance 9. Unqoute 10. Among 11. By, via, following 12. Sound 13. Time 14. Day 15. Meaning 16. Branch 17. Song 18. Sing 19. Psychic vision 20. Sky 21. Joint or hinge 22. We (just us two) _F_ ___ ___ ___ _P_ ___ ___ _T_ ___ _F_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _A_ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ _T_ _'_ ___ ___ _S_ ___ ___ ___ _I_ ___ ___ _L_ ___ ___ ___ _M_ ___ ___ _R_ ___ ___ _R_ _R_ ___ ___ ___ _U_ ___ _W_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _L_ ___ ___ _E_ ___ ___ _W_ ___ _I_ ___ _M_ ___ ___ _____! I order you to _____! _____ us all getting along, I am banishing this word.
Pavlov rang the bell _____ his dog would salivate. They came _____ over there. _____ tree for you. _____ ikran for you. You are banished.

_____ bow? ____ arrows? I see no weapons at all. I said _____. I want you to do your homework _____. I keep this bow as a _____ of my father. and the HAT! _____. So I replied . . . You cannot live _____ us here vrrtep. I got here _____ the shuttle. I will leave ____ Toruk. Shhh! Wat's that _____?
It is _____. _____ for you to take yur test.

Is this going to take all _____?

What is the _____ of this?

This _____ will make a good bow if shaped properly. Write me a love _____. A _____ that will make me cry. _____ me a song. _____ it loud, and _____ it well. I had a _____; a dark _____. Aliens come to Pandora. The _____ is cloudy today. No sun in the _____. The door _____ is squeaky. Oil it. _____ are going on a date. Just us.

WORD BANK
'OK, IE, FNU, FPI, FTE, FTU, KEA, KIP, KRR, L, MOE, PAM, PEU, RAL, ROL, SET, SK, TAW, TIL, TRR, VUL, WAY

Things you can do with a friend

The Navi dont have any friends. But that is a good thing. They care for each other so much, they call each other brother (tsmukan) and sister (tsmuk), which is a far closer bond of compassion and sincerity than just a simple friend. This level of closeness extends throughout Navi society (that we know of). Now that humans have invaded Pandora, the Navi may have to come up with a new word to mean Sky-person who is not a moron, demon, or enemy of Eywa. But WE have lots of friends, so these are things you can do with them (or your aysmuktu).

Okay, so lets be about this then, right?

You see? I am speaking English, but poetically rephrasing my sentence. You know what I am saying, but the order of the words may sound strange (or even ridiculous) to you. Not to worry. This was done to make you more comfortable when you are wrapping your mind up like a pretzel translating the words below. You see, it is just as easy to be confusing in your home tongue (language) as it is to do so in (I just used seven 2-letter words in a row!) one that is foreign to your ear. Anyway, here are some words. Simply print this page and fill in the Navi words. Remember to have fun!

YOM YOM YOM YOM _______ a hot dog (or a tofu dog if you are a vegetarian). _______ _______ _______ !
(eat) (eat) (eat) (eat)

PAWM TFTXU NIVI You can ________ them to help you ___________ a new ________ to sleep in.
(ask) (weave) (hammock)

(Sorry! Thats just too much fun to say in Navi.)

PAWM NEU SRUNG TFTXU NIVI You can ________ them if they _______ to __________ you ___________ your new ________.
(ask) (want) (help) (weave) (hammock)

NGA can _______ them to ________ ____ and _________ you _________ your new ________. PENG ELTU SI SRUNG YUR NIVI ______
(You) (tell) (stop goofing off /pay attention) (help) (wash) (hammock)

NGA can _____________ to _____ them how to _________ a _______ for helping you YUR and TFTXU PNUTNG KAR MAKTO PA LI _____ ____ __________.
(You) (promise) (teach) (ride) (dire horsie) (wash) (weave)

K KELUTREL NUME PXAY AYSREU Why not ____ to _____________ and _______ _______ __________ with your friend (srak)
(go) (Hometree) (learn) (many) (dances) (?)

After all of this activity, ______ may want to _________ and _______ your friend that ______ are NGA TXNG PENG NGA
(you) (leave) (tell) (you)

MUNGE PAWM UPXARE SEMPUL SA NOK going to ___________ a nap. ________ them to deliver a ___________ to your __________ or __________.
(take) (Ask) (message) (father) (mother) WORD BANK: upxare, aysreu, eltu si, k, kar, Kelutrel, makto, munge, neu, nga, ngaru, nivi, nume, pa'li, pnutng, pawm, peng, pxay, sanok, sempul, srung, tftxu, txng, yom, yur

Commonly used 4-Letter Words

1. They 2. Light 3. Brain 4. Eye (one of) 5. Nose 6. TRUE 7. Allow 8. Easy 9. Night 10. Strong 11. Butt 12. Awake 13. Much 14. Many _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _U_ _N_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ _N_ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ _G_ _F_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _X_ ___ ___ _T_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _N_ ___ _X_ ___ ___ Where did _______ go? ________ left without us? The _______! It burns! Cover the ______! _______? Scarecrows have no _______ to speak of. 'A _______ for a _______!' That's what I say. Don't scratch your _______ in public. What is ______ anyway? Are YOU ______ to me? I can ________ that, if you ________ me to do this. This isn't ______ at all. Watching TV is _______! Good ______! Now go away ... Seriously! Good ______! I'm ______! Go ahread, feel how ______ my arm is. And then of course I fell on my ______! My _____! I'm ______! I'm ______. Now where's the coffee? I really don't think about all that ________. There are so _______ people in line to see Santa! Funny ______ a clown? ______ I'm here to amuse you?
You're a _____ adversary Skeletor! But not _____ enough.

15. As, or like ___ ___ ___ _L_ 16. Worthy 17. Sixteen (16) 18. And ( clauses) 19. Can (be able) 20. Fire 21. Save 22. Ask 23. Other ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ ___ _E_ ___ _S_ ___ ___ ___ _X_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _G_ ___ ___ _W_ ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___

. . . And when I turned _______, I got my ikran license! First I went shopping, _____ then I had to go to work! _______ we do this? Absolutely, I think we ______! Don't play with _______. I told you, ________ is bad!
______ your pennies for a cool Avatar halloween costume.

_______ me what? _______ me out? Like on a date? Not that one, the ______ one. No, the ______ one please.

WORD BANK
ATAN, AYFO, ELTU, FTUE, LAHE, ONTU, NARI, NGAY, PAWM, PXAN, PXAY, PXEL, SREU, SPAW, TSUN, TUNG, TXAN, TXEN, TXEP, TXM, TXON, TXUR, ULTE, VOFU, ZONG

Quotation Puzzle Hell Fun!

Other 4-letter words you should know

1. Far away 2. Gaia equivalent 3. This (this thing) 4. This one (person or thing) 5. Attack 6. Think 7. Send 8. We (exclusive) 9. Kid 10. Rhythm 11. Feel 12. Nothing 13. Large 14. Unfold, or blossom 15. See (understand/know) 16. Small 17. What (what thing) 18. Study 19. Mighty 20. Daughter 21. Hold off (suspend action) 22. Seven (the number 7) 23. Peace, well-being ___ ___ __ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _'_ ___ _F_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _O_ ___ ___ ___ _L_ ___ __ ___ _'_ ___ _Y_ ___ ___ ___ _V_ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ _'_ ___ ___ ___ _X_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _G_ _K_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _'_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ ___ _I_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ _P_ ___ ___ The stranger came from a land ________. ______ is the 'Mother Nature' of Pandora. What is ________ you left on MY chair?!! Not him, ________ right here. HE did it! When I shout '______' we all _____, srak? Use your brain! _______! Don't just 'do'! I'll ______ you an email about it. _______ are are seeing AvatarNOT you. You can bring your _______ to the picnic. I like this _______. I can dance to it. Oh, I _______ your pain. I really do. _________. That's what I got! ________! ________?! You think I wear a ________? Watch this rose _______ before your eyes. You don't really ________ me at all. ______? You got me a ______ soda? Ugh! ________ dog? I don't see any dog! Okay, playtime's over. Time to _______. ________ Morphin Power Rangers!* My ______ just had her 11th birthday. You should _______ on that for a while. _______ days in a week. _______ no more. Being in tune with Eywa brings _______.
*I know. I suck. That was totally inexcusable.

WORD BANK
'EFU, 'EKO, 'EVI, 'ITE, 'UPE, 'ONG, ALM, APXA, AYOE, EYWA, F'U, FPO, FKEU, FPAK, FPE', FPL, FPOM, FTIA, H'I, KAME, KATO, KE'U, KIN

Quickie Cryptograms
Decipher the Navi words. To help, we have included the English equivalent word in parentheses below each word. Once you have figured out a letter in a Navi word, that letter will be the same in all other Navi words in this puzzle. Puzzle 1 JCGSKU (Father) CMLN (Gaia/World Spirit) EINMH (Thank You) EFINA (Mountain Banshee) HC (I or me) QNIHTMK (Hunter) QNLQKQC (Sky Person) QHIKF (Last Shadow) QJGKFNT (Brother) QJNGJEMK (Warrior) QJCH (Art) FII (Time)

Puzzle 2 ATN (You) GFNJXR (Sun) ZRANE V (Pair of Eyes) GHGR (Person) RLJ N AT N U H (Polite Good Bye) XNYGKP (Hello) GKR'YNA (Heart) ANAGNAT (Viperwolf) F N'AB X (Mother) GKBA (Night) BZNGVXNLN (Blue Flute Clan) GFNUNLYH (Bond, or Neural connection)

Period, exclamation mark, question mark, or srak?

Navi adds an interesting twist to conversation by allowing you to specifically indicate to your audience that you are asking a yes or no question, and that you would like a response. English does not currently have such a literary device. Simply tack on the word srak to tell whoever is listening to you that you are asking a yes/no question and that you would like a response.

For each question below, please put a question mark at the end of each sentence below, or write srak, as you feel best.

1. This is the first question _________ 2. Are you enjoying the time and effort you are investing in Learning the Navi language ________ 3. Avatar rocked ________ (was very enjoyable to watch) 4. What else would you like to learn about the Navi ________ 5. Where do you think Toruk flew off to at the end of the movie ________ 6. Toruk was big, red, and dangerous ________ 7. Doing crosswords in Navi is challenging, dont you think ________ 8. How you do something is more important than how fast it is done ________ 9. How do you do something fast if it is not important to get done ________ 10. Would you be intrested in a second volume of this series that deals with grammar _________ 11. Ready to learn some grammar _________ 12. Did you finish the giant crossword puzzle yet _________ 13. What if your favorite Avatar website _________ 14. Is it Learnnavi.org _________ 15. Do you want YouTube instructional videos _________ 16. What are your ideas to make learning Na'vi easier _________ 17. We need a Na'vi comic to help us learn _________ 18. This can't go on any longer, as there is no more room on the page, is there ________

Wait, wait!! Who? What? Where?

In English we have the 5 classic question words: "who, what, when, where, and how." Na'vi simplifies all of that: We have "what." Sounds exciting--right? Well, once you get to know it, it actually is! You see, once you know the root word for "what" you can figure out (what) to attach it to, depending on (what) you want to ask. What--person ("Who"): tupe "Who/Tupe ate my donut?!!" What--thing ("What"): 'upe "What/'upe is that you're eating?" (A donut?) What--action ("What"): kempe "What/Kempe are you doing?!" What--time ("When"): krrpe "Exactly when/krrpe did I give your permission to yom my donut?" What--place ("Where"): tsengpe "Where/tsengpe did you get that donut mister?" What--reason ("Why"): lumpe "Why/lumpe did you think you could yom my donut?" What--way, manner, or method ("How"): fyape "How/fyape did you plan on getting away with this criminal act?" Did you notice all of the pe's? That is the commonality, the root, to look for. It can appear at the beginning or the end of the word (fyape or pefya), but I prefer the pe coming at the end of the word, so you can see what the prefix (first part of the word is). Examples: Tseng(e) is defined as "place" in the dictionary. tsengepe is "what place?" or "where?". See? It all fits together. Fya is defined in the dictionary as "direction or path" but I see it more as "way" because "How" (fyape) is "what _____?". "What path does not exactly match up with "how," but "what way" does match up with "how," and it ALSO matches up with path or direction. But that is off topic. The point is that pe is your commonality for the whole who, what, when, where, why, and how thing (in Na'vi). Try thinking of Na'vi as a modular language (like a modular house--where pieces are pre-formed and you can mix and match pre-made windows and walls and roofs to design your custom house). You have a ready made word and you can alter it. The Chinese language has a word for everything, but no plurals I am led to believe. But that is a LOT of words to learn. The English language changes some words (run becomes ran in the past tense) but it also has completely different words (eat becomes ate--not very modular). Na'vi gives you a lot of base words you can add prefixes or suffixes to, or even infixes (as in: "inside the word" -fixes). This is a generality and not an authoritative diatribe on everything Na'vi. But thinking about it this way will help you a LOT in learning new words, and understaning how the whole gramar thing works.

Na'vi Connectors, Conjunctions, and other Common Words

(Note, you will use some of the words in the word bank more than once)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

And

(connects words)

___ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ ___ _X_ ___ _F_ ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___ __ _N_ ___ _L_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ _U_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ _E_ ___ __ _W_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _E_ ___ _E_ _T_ ___ ___ _L_ ___ _T_ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ _U_

This ____ that. Up ____ down. Left ____ right. I saw you, ______ I also went to get ice cream. _____, and I mean _____ I do this . . . Red, _____ blue? Oh! _____ pink! Which one? ____ you chose red, _____that leaves me...pink. ______, ____________, I don't wanna go! Okay, _____ long _____ you go to. _____ this your umbrella, or _____ it mine? I _____ not late, _____ I? I _____ right here. See? To ____, or not to ____. Wait, ____ I really asking that? ______ you make it to the game? I ______ be there at 8. ______ ______! (Is too!) ______ ______! Welcome! Please come ______! Come ______! It's cold ____________. Take a jacket, okay? _____ in a box, _____ with a fox, _____ in a car... Do you want ____? I want ____. But I want you ____. How do you get there ______ here? ______ the way, Joe stopped ______ to see you earlier. ______ you ______ this for a living? I ______. ______ on! ______ get the candy, and then come back.

And (connects clauses) If Or So But As Is* Am*

10. Be* 11. Can (be able) 12. Is not (two word phrase) 13. In 14. Outside 15. Not 16. To 17. From 18. By 19. Do 20. Go

WORD BANK
FU, HA, L, K, KE, LU, M, NA, NE, S, SL, TA,TAM, TSUN, TXO, ULTE, WRRPA

*These are interchangeable, as it is the same word (lu).

Useful words to know

This is a post from the LearnNavi.org forums. I was so grateful for the effort and consideration that went into this attempt to help advanced students assist new students learn that I asked the author if I could present it here. With appropriate persmission, and no more of my endlss blathering, here it is:

Conversational Vocab - Learn These First

on: Today at 06:59:44 AM

Beginners sometimes ask: "What are the most important words to learn?" We now have a "Na'vi Only" forum section, in which experienced Na'vi learners have been holding lengthy conversations exclusively in Na'vi. By analyzing the text of those conversations, we can see which words are used most frequently in "everyday Na'vi". By learning those most common words first, beginners will be better prepared to join in the conversations. The following words account for approximately two-thirds of the Na'vi text from the Na'vi Only forums. They are listed roughly in order of frequency, but they have been grouped together by function to make it easier to learn them. Only the uninflected root forms are listed here, i.e. "oe" but not "oel", "oeti", "oeru", etc. Likewise "lu" but not "layu", "lolu", "livu", etc. Just memorizing this word list won't be enough to understand or participate in the Na'vi Only conversations. You'll need to learn the basics of Na'vi grammar, such as how to inflect words like "oe" and "lu" for case and tense, and you'll need to expand your vocabulary beyond just the most common words. But if you start by learning these words so that you don't have to keep looking them up in the dictionary, you'll have a strong foundation for the rest of your Na'vi studies. I hope you find this list helpful. - Eri

Pronouns oe - I ayoeng - we awnga - we nga - you (singular) aynga - you (plural) po - he, she, it poan - he poe - she fo - they ayfo - they

Basic Verbs lu - to be tok - be at a place si - make/do tng - give

Basic Modifiers ke - not a - which, that lahe - other kxawm - perhaps

(This table is continued on the next page)

Words and Language l'u - word l'fya - language l' - speak plltxe - speak tslam - understand ral - meaning fpl - think omum - know Na'vi - The People nNa'vi - in the Na'vi way leNa'vi - Na'vi-like plltxe nNa'vi - speak the Na'vi language

People, Things fko - one (a person or thing, not the number) fpo - this one lapo - other one frapo - everyone kepo - no one 'awpo - one person or thing f'u - this thing tsa'u - that thing fra'u - everything ke'u - nothing 'upe - what thing?

Time, Place, Manner krr - time krrpe - when? tsakrr - that time frakrr - always kawkrr - never nulkrr - longer tengkrr - while set - now tseng - place tsengpe - where? ftseng - here tsatseng - there fya - way fyape - how? ffya - this way tengfya - same way Relative Pronouns futa - that; this thing that/which tsn - that; thusly, like so

Conjunctions ulte - and (for clauses) s - and (not for clauses) sl - but fu - or txo - if ha - so, in that case fte - so that, in order to Adpositions m - in ta - from ne - towards vay - up to fa - by means of na - like, as fpi - for the sake of

Modal Verbs tsun - can zene - must new - want

Particles ma - particle of address rutxe - please irayo - thanks srak - yes/no question srane - yes kehe - no san - quote sk - unquote tut - continuation ("... and you?" etc)

Adverbs of Quantity n'aw - only ntxan - much nhawng - too nmun - again n'ul - more nwotx - all nteng - also kop - also

Other Common Words sltsan - good nltsan - well mui - right txoa - forgiveness prrte'- pleasure

Please mark these pages and keep them handy. They will prove useful.

More 4-letter words you should know

1. They ('those two) 2. We two (you and I) 3. Clan 4. Proper, fair, or right 5. Learn 6. Know, or understand 7. Tell 8. Burn (consume by fire) 9. Like (as) 10. Arm 11. Other (other person) 12. Weak 13. He 14. Who 15. Middle or midpoint 16. Word 17. Great (Noble) 18. Create 19. Away (distant direction) 20. Let go, release 21. Away (distant position) 22. Two 23. Thread ___ ___ _F_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _G_ ___ __ ___ _'_ _M_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _M_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _M_ ___ __ ___ _G_ ___ ___ ___ _X_ ___ _X_ ___ ___ _P_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _O_ ___ ___ _Y_ ___ ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _U_ _K_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _'_ ___ ___ ___ _W_ ___ ___ _G_ ___ ___ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ _O_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _S_ ___ ___ ___ _N_ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ Those two? Who are ________? _______ are going to do this together. This is my tribe, my _______. It's only ______, you know. We help you _______ Na'vi easily! I _______! I _______! I get it! Just _______ me what she said. Hey! Don't _______ the toast! They look ______ they don't want to go. And then he punched me in the _______! Wasn't me, was some ________. Your arm is too _____ for that bow. So ______ says . . . ________ is another way of saying 'Who' Cut it here, right in the _______. The Na'vi ________ for Tree is . . . Toruk Makto is a __________ title. I like to ________ art when I have time. They came from far ____________. ________! You are hurting my arm! He is _________ somewhere. March! Hut, _____, 3, 4! Hut, _____, 3, 4! I have a needle, but where is the ______?

WORD BANK
KNG, KXAM, LAPO, LI'U, LONU, MEFO, MEYP, MSO, MUI, MUNE, NAWM, NEKX, NETO, NUME, NGOP, OENG, OLO', OMUM, PENG, PESU, POAN, PXEL, PXUN

Finish the Navi Word

Easy!
1. T O ___ U K 2. E ___ W A 3. I ___ A ___ O 4. ___ A ___ T X 5. S E ___ P U L (The big red guy) (Navi World Spirit) (Thank you) (Hello) (Father) 6. N ___ A 7. I ___ R A N 8. A Y O ___ 9. T ___ ___ ___ N 10. N ___ N T ___ N G (Youroot word) (Banshee) (Weexclusive) (To Hunt) (Dire-wolf)

1. E A ___ 2. L ___ H E 3. S ___ M ___ ___ 4. R ___ M 5. S ___

(Blue) (Other) (Daddy) (Yellow) (But)

6. ___ ___ 7. N ___ M 8. T A ___ 9. Y ___ R 10. T R ___

(Meroot word) (Eat) (Sky) (Wash) (Day)

Not as easy
1. N ___ M ___ 2. A L ___ S K ___ (Learn) (Ready) 6. ___ A R I 7. T ___ ___ 8. U ___ R A ___ (Eyejust one) (Sky) (Tree)

3. T ___W ___ U ___ E (Sky Person) 4. R ___ T X ___ 5. T ___ O N (Please) (Night)

9. E___ ___ A N G ___ H ___ (Polite good bye) 10. V ___ L (Branch)

1. ___ 2. ___ E ___ ___ R ___ 3. S ___ M 4. ' ___ T 5. S ___ T

(By, or via) (Eyesboth) (Hot) (Small amount) (Now)

6. ___ XO 7. W ___ ___ 8. R ___ ___ 9. ___ ___ 10. Y ___ L

(If) (Song) (Sing) (Vision) (Long <time>)

Getting harder

1. T ___ T ___

(Person)

6. ___ M ___ M 7. F ___ H ___ E ___ 8. ___ A R ___ N ___ 9. T ___ W ___ Y ___ N 10. ___ E K ___ ___ T E ! !

(Know) (Smile) (Forest) (Fly) (Get down!!)

2. T X ___ ___ (Leave or Abandon) ___ ____ ____ P ___ (Touch) 4. U ___ T X ___ (Meeting) 5. N ___ N (Look at)

1. ' ___ M ___ I 2. 1 A ___ V ___ 3. F ___ H ___ U 4. ___ T ___ N G! 5. H ___ F W ___

(Touch) (First) (Smell) (Stop!) (Wind)

6. ___ I F Y ___ 7. H ___ ___ E Y 8. ___ ___ ___ ___ O 9. L ___ T ___ M 10. K E ___ P ___

(This way, Like this) (Done, Finished) (Ride) (Change) (What <action>)

Hard!

1.M O ___ ___ I 2. ___ G A W ___ ___ 3. ___ T ___ N 4. R ___ ___ 5. F ___ ___ P ___

(Voice) (Worm) (Light) (Do not) (Everyone)

6. ___ O M ___ ___ 7. ___ ____ A W L 8. K I ___

(Rain) (Big) (Among)

9. ___ A ___ ___ ___ U ___ A ___ (Thanator) 10. M ___ ___ T E (Agree)

1. K I ___ 2. K ___ ' ___ 3. ___ ___ M 4. L ___ N ___ 5. ___ ___ W ___ Y

(Seven) (Nothing) (Sound) (Release, let go) (Calm)

6. M ___ ___ T E 7. K ___ ___ ___ E 8. ___ A W ___ 9. ___ A W ___ 10. ___ ___ A W ___

(Agree) (When) (Great, noble) (Ask) (Perhaps, Maybe)

Even more 4-letter words you should learn

1. Do not (Engish: don't) 2. That 3. Sacred 4. Dream 5. That (object) 6. Dance 7. Bow 8. Who 9. Give 10. War 11. Believe 12. Body 13. Person 14. Yes/no question indicator 15. Call 16. Track 17. Moment 18. Move (shift, change position) 19. Best 20. Almost 21. Art 22. Full 23. Pattern ___ ___ ___ __ ___ _S_ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ _K_ _U_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _U_ ___ __ ___ _O_ ___ ___ _P_ ___ ___ __ ___ _G_ ___ _S_ ___ ___ ___ _P_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _K_ _S_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _W_ ___ ___ ___ _X_ ___ _W_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ __ ___ _O_ ___ ___ _Y_ ___ ___ _E_ ___ ___ _________ do that! Please give me _______ flower. This tree is ______ to my people. I had the strangest _____ last night. Yes, _______ thing. What is it? Neytiri taught me to ________. I need a _______ and some arrows. _______ ate all of the Cheetos? Eywa, ______ me strength! Humans like _______ too much. Do you even _______ in Eywa? ________, mind, and spirit TIME mag's ______ of the Year Are you ready _________? _______ me some time! You _______ the humans; I eat! Don't nag me! Gimme a ______! Don't you dare make a _______! Yerik sandwich is the _______! I ________ fell off my ikran! _______ is a passion of mine Your cup is already _______. I'm sensing a _________ here.

WORD BANK
R', RIKX, RENU, SPAW, SRAK, SREU, STUM, SUTX, SWAW, SWEY, SWOK, SYAW, TEYA, TNG, TOKX, TUPE, TUTE, TSAM, TSAT, TSEO, TSKO, TSN, UNIL

Navi Categories
This puzzle simply asks you to look at the words below and assign them to the categories you think they fit in. Of course we would like you to also write in the translations (English word equivalents) in the spaces to the right of each word. Each word in each row will begin with the same letter (which we have provided in the left column).

Actions S P E N T

Animals

People

Body Parts

WORD LIST:

Eltu Eltungawng Eyk Eyktan Nantang Nari Nga Nume Pa'li Plltxe

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

Poe Pxun Sempul Seyri Sreu Swir Taronyu Tawng Toruk Txm

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

5-Letter Verbs
1. Answer 2. Hear 3. Agree 4. Hunt 5. Ride 6. Smell 7. Strike (hit) 8. Walk 9. Capture 10. Change 11. Stop 12. Duck (dive) 13. Please 14. Destroy 15. Cut 16. See (physically) 17. Abandon 18. Choose _'_ ___ ___ ___ _G_ ___ _T_ ___ ___ _M_ _M_ __ ___ ___ _E_ _T_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ _F_ ___ _H_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _K_ ___ _K_ _T_ __ ___ ___ _N_ _S_ ___ _E_ ___ ___ ___ _A_ ___ ___ _M_ _F_ ___ _A_ ___ ___ _T_ _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _T_ _X_ ___ ___ ___ _A_ ___ _A_ _M_ ___ _N_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _E_ ___ _A_ _T_ _X_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _X_ ___ _Y_
________ me, soldier! Give me an _______! Can you _______ me now?Can you _______ me now? Oh, I _______! I most certainly _______! Today we _______ yerik. Tomorrow we _______ talioang. You can _______ pa'li, but cn you _______ ikran? What is that _______? Can you _______ that? _______! _______ now! _______ him again! Let's go for a _______. We need to _______ more often. Okay, I will _______ him and you _______ her. Ready srak? I'm in the mood for a _______. How about a _______? _______ right there. I said _______. Don't move. I had to _______ or I would have been hit by the branch. _______? Prettty _______? _______ let me go see Shrek 8! I will _______ you. Then, after I _______ you I will dance. _______ yourself, huh? I said you would _____ yourself. _______ that?There, in the tree. Can you _______ that? You tried to _______ me when those RDA idiots showed up. _______, but _______ wisely, Indiana Jones. Do you_______? I omum you think you_______, but do you? _______ already. Don't make me ftxey for you. ______, now. Eywa will _______ us. She will shelter, or _______ her own. _______ that picther, fill it with water, and _______ it to me. _______ it? Sure you can _______ it. Just be careful.

19. Understand ___ _S_ _L_ ___ ___ 20. Decide 21. Protect 22. Take/bring 23. 'ampi ___ ___ _'_ ___ _N_ _H_ ___ _W_ ___ ___ _M_ ___ ___ _G_ ___ _'_ ___ _M_ ___ ___

WORD BANK
'EYNG, FAHEW, FTANG, FTXEY, HAWNU, LATEM, MAKTO, MLLTE, MUN'I, MUNGE, PE'UN, RUTXE, SKA'A, SPE'E, STAWM, TAKUK, TARON, TAWNG, TRAN, TSE'A, TSLAM, TXNG, 'AMPI

Where do I belong?
This exercise is so easy you will complain that we didnt make it harder. simply choose words from the word bank (at the bottom of the next page) and write it in the group you think it belongs in. The goal here is to get you to be able to spot-categorize words, and get practice writing them. Please note that these ar all root-words, without tense or grammatical enhancements. Ready srak? Lets go then!

World

Body/Mind/Spirit

Actions and Interactions

Navi clan life (specifically)

Animals & Plant life

Word Bank
Choose any of the words here. Ignore any you dont feel like using. If you are having trouble with a specific word, try looking it up in the dictionary in the back of the book. k go MOKRI voice TRR day TNG give TXELAN heart MIKYUN ear KELKU home YOM eat TOMPA rain SREU dance AYSMUKT sisters TSAHIK matriarch TFTXUYU weaver TSAWKE sun PIZAYU ancestor PALI dire-horse FPAK stop ATAN light TAW sky IOANG animal SYAW call TORUK toruk RONSEM mind UTRAL tree MUNI cut TARONYU hunter PAWM ask REY live HUFWE wind YERN soon NARING forest TAWTUTE Sky person IKRAN banshee PXUN arm SREU dance

Daily actions and interactions

To solve this puzzle, you will need to fill in the sentences below with the Navi equivalent word (we have provided you with the English equivalent word in parentheses to help). Then write that word in the puzzle. Sounds pretty simple right srak(?) If you are having any trouble finding the exact word you are looking for, feel free to look in the dictionary in the back. Please note that we are looking for the ROOT WORD at all times. We will get to grammar and its effects on words in later exercises. Heres a hint though: The puzzle tells you how many letters are in the Navi word you are looking for. We have filled in one answer to help get you started. Good luck! ACROSS 1. _________ me back my toy ikran, or I am telling mom!
(Give)
1 2 4 6 8 7 5 3

5. I want to learn to __________ so I can gain great honor.

(hunt)

6. If you see an opportunity _____ at it, or you may lose it.

(grab)

8. ___________ at your own risk!

(Enter)

9. A teylu (beetle larva) can _______ faster than you!

(run)

10 9

11 13

12

10. Take the time to _________ proper grammar.

(learn)
14

Y U R

13. Dont forget to __________ behind your ears! YUR

(wash)

14. ______, you are actually learning Navi. Stay with it!
(Yes)

DOWN 1. The way she is swinging that tukru (spear) around, youd better __________ or you will get hit.
(duck)

2. There will be no more free rides on my pali (direhorse) for you until you learn to ________ nicely.
(ask)

3. Get yourself something to _______ before we head out.

(eat)

4. You must learn to __________________ so you can help out at the loom.
(weave)

7. You must honor your __________________ or you will lose respect and may even become outcast.
(promise--to someone)

11. You say that you have captured a nantang (viperwolf), ______ me to it, so I can see for myself.
(lead)

12. You should learn how to __________. Your aysmukte ([clan] sisters) will be impressed by that.
(dance) WORD BANK: eyk, fpxkm, ni, nume, pnutng, pawm, srane, sreu, tftxu, taron, tawng, tng, tul, yom, yur

Diametrical opposites

Below are words lined up in two columns. Simply draw a line from one word to its most appropriate opposite on the other side of the page. Given that we are working with a language that is still in development, these words may or may not be exact opposites, so choose the most appropriate word in your opinion. Dont forget to write in the English translations! Good luck!

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

TRR FU NAVI ALM SEMPUL KAWNG PHEM TERKUP TUTEE OE NGAY SRANE TSMUK

SLTSAN NGA TAWTUTE TSMUKAN TUTEAN HUM TSAU KEHE SANOK TXON TSLENG LOK REY

___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

5-Letter adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions

1. First 2. Worst 3. Young 4. Done 5. Funny/strange 6. Bad, or evil 7. Forbidden 8. Calm 9. Only 10. Pretty 11. Big/tall/large 12. Brave 13. Outside 14. When 15. Perhaps/maybe 16. Why

_'_ ___ ___ ___ _E_ ___ _E_ ___ ___ _L_ _'_ __ ___ ___ _N_ _H_ ___ _S_ ___ ___ _H_ ___ ___ ___ _K_ ___ ___ ___ _N_ _G_ _K_ _X_ ___ ___ ___ _M_ ___ _W_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _'_ _A_ ___ ___ ___ _V_ ___ _N_ _T_ ___ _A_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ _U_ _W_ _R_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _R_ ___ _E_ ___ _X_ _A_ ___ ___ _L_ ___ _M_ ___ ___ _N_ ___ ___ _U_ ___ ___ ___ _T_ ___ _M_ ___ __ _T_ ___ ___ ___ ___ _W_ ___ _N_ _F_ ___ _E_ ___ ___ _F_ ___ ___ _P_ ___

The _______ warrior I saw was actually the _______ in line. Oh, his food is the _______. Better to eat at Joe's. I am too _______ to hunt, and too _______ to fish too? Okay, I'm _______. When you are _______, let me know. You are _______. Very _______, but somehow entertaining. _______ ikran! No biting! You are like _______ vrrtep! RDA scum is _______ around here. Absolutely _______. Okay, let's all just _______ down. _______ and relaxed. I'm not _______a hunter, I'm also the _______hunter who... She's _______. But my pa'li is _______ too, you know. Whoa! H'es a _______ one! Just how _______ is he? You ride with us, you must be _______. _______ and strong. Go _______. I am cleaning. _______ I say. _______ I say the job's done is _______ the job is done. _______ you can come next time. No guarantees. _______. _______? _______? Because I said so. That's _______. _______. Yes; _______, and _______. Repetition is the key. Had _______? Well, I haven't have _______. So let's go. Tired of _______missing the fun on Pandora? Join the RDA! _______ is not so _______ after all when you make mistakes. _______ we have to do this againeltu si! _______ about that? We finished another page! _______ ?

17. Again 18. Enough 19. Continually 20. Fast 21. Lest 22. How

WORD BANK
'AWVE, 'E'AL, 'EWAN, FTEKE, FYAPE, HASEY, HIYK, KAWNG, KRRPE, KXAN, KXAWM, LUMPE, MAWEY, N'AW, NMUN, NTAM, NTUT, NWIN, SEVIN, TSAWL, TSTEU, WRRPA

Navi Mystery Word Puzzles

These are really easy, once you get the hang of them. The mystery word is missing. In its place we have put the exact number of boxes as it has letters. For example, if the Navi mystery word were Irayo (Thank you), there would be 5 boxes (I R A Y O). To figure out the mystery word, simply fill in the missing letter from each clue word below, and write it in the appropriate box. In the puzzle below, the word in clue #1 (___ S E O) is missing its first letter. So, you simply write in the missing letter and then in box #1 (which corresponds to clue #1) you write that same letter. For clue #2, you would put the missing letter in box #2, and so on. Hint: Start with the words you know. Be sure to fill in the missing letter both in the clue, and in the mystery word box. You may end up solving the mystery word before you solve all of the clues. If that happens, simply go back to the clue words you are having trouble with, and write in the missing letter, using the letter from the mystery word.

Puzzle 1 Easy!
Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

English word equivalent: ______________________________________ 1. ___ S E O 2. T ___ A W K E 3. T X E L ___ N 4. F A ___ E W (Art) (Sun) (Heart) (Smell)* 5. E ___ N 6. F F ___ A 7. ___ U 8. T S M ___ K (Blue) (This way, like this) (Any of these: be, am, is, are) (Sister, or female tribe member)

Puzzle 2 Easy!
Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

English word equivalent: ______________________________________

1. ___ E N E 2. N ___ V I 3. Y O ___ 4. T A W T ___ T E (Must) (Blue People) (Eat) (Sky Person) 5. S L T S A ___ 6. N ___ A 7. ___ Y W A (Good) (You)
(World spirit equivalent to Terran Gaia)

Puzzle 3 Easy!
Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

English word equivalent: ______________________________________ 1. ___ E H E ! 2. O ___ 3. K L ___ T E 4.___ T R A L (No!) (I, or Me)
(Ground, what you stand on)

5. ___ S N G 6. S ___ A N E !

(Four) (Yes!)

7. ___ Y S M U K T U (Many brothers) 8. P A ___ I (Dire-horse)

(Tree)

Puzzle 4 Easy!
Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

English word equivalent: ______________________________________

1. T ___ M U K A N (Brother) 5. M A ___ E Y 6. T X A ___ 7. N A N T A N ___ (Calm) (Much, or a lot of) (Dire-wolf)

2. T O R U ___ (Big red monster Last Shadow) 3. T ___ U R 4. I R ___ Y O ! (Strong) (Thank you!)

Puzzle 5 Somewhat Easy

Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

English word equivalent: ______________________________________ 1. Z S ___ 2. K___ 3. ___ T A N G! 4. ___ U L (Year) (Go) (Stop!) (Run) 5. N I W O T ___ 6. T N G M I K Y ___ N 7. W A ___ 8. N ___ M E (Completely) (Listen) (Song) (Learn)

Puzzle 6 Not so easy

Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(Ke tengfya ftue)

English word equivalent: ______________________________________ 1. Z O ___ L O 2. N I _ _ 3. T K I ___ 4. E L T ___ S I!

(offense or insult) (Grab) (Need) (Pay attention!)

5. R U ___ X E 6. N G L ___ S 7. ___ A R N G 8. Y O M T N ___

(Please) (English language) (Forest) (To feed, give food to)

Puzzle 7 Hard
Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

English word equivalent: ____________

1. K E L K ___ 2. ___ O M P A 3. M E N A ___ I 4. K ___ N G A Y 5. T S ___ A M ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

___________________
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

8. ___ U N E 9. ___ L O E Y K T A N 10. ___ N G 11. K A W K R ___ 12. T N G N A R ___ 13. E ___ K 14. S ___ N U M E

6. K M ___ K T O ________________ 7. H A S E ___ ________________

NOTE: Now you get to fill in the English word equivalents in the spaces above! Isnt this fun?

Puzzle 8 EVIL!! (RDA Corporate approved)

Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

English word equivalent: ______________________________________ 1. T ___ T E 2. ___ E 3. Y E R ___ K 4. K E ___ K U S I 5. ___ T X U R 6. H A P X ___ 7. K R ___ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ 8. S K A ___ 9. N G E ___ G A 10. ___ S A H K 11. E ___ 12. T F M E T O ___ 13. T ___ N G ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

Puzzle 9 EVIL!!

(RDA Management Training Material)

(Seriously: for the love of Eywadon't even try this one.) Navi word:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

English word equivalent: ______________________________________ 1. ___ P X A F A W 2. L O ___ A T A Y A 3. F T S E N ___ 4. K U R ___ K X 5. N G O ___ 6. P A M T ___ E O 7. P X ___ N T I L 8. ___ E L 9. A T ___ K X E 10. N E ___ 11. ___ A M 12. ___ I O N A

Na'vi word substitution (slightly advanced)

In this exercise we have secretly replaced common English words with their na'vi equivalent. As the stories and rhymes are in English, with Na'vi word substitutions, we will be following English grammar rules, so we are using the Na'vi root words. Simply replace the Na'vi word below with the English equivalent word. Try not o look it up in the dictionary. If you take a moment to look at the sentence, you should be able to figure out most the words easily. (But just in case, we put the original translation at the end). Example: Hey Diddle Diddle nursery rhyme Hey diddle diddle, the cat s the fiddle,
________ (write in and)

The cow jumped em the moon.

_______________ (write in over or above)

The little dog laughed to tse'a such fun

__________ (write in see)

And the dish tolul (t<ol>ul)

___________

neto

with the spoon

________________ (write in ran and away)

Okay, now we do it without hint words. Good luck! One of the most famous speeches in history:
(original speech appears below if you need the words)

Four score s seven years ago our aysempul brought forth on this continent a new nation,
___________ ____________________

conceived m Liberty, s dedicated ne the proposition that n`wotx aytutan are created equal.
_________ ___________ _______ ____________ ____________

Now ayoeng are engaged m a great civil tsam, testing whether that nation, fu any nation, so
___________ __________ __________, ______

conceived s so dedicated, tsun long endure. Ayoeng are met on a txan battle-field of that tsam.
________ _________ ________ ________.

Ayoeng have za'u to dedicate a portion of tsau field, as a final resting place for those who here
_______ _____________ ______________

tolng (t<ol>ng) their lives that that nation might rey.

___________ ____________.

It lu altogether fitting s proper that ayoeng should tam fkem.

_____ ________ ________ ______ ____________.

Sl, in a larger sense, ayoeng

________ ________

tsun
________

ke dedicate . . . ayoeng
________ ________

tsun
________

ke consecrate . . .
________

ayoeng
________

tsun
________

ke hallow ftseng ground. The

________ _____________

tsteu
______________

aysmukan, living s
__________ _________

kerusey,
______________,

tupe
___________

struggled ftseng, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
________________

The world will little note, nor yol remember 'upe

___________ _____________

ayoeng say ftseng, sl it can never forget

_________ _____________ , _________

kempe they did ftseng. It is for us the r<er>ey,

___________ _____________ _____________________

rather, to be dedicated ftseng

_______________

to the unfinished work

ayfo
_____________

tupe fought ftseng have thus far so nobly advanced.

___________ ___________

___________

It lu rather for us to be here dedicated to the txan

______ ______________

task remaining

eo
_______________

us

that

ta
___________

these honored dead ayoeng

________________ _________

munge
_______________

increased devotion ne that cause

________

for

a
____________

ayfo gave the last full measure of devotionthat we here highly resolve that these
______________

dead shall ke have died m

___________ _________

vainthat

fu

nation, under God, shall have a new birth of

_______________

freedomulte that government: of

___________

Na'vi,

by Na'vi,
__________

for Na'vi,
________________, __________ ________________,

__________

________________ ,

shall

ke
___________

perish

ta

the earth.

__________

In his own words:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can not consecrate...we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before usthat from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotionthat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedomand that government: of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Na'vLibs
Okay, so when I was a kid, we had something call Mad Libs. After checking on Google, it seems they still exist. Here's how they work. You choose a bunch of words based on their status and position in language (verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, and so on). Then those get filled into a preexisting story where those words have previously been removed. Okay, so we are going to try something like that. In our version, the tale is right before you. Your job is to read the story and pick a (noun, verb, adjective, and so on) whether it fits or if you think it is funny. You are not limited to the words we will supply in the word bank. Simply grab a word in Na'vi that is the type of word each space calls for, and write it in to complete the story. Scenario 1: Oh no! The dog ate our only copy of Hamlet's lines, and we are in the middle of the world premiere of Na'vlet! (just go with it) We managed to cobble together most of the dialogue, but the Na'vi words are all in a pile on the next page. Our expert linguist is nowhere to be found! Please grab some words and jam them into the script in time for the big scene! Ready srak? K!

Hamlet's third soliloquy

To be, or not to _________________, that is the _________________.
(verb) (noun)

Whether 'tis nobler in the _________________ to suffer

(body part)

The _________________ and _________________ of _________________ fortune,

(plural weapon) (plural weapon) (adjective)

Or to take _________________ against a sea of _________________,

(plural noun) (plural noun)

And by _________________ end them. To die, -- to _________________ ,

(verbending in ing) (verb)

No more; and by a _________________

(verb)

The _________________ and the _________________ natural shocks

( unpleasant experience) (large number)

That flesh is _________________ to,-- 'tis a _________________

(occupation or status) (noun)

_________________ to be wish'd. To die, --- to _________________

(adverb) (verb)

To _________________ ! perchance to _________________ ! ay, there's the _________________;

(verb) (verb) (noun)

For in that _________________ of death what _________________ may come

(verb) (plural noun)

When we have _________________ off this _________________ coil,

(past-tense verb) (adjective)

Must give us _________________ . . .

(noun)

General Na'vi verbs: LU (be), TARON (hunt), PNUNTNG (promise), 'AMPI (touch), TUNG (allow), FMETOK (to test someoneas for initiation), TPAWM (a question), HAHAW (sleep), SREU (dance), Na'vi nouns: Na'vi body parts: ELTU (brain), NOSE (ontu), NARI (eye),TXM (butt) Na'vi plural weapons: AYTSKO (bows), AYYUKRU (spears), AYTSKE (stones), AYSWIZAW (arrows), AYTXUM (poisons) Na'vi adjectives: 'E'AL (worst), KAWNG (bad, or evil) FKEU (mighty), LEHRRAP (dangerous), LAW (clear or certain) Na'vi plural nouns: AYRAWKE (alarm cries), AYIOANG (beasts), ATOKIRINA' (pure spiritsseeds of the great tree), AYVRRTEP (demons), AYTAWTUTE (sky-people), AYUNILTRONTOKX (avatars), AYTSKO SWIZAW (many bow and arrows), Na'vi verbs ending in ing: None exist, but follow this rule for now: <er> refers to an incomplete/continuous action, such as I am eating (right now). YEROM (eating), HERUM (leaving), HERAHAW (sleeping), TERERKUP (dying), PERLLTXE (speaking), REROL (singing), TERXNG (abandoningbasically running away) Na'vi unpleasant experiences: TOXPU (fear), TKAWNG (evil), KEYE'UNG (insanity) Na'vi large numbers: VOFU (sixteen), TSVOL (32, or Four sets in Na'vi), PXAY (manyhere meaning anything over 16 in ancient Na'vi) Na'vi occupations or status: TARONYU (hunter), TSAMSIYU (warrior), SEMPUL (father), SA'NOK (mother), TAWTUTE (sky-person), VRRTEP (demon), TSAHK (matriarch), TFTXUYU (weaver) Na'vi adverbs: N'AW (only), N'IT (a little, slightly) Na'vi verbs: (past tense) Quickie (mini) grammar lesson. (Guaranteed painless!) Okay, so as noted above <er> refers to an incomplete/continuous action, such as I am eating (right now). Example: YEROM (eating). So, <m> refers to recent past: Example YMOM (just ate) and <ol> refers to a completed past action: Example: YOLOM (I ate earlier, or I ate yesterday, or even I have eaten before you know). So here are the Na'vi past tense verbs for this exercise: SOLREU (danced), HOLASEY (finished/completed), KOLURAKX (driven off, chased away, cast out), SKMA'A (recently destroyed), MMUN'I (recently cut)

For those who have a ftxavang (passionate) desire to know what Hamlet originally said, here are his own words: To be, or not to bethat is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And, by opposing end them. To die, to sleep No moreand by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep To sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there's the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause.

Giant Na'vi Crossword Puzzle

ACROSS 1. Rhythmic beat 4. Feathery plant 8. Meaning 10. Together 12. Too proliferate something 13: The act of doing 14: Deferential I 15: Vision 18: Completely 19: Along time ago, in a galaxy ________ 21. To possess knowledge 25. Physical body 26. Neytiris mount 28. Everything 30. Basic blunt handheld weapon 32. Ocular device (single) 33. Noun meaning speed 35.To bequeath, bestow, or dispense a thing 36. With 37. Who? 38. Unquote 39. Message 42. To bind something 43. Pleasant or appealing; good 46. Service 48. No longer alive 49. Percussion instrument of animal skin 50. Center point 51. Song Word bank: (greyed out)

DOWN 2. Preceding, before 3. Noble, or great in stature 4. Cranial organ 5. Omen 6. First 7. Enter 9. Request 10. Child 11. Many people together 16. A sacred site 17. Seeds of Vitraya Ramunong 20. (Human) associate, co-worker 22. Us twobut NOT you 23. Best to use this before you speak 24. Opposite of night 27. Similar to us 29. Sky-demon language 30. Terran aircraft (to the Navi) 31. Holy day (originally) 34. _______ already! (No more!) 40. The boss 41. _______, but choose wisely. 44. Fire will do this to your tree. 45. _______ is this thing? 46. Rotate rapidly 47. Uno, Ein, or Ichi: in Navi 48. Opposite of stop

aw, awsiteng, 'awve, ekong, eveng, upxare, ie, atokirina, txle, alm, au, aungia, eltu, eo, eyaye, eyktan, fa, fpxkm, frau, ftxey, ftxoz, ikran, ngls, ka, kerusey, km, km, ktee, kxam, lertu, mikyun, moe, nayoeng, nwotx, nari, nawm, nekx, ntam, ohe, omum, peu, pongu, ral, si, sltsan, swotu, tawsp, tng, to, tokx, trr, tupe, txewk, vir, way, wn, ym

Na'vi reverse crossword.

We have filled in all of the Na'vi words for you (aren't we nice?). Now all YOU have to do is simply write in its English translation in the spaces below. Just guess as many words as you can, crossing them out as you go. Ready srak? Ka!

English Words: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

Oh no! He's at it again

My evil twin just couldn't keep away from the Sharpie. Someone (me) wrote all over Hans Christian Anderson's classic tale of some girl and her attempts to not smush tiny round vegetable while reclining on a pile of mattresses so tall and heavy that they would crush an elephant. This is like drawing a moustache on the Mona Lisa! Ahbut did I make any mistakes? Well, if you have been studying your Na'vi, you should be able to figure out most of these words easily. So grab your own Sharpie (any pen will do, really), and retranslate the Na'vi words back into ngls.

The Princess and the Pea

and kaltxi Palulukan!

by Hans Christian Anderson ^

ONCE upon a krr there lolu a olo' eyktan! who wanted to marry a som sevin tute; but poe would have to lu a real Na'vi (ke

uniltarontokx! Ke, ke, ke!). Poan nolin nwotx

Pandora to find awpoe, sl (kepeseng?/Pesenge-ke?) could poan get 'upe poan

wanted. There lolu tute (som som!) txan enough, sl it was difficult to find out whether ayoe were real Na'vi tute! There lolu always something about them a was kehe as it should lu! (Oeri

ta ayoengy fahew akewong ontu teya lngu!!) So poan came kelku nmun ulte lolu, for poan would have liked ntxan* txan** to have a real Na'vi tute sevin! (and who wouldn't?)
(* adverb. ** adjective.)

'aw txon a kawng storm came on; there lolu thunder s lightning, ulte the tompa poured
down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking lolu

soltawm at the kelutral, and the old olo'

eyktan went to open it.

It lolu a tute standing wrrpa in front of the gate. Sl, siltsan gracious! 'upe a sight the

tompa s hufwe lolu soli poeru lolu a real tute Na'vi! (Woot!)

look. The pay(?) ran down from poey hair s clothes;

it tolul down into the toes of poey shoes ulte out again at the heels. Ulte yet poe said that poe

"Well, we'll soon find that out," thought the old queen. Sl

poe said ke'u, went into the k'sey

eider-down

nivi-room, took nwotx bedding off the bedstead, ulte laid a utu mauti on the bottom; then poe took pxay aynivi ulte laid them on the utu mauti ulte then pxay ay- Eywa ksey nivibrista on top of the aynivi! (Fyape tkawng lu a?!!)
On f'u the tute

Na'vi! had to lie nwotx txon. In the morning poe was polawm fyape

poe had holahaw.

"Oh, ntxan badly!" said poe. "I have scarcely closed my menari

nwotx txon. Eywa

naw omum 'upe lolu m the nivi, sl oel lolu lying on something hard, so that oeru lu black s ean nwotx oey tokx! It's kawng txan!! (Bah! Tute Na'vi princesses lu soooooo high-maintenance! Me like ikran!) Set ayoeng omerum that poe lolu a real (high-maintenance ) Na'vi tute sevin
because poe soli felt the utu mauti right through the pxay down ay-

aynivi ulte the pxay

eider-

Eywa ksey nivibrista .

a real (high-maintenance ) Na'vi

Kawtu sl na that!
So the olo'

tute sevin could lu na sensitive

eyktan! took (high-maintenance ) Na'vi tute sevin for his tsahk, for Omati s'ampta), tsengpe it may still lu seen, if no

set omum poan that poan had a real Na'vi tute sevin (som som!!); ulte the utu mauti
was put m the museum (hu one has stolen it.

(It's better nNa'vi!!)

Half-baked ideas I may never get around to completing, so YOU can have them.
(Feel free to take credit for your genius at making these things great!)

The Grammar Forest This idea sprung to life from The Grammar Tree, which follows on the next page. The idea was to show how root words (I, me) can interact with other root words (you), to become tirciary root words (us, we, etc.). This visual approach helps some students who are not wired to learning via extended textbased rules and authoritarian diatribes. This generic example can be used to show the interaction between many root words, and even how gramar affects disparate words to create interesting sentences. Or you can morph the idea into a different set of visuals. The point is: someone out there needs to pick up the ball and start teaching Na'vi visually. Okay, so on to the next half-baked idea I am putting forth for someone to run with:

This is the basic concept that can be used for so many different words, and as it incorporates trees into the learning tool, I think it is rather funny. It would not work at RDA corporate (for obvious reasonsperhapsa robotized plasma tank might work for them). Some people have said this image contains mistakes. Well if you notice any mistakes, I would take that as a personal sign from Eyway to fix it, upload it, and claim it as your own. Can you improve this tree? Can you add to it? I think you can. Help other people learn Na'vi like YOU know Na'vi. Pass on some value to the world. Leave something behind, other than footprints. If you make an example book of Grammar Tree lessons, I will help you get the word out to students of Na'vi. Let's show the world how EASY it is to master this beautiful language. Srak?

Starter Na'vi Song book

One easy way to help learn common words and phrases in a new language is to sing short, fun songs that get stuck in your head. This is one of the ways children learn grammar and vocabulary all over the world. Once they learn a song they like, it stays with them for the rest of their life. So in that vein, I have composed a few songs to help get your started. I hope these will create an interest in you to write better songs. Take any melody you know and simply replace the words to your liking. With just a little practicem you might become the Na'vi "Weird Al Yankovic." This first one you may not know by name, but the melody is simple and familiar. In this case, please imagine Na'vi children making up a song about the bad sky-people. The horror they endured, especially in the Omticaya clan (death of Hometree and the Tree of Voices), but also any clan whose mommies and daddies had to fight (and most die) fighting the sky-people does not easily go away. So you make fun of it. This is the basis for many of the old children's songs throughout history, where children would sing about death and the plague. So, without further adieu, here is the first installment: The "I hate Bosco" song. (I will try to find audio if I can) A long, long time ago, there were popular children's songs. This was one of them: I hate Bosco (one variation) I hate Bosco It's not the drink for me (alternatively: It's full of TNT [or DDT]) My mommy put it in my milk To try to poison me One day I fooled Mommy I put some in her tea And now I have no mommy To try to poison me! Fun (Post-Avatar) Na'vi Chldren's song! (sing along!) Oe Tawtute! Oel plltxe ngls Oel tamswon ftu alm ulte Oel skolaa ayutral! Oe lu vrrtep Oel tamspang oey sa'nu Ha set Oel kerelku si Eywaeveng ulte Oel 'eko Na'vi! (I Tawtute!) (I speak English) (I fly from far away) (and I [chop down*] lots of trees!) [actual word used means "destroy] (I'm a demon) (I killed my own mommy!) (So now I live on Pandora) (And I attack Na'vi!)

I know the melody for this classic children's song, but I have long forgotten the original words, so until I do, the title is a mystery. But I am incuding it here for fun. Tawtute yolom rim eltungawng Utu mauti, ulte yNikt'chey Tawtute ymom ean eltungawng ulte poem soli lekeye'ung* (Tawtute ate a yellow brainworm) (Banana fruit) (and some <food> wraps) Tawtute just ate a blue brainworm and she went insane!

*The actual word means insanity, but this works as an example of what a little creativity can accomplish, even with a severly limited (Na'vi) vocabulary.

And a special song generouly provided by LN member Kiliy . Remember to give him some karma love for helping people learn Na'vi the fun way. After all, none of us are getting paid for this :-) Just wanted to add my own funny song... it's Way a Kawkrr Hasey!
Fway lu kawkrr hasey this-song be never done This song is never done Ma 'eylan, ke tsun txey my friend, (you) not can stop My friend, you can't stop Aysute sngam'i rivol PL-person start-PAST sing-SUBJ People started singing Ke omusum a lamu not know-PART which (it) be-PAST not knowing what it was Fo rayol ntut tsawayit They sing-FUT continually that-song-ACC They'll sing that song continually Frakrr: flun lu... Forever: this-reason be... Forever: this reason is (why)

Na'vi Old Mc Donald song. (Oldest known version: The Kingdom of the Birds, published in 1719-1720. Na'vi edition by Kaltx Palulukan with a generous grammatical correction and overall tightening up by LearnNavi.org moderator Prrton. (If you see him on the LearnNavi.org forums, please give him a karma cookie!) nNa'vi (in Na'vi) Oloeyktnta tkrut-tml Iray--Iray--oooo Ha oy tkrf tskxkeng e Iray--Iray--oooo Set takuk mftseng Ult eko msatseng ftseng takuk, tsatseng eko Takuk takuk! Makto KO! Oloeyktnta tkrut-tml Iray--Iray--oooo nngls (in English) I just got a spear from the Chief of our clan Thank you. Thank you. (Soooo.) So I practice with my spear wherever I go Thank you. Thank you. (Soooo.) Now I strike over here, And attack over there. Here a strike, there attack! Were off to ride, so watch your back! I received a spear from the Chief of our clan Thank you. Thank you. (Soooo.)

Row, row, row you boat song. (Oldest known version: The earliest printing of the song is from 1852). Na'vi edition by Kaltx Palulukan . nNa'vi (in Na'vi) 'Upe, 'upe. upe lu ral *Tawvrrtepy nlgls? Kawtu omum, kawtu omum Aytawtute lu a-skxawng nngls (in English) What, what, what's (the) meaning of sky-demon words? No one knows, no one knows Sky people are blind ("un-seeing" morons)

*This is a totally made-up word. It is tongue-in-cheek and not meant to be taken as canon. Additionally, I offer no guarantees on grammatical correctness, as there isat this printingonly one Tawtute alive who can tell us exactly what is and what is not Na'vi correctus summae. Okay, so notes: The point of these songs is to illustrate how easily words and phrases can be taken from Na'vi and applied to universally -known melodieseven with the severely limited number of words we now possess. We don;t need more words. We need more creativity! This is just another way of learning and memorizing Na'vi words and phrases. I do not mean to imply that friendly little Na'vi ayevi sit around making fun of their (previous) Tawvrrtep colonialist oppressorsbut that is admittedly where the idea for Na'vi children songs (ayway 'evengru Na'vi?) originated. IF YOU HAVE AN IDEA FOR A SONG, by all means write it. Write it, sing it, record it, give it away. Sing it at parties, sing it at conventions. Help others learn this beautiful language by sharing your passion and creativity. Get ready for A2 by knowing your Na'vi. If these rather banal examples have inspired you to create something better, something to share with the world, then our job is done here.

Backmatter

Eight's Na'vi Rhyming Dictionary

This is a work of absolute genius. Eight invested a LOT of time and efforts creating a dictionary of Na'vi words based on how they END. Sure, you can easily figure out that no known Na'vi word begins with g, but do you know how Na'vi words end? This is crucial to knowing, not merely memorizing Na'vi. I placed this dictionary immediately following my crappy Na'vi songbook to inspire you to write better songs, and better poetry. Did you know that you (yes, you!) can create Na'vi birthday cards for your friends, a Na'vi Mother's Day card, Christmas cards? Go ahead and try it. You are getting pretty good at Na'vi by now, and this will make Na'vi more fun for you. Do me a personal favor. The next time you are on the LearnNavi.org forums, find Eight and bump him up a karma point or two. He really came through with this effort.

Skxawng's Grammar Worksheets!

Yes, our main mod Skxawng, that master of grammar has allowed me to reprint HIS grammar worksheets here, to help you learn. The guy is a wizard with Na'vi instruction, and I know you are handing both he and Taronyu some karma brownies for doing all this, as a way of saying thank you that doesn't involve having to buy them a beer. These grammar sheets ROCK! If you have done them before (but not in the last 5 minutes), do them again. (I would say that in Na'vi, but my grammar sucks). Spend some time working through these. They will help you omum (really get) Na'vi.

'NUFF SAID.

The Sub Navi Rhyming Dictionary (First Edition)

[email protected] January 25, 2010

subnavi.org.uk

Introduction
I would very much like to thank Taronyu and all the people over at LearnNavi.org for the dedication, enthusiasm, and aection that they have shown for the Navi language. This rhyming dictionary is derived from version 7.34 of the Navi dictionary compiled by Taronyu - so without him (and everyone who has contributed to that project), this exalted work you have before your menari right now, would not have been possible.

How To Use This Dictionary

As with most rhyming dictionaries, words are grouped by the pronunciation of their nal syllable - more precisely, from the nal vowel in that nal syllable onwards. This allows both perfect and imperfect rhymes to be found with great ease. Nouns and selected proper nouns (where the reference is so crucial to Navi culture that excluding them from the dictionary would be negligent) are listed uninected for case and plurality. You do not need the help of this dictionary to discover, for example, that adding the accusative sux -it will make any noun rhyme with words ending in that sound. Conversely, adpositional axes and derivational axes have not been included as they bond to the front of the noun and would not aect the rhyming. Verbs are listed without inxes for tense, mood and aspect. It has not been necessary at this point to include those. To nd a rhyme, look up your reference word in the index. This will tell you the IPA symbols for the ending, and you can now nd the relevant group in the Rhymes By IPA section. For example, if I would like to nd a rhyme for the Navi word ketuwong, the index entry says see -oN. I would then look for the -oN group in the main rhymes section and will nd numerous entries such as ekong, wong, and zong.

subnavi.org.uk

Rhymes By IPA Ending -a

a, apxa, aungia, aynga, eywa, eywa ksey nivibrista, fa, f` fya, ftia, futa, fya, ha, iknimaya, ka, kaliweya, lenayga, l` fya, lonataya, meuia, mereshti caupla, muntxa, na, nga, ngenga, pefya, pxoenga, skaa, snum` na, sushiri tacto sa, ta, tengfya, teya, tirea, tompa, triti so jahmka, tsa, tsea, txoa, ultxa, wrrpa, za

-ap
fngap, hrrap, penghrrap

-aR
kar

-at -
angts` a, , ftxoz, ` a, k, kin, mui, k a a l a a a ni, r, sl, swir, vir, zekw a aa a a a a ftu sat, kllkulat

-aj
kangay, n` ngay, ngay, nguway, pay, pxay, t` ngay, vay, way

-aw
aw, fpxafaw, hahaw, law, n` aw, spaw, steftxaw, swaw, swizaw, syaw, taw, tsko swizaw, txokefyaw

-ak
fpak, pak, srak

-awk
awkx

-ak
kurakx

-awl
tsawl, tsawl

-al
eal, kelutral, ral, tautral, tawtsngal, tsngal, tsyal, utral

-awm -am
kinam, kxam, lam, n` tam, pam, spxam, tam, torukspxam, tsam, tslam, txantslusam kxawm, nawm, pawm, stawm

-awn
` awn, fmawn, t` yawn

-an
ewan, eylan, itan, atan, ean, eyktan, faketuan, f` txan, ikran, kilvan, n` ltsan, n` txan, oloeyktan, palulukan, poan, pxan, ran, san, s` ltsan, t` ran, tutean, tsmukan, txan, txelan

-awN
eltungawng, kawng, n` hawng, ngawng, pxtxawng, skxawng, tawng, t` kawng, zawng

-aN
ftang, ftxavang, ioang, kxangangang, nang, nantang, n` ftxavang, talioang, t` ftang, tireaioang, tspang, yomh` ang, yomioang subnavi.org.uk

-aP
atokirina, pxorna, rina 3

-E
awve, ite, upe, upxare, ie, txle, a a a atxkxe, ayoe, ayskxe, eyaye, fte, fteke, ftue, fyape, hufwe, kame, ke, kehe, kempe, k` tee, k` yevame, kllte, krrpe, kxetse, lahe, lumpe, mllte, moe, mune, munge, nahla bukne, ne, ne kllte, n` awve, n` ftue, nume, oe, ohe, plltxe, poe, pxoe, rawke, rutxe, snume, seze, spee, srane, tawtute, tupe, a tute, tsapalute, tsawke, tsawke, tsengpe, tskxe, tsmuke, txele, ulte, yawne, zamunge, zene

-En
ien, koren, tsranten, txen

-EN
awsiteng, engeng, eveng, ayoeng, eywaeveng, f` tseng, kxamtseng, n` ayoeng, n` teng, oeng, peng, peseng, pxoeng, ralpeng, sngeltseng, tsatseng, tseng, tskxekeng, tsleng, tslolam, zongtseng

-Ep
fayvrrtep, tskalep, txep, vrrtep

-Eh
suminsey hulleh

-ER
kxener, ler

-Ej
chey, ftxey, hasey, kerusey, kifkey, mawey, niktchey, pah sivil chey, pey, rey, s` pey, swey, t` rey, tmi natsey, txey, yey

-Et
set

-Ejk
eyk

-Ew
fahew, new

-EjN
eyng, t` eyng

-Ewk
txewk

-Ejp
meyp

-EP
fpe, prrte

-Ek
tangek

-i
ampi, evi, atoki, awaiei, eltu si, fmi, fpi, h` kelku si, ksey nivi, menari, mokri, i, muni, navi, nari, nari si, nivi, pali, pxi, riti, seyri, si, sngi, tei, tewti, t` nari, a ng uimi, ulutah inibsey mulsi, utral utu mauti, utu mauti

-Ek
krrnekx, nekx

-El
pxel, shah-tell, sngel, tel

-
` s` alaks` hapx` kaltx` kxan` m` ngl` , , , , , , pts` s` tanh` tsn` a , , ,

-Em
em, f` kem, kem, kllkxem, latem, phem, a pehem, ronsem, s` lronsem, taem, telem, t` kangkem, tsakem, waytelem subnavi.org.uk

-ik
ik, pxasik, yerik 4

-k
hiy` s` tsah` k, k, k

-l "
fngapsutxwll, kll, kxll, pamtseowll, paywll, tsyorinawll, txumpaywll, txumtswll, wll a

-ik
rikx

-o
awpo, eko, ayfo, chantu gorek nuuto, eo, f` po, fko, fo, fpeio, frapo, fyao, irayo, kmakto, kato, lapo, makto, mefo, m` a so, mreki ulito, neto, pamtseo, pngkxo, po, a pxefo, tireafyao, to, tseo, tsko, tsyo, txo, ulivi maritsey makdinito, wutso, zoplo

-il
kinamtil, pxuntil, til, unil

-l
fp` l

-ok
ok, fmetok, lok, lrrtok, sanok, swok, t` fmetok, tok

-im
ngim, rim

-m
al` fpxk` k` ne` tx` y` m, a m, m, m, m, m

-ok
tokx, unilt` rantokx

-in
kin, n` win, sevin, t` kin, win

-oks
malmoks

-n
m` n` yer` n, n, n

-ol
rol, t` rol, ts` vol, yol

-om -N
k` ng, nar` ng, pnut` a ng, teswot` ng, t` ng, ts` ng, tx` ng, yomt` ng fpom, som, yom

-on
taron, tswon, txon

-ip
kip

-oN
ekong, ong, kenong, ketuwong, kewong, k` ong, t` kenong, vitraya ramunong, wong, zong

-p
kuns` s` taws` zar` p, p, p, a p

-ir
iveh knivi sdir

-op
ngop

-it
it, it, n` it

-oR
lor, somt` lor, tilor, toktor

-t
z` t s` subnavi.org.uk

-ot
n` wotx 5

-oP
kllfrivo, olo

-un
lun, mikyun, n` mun, peun, pelun, pxun, t` mikyun, tsun ng

-r "
kawkrr, krr, krr, letrr, lrr, nulkrr, pehrr, sngikrr, tengkrr, trr, tsawlapxangrr, a tsawlapxangrr

-uN
keyeung, srung, tung

-u
efu, ` heyu, u, au, eltu, emzau, f` u, fkeu, fnu, frau, ftu, fu, fyaw` ntxu, hawnu, karyu, kawtu, keu, kelku, kllpx` ltu, lertu, l` lonu, loreyu, lu, mreshtuyu, n` u, awtu, ontu, pnu, pesu, peu, pizayu, pongu, renu, a sanu, saleu, sempu, slu, speetu, sreu, swotu, swotulu, tftxu, tftxuyu, taronyu, a a tengu, teylu, t` fyaw` ntxu, t` hawnu, tukru, tsau, tsahaylu, tsampongu, tsamsiyu, tsatu, tsatu, tsmuktu, tsteu, txllu, txopu, unilt` ranyu, vofu, w` ntxu, zau

-up
terkup

-uR
t` txur, txur, yur

-ut
fkarut, n` tut, pxiut, rumut, ut

-ut -uk
takuk, t` takuk, toruk, tsmuk sutx

-ul
n` ul, pxasul, sempul, tul, vul

-uy
sumin jiitluy

-um
hum, omum, rum, stum, txum

-uPk
feru mpreduk

subnavi.org.uk

Index
` awn, see -awn ` heyu, see -u ` s` see - ngl` , ampi, see -i angts` a, see - k aw, see -aw awkx, see -awk awpo, see -o awsiteng, see -EN awve, see -E eal, see -al efu, see -u eko, see -o ekong, see -oN engeng, see -EN eveng, see -EN evi, see -i ewan, see -an eylan, see -an eyng, see -EjN it, see -it itan, see -an ite, see -E ok, see -ok ong, see -oN u, see -u upe, see -E upxare, see -E a ie, see -E a a txle, see -E ` a, see - l a, see -a al` see -m m, alaks` see - , apxa, see -a atan, see -an atoki, see -i atokirina, see -aP atxkxe, see -E au, see -u aungia, see -a awaiei, see -i ayfo, see -o aynga, see -a ayoe, see -E ayoeng, see -EN ayskxe, see -E chantu gorek nuuto, see -o chey, see -Ej ean, see -an eltu, see -u eltu si, see -i eltungawng, see -awN em, see -Em emzau, see -u eo, see -o eyaye, see -E eyk, see -Ejk eyktan, see -an eywa, see -a eywa ksey nivibrista, see -a eywaeveng, see -EN f` see -u u, f` fya, see -a f` kem, see -Em f` po, see -o f` tseng, see -EN f` txan, see -an fa, see -a fahew, see -Ew faketuan, see -an fayvrrtep, see -Ep feru mpreduk, see -uPk fkarut, see -ut fkeu, see -u fko, see -o , see - a fmawn, see -awn fmetok, see -ok fmi, see -i fngap, see -ap fngapsutxwll, see -l " fnu, see -u fo, see -o fp` see -l l, fpak, see -ak fpe, see -EP fpeio, see -o fpi, see -i fpom, see -om fpxk` see -m a m, fpxafaw, see -aw frau, see -u frapo, see -o ftang, see -aN fte, see -E fteke, see -E ftia, see -a ftu, see -u

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ftu sat, see -at ftue, see -E ftxavang, see -aN ftxey, see -Ej ftxoz, see - a fu, see -u futa, see -a fya, see -a fyao, see -o fyape, see -E fyaw` ntxu, see -u h` see -i i, ha, see -a hahaw, see -aw hapx` see - , hasey, see -Ej hawnu, see -u hiy` see -k k, hrrap, see -ap hufwe, see -E hum, see -um ien, see -En ik, see -ik iknimaya, see -a ikran, see -an ioang, see -aN irayo, see -o iveh knivi sdir, see -ir ksey nivi, see -i k, see - a kmakto, see -o a k` ong, see -oN k` see -m m, k` ng, see -N k` tee, see -E k` yevame, see -E ka, see -a kaliweya, see -a kaltx` see - , kame, see -E kangay, see -aj kar, see -aR karyu, see -u kato, see -o kawkrr, see -r " kawng, see -awN kawtu, see -u ke, see -E keu, see -u kehe, see -E kelku, see -u

kelku si, see -i kelutral, see -al kem, see -Em kempe, see -E kenong, see -oN kerusey, see -Ej ketuwong, see -oN kewong, see -oN keyeung, see -uN kifkey, see -Ej kilvan, see -an kin, see -in kin, see - a kinam, see -am kinamtil, see -il kip, see -ip kll, see -l kllfrivo, "see -oP kllkulat, see -at kllkxem, see -Em kllpx` ltu, see -u kllte, see -E koren, see -En krr, see -r " krrnekx, see -Ek krrpe, see -E kuns` see -p p, kurakx, see -ak kxam, see -am kxamtseng, see -EN kxan` see - , kxangangang, see -aN kxawm, see -awm kxener, see -ER kxetse, see -E kxll, see -l " l` fya, see -a l` see -u u, lahe, see -E lam, see -am lapo, see -o latem, see -Em law, see -aw lenayga, see -a ler, see -ER lertu, see -u letrr, see -r " lok, see -ok lonataya, see -a lonu, see -u lor, see -oR loreyu, see -u lrr, see -r " 8

subnavi.org.uk

lrrtok, see -ok lu, see -u lumpe, see -E lun, see -un mreshtuyu, see -u m` see - , m` see -n n, m` see -o so, makto, see -o malmoks, see -oks mawey, see -Ej mefo, see -o menari, see -i mereshti caupla, see -a meuia, see -a meyp, see -Ejp mikyun, see -un mllte, see -E moe, see -E mokri, see -i mreki ulito, see -o mui, see - a muni, see -i mune, see -E munge, see -E muntxa, see -a n` aw, see -aw n` awtu, see -u n` awve, see -E n` see -it it, n` ul, see -ul n` ayoeng, see -EN n` ftue, see -E n` ftxavang, see -aN n` hawng, see -awN n` ltsan, see -an n` mun, see -un n` see -n n, n` ngay, see -aj n` tam, see -am n` teng, see -EN n` tut, see -ut n` txan, see -an n` win, see -in n` wotx, see -ot na, see -a nahla bukne, see -E nar` ng, see -N navi, see -i nang, see -aN nantang, see -aN nari, see -i

nari si, see -i nawm, see -awm ne, see -E ne kllte, see -E ne` see -m m, nekx, see -Ek neto, see -o new, see -Ew nga, see -a ngawng, see -awN ngay, see -aj ngenga, see -a ngim, see -im ngop, see -op nguway, see -aj ni, see - a niktchey, see -Ej nivi, see -i nulkrr, see -r nume, see -E" oe, see -E oeng, see -EN ohe, see -E olo, see -oP oloeyktan, see -an omum, see -um ontu, see -u pah sivil chey, see -Ej phem, see -Em a pngkxo, see -o a pnu, see -u a pnut` a ng, see -N pts` see - a , pali, see -i pak, see -ak palulukan, see -an pam, see -am pamtseo, see -o pamtseowll, see -l pawm, see -awm " pay, see -aj paywll, see -l " peun, see -un pefya, see -a pehem, see -Em pehrr, see -r " pelun, see -un peng, see -EN penghrrap, see -ap peseng, see -EN pesu, see -u peu, see -u

subnavi.org.uk

pey, see -Ej pizayu, see -u plltxe, see -E po, see -o poan, see -an poe, see -E pongu, see -u prrte, see -EP pxan, see -an pxasik, see -ik pxasul, see -ul pxay, see -aj pxefo, see -o pxel, see -El pxi, see -i pxiut, see -ut pxoe, see -E pxoeng, see -EN pxoenga, see -a pxorna, see -aP pxtxawng, see -awN pxun, see -un pxuntil, see -il r, see - aa ral, see -al ralpeng, see -EN ran, see -an rawke, see -E renu, see -u rey, see -Ej rikx, see -ik rim, see -im rina, see -aP riti, see -i rol, see -ol ronsem, see -Em rum, see -um rumut, see -ut rutxe, see -E snume, see -E a s` see - , s` see -k k, s` lronsem, see -Em s` ltsan, see -an s` see -p p, s` pey, see -Ej sanok, see -ok sanu, see -u saleu, see -u san, see -an sempu, see -u sempul, see -ul

set, see -Et sevin, see -in seyri, see -i seze, see -E shah-tell, see -El si, see -i skaa, see -a skxawng, see -awN sl, see - a slu, see -u sngi, see -i a sngikrr, see -r a sngel, see -El " sngeltseng, see -EN snum` na, see -a som, see -om somt` lor, see -oR spaw, see -aw spee, see -E speetu, see -u spxam, see -am srak, see -ak srane, see -E sreu, see -u srung, see -uN stawm, see -awm steftxaw, see -aw stum, see -um sushiri tacto sa, see -a sumin jiitluy, see -uy suminsey hulleh, see -Eh sutx, see -ut swaw, see -aw swey, see -Ej swir, see - a swizaw, see -aw swok, see -ok swotu, see -u swotulu, see -u syaw, see -aw triti so jahmka, see -a tftxu, see -u a tftxuyu, see -u a t` eyng, see -EjN t` fmetok, see -ok t` ftang, see -aN t` fyaw` ntxu, see -u t` hawnu, see -u t` kangkem, see -Em t` kawng, see -awN t` kenong, see -oN t` kin, see -in t` ng, see -N 10

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t` mikyun, see -un ng t` nari, see -i ng t` ngay, see -aj t` ran, see -an t` rey, see -Ej t` rol, see -ol t` takuk, see -uk t` txur, see -uR t` yawn, see -awn ta, see -a taem, see -Em takuk, see -uk talioang, see -aN tam, see -am tangek, see -Ek tanh` see - , taron, see -on taronyu, see -u tautral, see -al taw, see -aw tawng, see -awN taws` see -p p, tawtsngal, see -al tawtute, see -E tei, see -i tel, see -El telem, see -Em tengu, see -u tengfya, see -a tengkrr, see -r " terkup, see -up teswot` ng, see -N tewti, see -i teya, see -a teylu, see -u til, see -il tilor, see -oR tirea, see -a tireafyao, see -o tireaioang, see -aN tmi natsey, see -Ej to, see -o tok, see -ok toktor, see -oR tokx, see -ok tompa, see -a toruk, see -uk torukspxam, see -am trr, see -r ts` ng, see" -N ts` vol, see -ol tsa, see -a tsau, see -u tsah` see -k k, subnavi.org.uk

tsahaylu, see -u tsakem, see -Em tsam, see -am tsampongu, see -u tsamsiyu, see -u tsapalute, see -E tsatseng, see -EN tsatu, see -u tsawke, see -E tsawl, see -awl tsawlapxangrr, see -r " tsea, see -a tseng, see -EN tsengpe, see -E tseo, see -o tskalep, see -Ep tsko, see -o tsko swizaw, see -aw tskxe, see -E tskxekeng, see -EN tslam, see -am tsleng, see -EN tslolam, see -EN tsmuk, see -uk tsmukan, see -an tsmuke, see -E tsmuktu, see -u tsn` see - , tsngal, see -al tspang, see -aN tsranten, see -En tsteu, see -u tsun, see -un tswon, see -on tsyal, see -al tsyo, see -o tsyorinawll, see -l " tukru, see -u tul, see -ul tung, see -uN tupe, see -E tute, see -E tutean, see -an tx` see -m m, tx` ng, see -N txan, see -an txantslusam, see -am txelan, see -an txele, see -E txen, see -En txep, see -Ep txewk, see -Ewk txey, see -Ej txllu, see -u 11

txo, see -o txoa, see -a txokefyaw, see -aw txon, see -on txopu, see -u txum, see -um txumpaywll, see -l " txumtswll, see -l a " txur, see -uR uimi, see -i ulivi maritsey makdinito, see -o ulte, see -E ultxa, see -a ulutah inibsey mulsi, see -i unil, see -il unilt` rantokx, see -ok unilt` ranyu, see -u ut, see -ut utral, see -al utral utu mauti, see -i utu mauti, see -i vay, see -aj vir, see - a vitraya ramunong, see -oN vofu, see -u vrrtep, see -Ep vul, see -ul w` ntxu, see -u way, see -aj waytelem, see -Em win, see -in wll, see -l " wong, see -oN wrrpa, see -a wutso, see -o y` see -m m, yawne, see -E yer` see -n n, yerik, see -ik yey, see -Ej yol, see -ol yom, see -om yomh` ang, see -aN yomioang, see -aN yomt` ng, see -N yur, see -uR z` t, see -t s` za, see -a zar` see -p a p, zau, see -u subnavi.org.uk

zamunge, see -E zawng, see -awN zekw, see - a zene, see -E zong, see -oN zongtseng, see -EN zoplo, see -o

12

Na'vi Afxes 1.1 - Plurality and Pronouns

Plurality Plurality is assigned to nouns through the use of 2 prexes: me+ (Dual, as in 'me+nari' or "two eyes") pxe+ (Trial, as in 'pxe+tukru' or 'three spears") ay+ (Four or more, as in "ay+taron" or "Hunters") with one sufx, which is used to indicate whether the pronoun is inclusive, and not exclusive -ng (Inclusive, as in 'oe-ng' or "us" It is important to note that the indication + after a prex indicates that it is a leniting prex, so when placed in front of the lenitive letters, the letter changes. For example: To say 'Warriors, one might simply put Ay+ in front of 'Tsamsiyu:' Ay+tsamsiyu .. but this would be incorrect. Ts would lenit to s, and you'd (correctly) end up with: Aysamsiyu For this worksheet, however, lenition won't be used. Additionally, whenever two identical vowels are next to one another via inection: pxe+eveng ... the two vowels contract into one.: pxeveng

Basic Pronouns I ---------------------- Oe You ------------------- Nga He --------------------- Poan She -------------------- Poe We(inclusive) --------- oeng

Fill in the Blanks with the appropriate pronoun and/or plural prex
1.)______-ri lu ke_____-taronyu You four are not hunters. (2 pts) 2.)______-ri lu nwotx Eyway ______'eveng We all are Eywa's children (2 pts) 3.) _____-ri lu _____-taronyu you three are hunters (2 pts) 4.) eywal _____ ti fyawntxusi Eywa us guide (eywa guide us) (1 pt) 5.) _____-ri _____-tsmukan lu txur
My brothers are strong

(1 pt) 6.) _____-ikran-ri eanru

the two mountain banshees are blue

(1 pt) 7.) _____-ri ____nari lu

You have two eyes

(2 pts) 8.) _____-y _____-tsmukeri lu yom

our sisters are eating

(2 pts) 9.) Poan tsolpang pxaya _____-tukru fa He was killed by many spears (1 pt) 10.) _____-po lu ke _____-vrrtep they are not demons (2 pts)

Answers:
1.) ay+nga-ri lu ke ay+saronyu You are not hunters. 2.) Ayoe-ng-ri lu nwotx eywa-y ay+eveng We all are eywa's children

3.) pxe+nga-ri lu pxe+saryonyu You two are hunters 4.) eywal ay+oeng ti fyawntxusi Eywa us guide (eywa guide us) 5.) oeri ay+smukan lu txur My brothers are strong 6.)me+ikran-ri eanru the two mountain banshees are blue 7.) Nga-ri lu me+nari You have two eyes 8.)ay+oe-y ay+smuke-ri lu yom our sisters are eating 9.) Poan tsolpang pxaya ay+sukru He was killed by many spears 10.) ay+po lu ke ay+vrrtep they are not demons

Words used: lu - to be ke - not taron - hunt (taronyu = hunter) nwotx - all 'eveng - children fyawntxu - guide tsmukan - brother txur - strong ikran - mountain banshee ean - blue nari - eye tsmuke - sister tspang - kill pxay - many tukru - spear vrrtep - demon

Worksheet by Skxawng, with thanks to Taronyu. Both of learnnavi.org

v3

Na'vi Afxes 1.2- Gender, and Laudative/Pejorative

Gender can be assigned to most nouns with the use of two simple sufxes. These sufxes are added prior to all
other sufxes because they change the semantic value of the noun. -e Female -an Male If you can remember those two sufxes, its pretty straightforward. Just add it to the end of a noun! po + -e = poe it + female gender = she taronyu + -an = taronyuan hunter + male gender = male hunter 'it + -e = 'ite child + female gender = daughter

Laudative/Pejorative
Basically, these two words and their subsequent inx determine the mood or positive/negative effect of the modied word. In Na'vi, verbs are the ones that are inected for Laudative/ Pejorative. The Laudative inx is: <ei> ... and it means that the subject of the verb is happy about doing that verb, or happy about someone else doing the verb. The Pejorative inx is: <ng> ... and it means that the subject of the verb is unhappy about doing that verb, or uhappy about someone else doing the verb. The way I like to remember the two is ... Laudative kinda sounds like applause. Most applaud when they are happy :D Pejorative kinda sounds like hydrogen peroxide ... which gets put onto cuts and always stung when I was a kid. that made me unhappy D: examples of use: Laudative: Oe-l Nga-ti Kam<ei>e I'm happy to see you! or I see you and I'm happy about it! Pejorative: Poan T<irm>ar<ng>on lu He was just hunting, and he didn't like it Important note: the laudative and pejorative inxes are not normally placed where most inxes are placed (before the penultimate, or 2nd to last syllable) Instead, they come just after the penultimate syllable, or right before the last syllable.

Fill in the Blanks with the appropriate Gender and Mood

1.)Po____ri lefpoma taronyu lu She is a happy hunter (1 pt) 2.) Tukru po-____- The spear is his (1 pt) 3.) Ikran-____ ean lu The male ikran is blue (1 pt) 4.) Tsa' pa'li-____ lu That is a female direhorse (1 pt) 5.) Oe-l 'it-____it ngey kam<____>e. I see your son, and i'm happy about i! (2 pts) 6.) Oel ngey new 'it-____-y pa'li-____t I want your daughter's female horse (2 pts) 7.) Po-____-l tsamit ft<____>ang ke He didn't stop the war, sadly. (2 pts) 8.) Ayoey smuk-____l yerom ngey 'it-____-it our sisters are eating your son (2 pts) 9.) Oel hu po-____-ti tswer<____>on k I don't like going ying with her (2 pts) 10.) Neytiri ke lu tute-_____ srak? Neytiri is not male? (1 pt) Oeri po-____-ti tswrmon hu oey tsmuk-____. Po-____-y ikranl yol-____-om oey memikyunit. Oey ikranl lmu yivom po-____-y tsmuk-____-it. Po-____ plltxe kehe! Oel siti ke eltu, po-____-y ikranl ymom oey memikyun. Tsakrr torukl oey tsmuk-____-ti ym-____-om. Oeri tswolon ne kelkuti. I went ying with my sister. Unfortunately Her banshee ate my ears. My banshee was going to eat her brother. She said no! I didn't listen, her banshee had just eat my ears. Then leonopteryx ate my sister, thankfully. I ew home. (10pts)

Answers:
1.)Po-e taronyu lu She is a hunter 2.) Tukru po-an-y The spear is his 3.) Ikran-an ean lu The male ikran is blue 4.) Tsa'pa'li-e lu That direhorse is female 5.) Oe-l 'itanit ngey kam< ie>e. I see your son, and i'm happy about i! 6.) Oel ngey new 'it-e-y pa'li-et I want your daughter's female horse 7.) Po-an-l tsamit ft<ng>ang ke He didn't stop the war, sadly. 8.) Ayoey smuk-el yerom ngey 'it-an-it our sisters are eating your son 9.) Oel hu Po-e-ti tswer<ng>on I don't like ying with her 10.) Neytiri ke lu tutef-an srak? Neytiri is not male?

Oeri po-e-ti tswrmon hu oey tsmuk-e. Po-e-y ikranl yol<ng>om oey memikyunit. Oey ikranl lmu yivom po-e-y tsmuk-an-it. Po-e plltxe kehe! Oel siti ke eltu, po-e-y ikranl ymom oey memikyun. Tsakrr torukl oey tsmuk-e-ti ym<ei>om. Oeri tswolon ne kelkuti. I went ying with my sister. Unfortunately Her banshee ate my ears. My banshee was going to eat her brother. She said no! I didn't listen, her banshee had my ears. Then leonopteryx ate my sister, thankfully. I ew home.

Words used: lu - to be ke - not taron - Hunt (taronyu = hunter)tsam - war 'it - child tsmuk - sibling Ikran - Mountain Banshee ean - Blue pa'li - direhorsetspang - Kill yom - eat tswayon - y tukru - spear ftang - stop mikyun -ears plltxe - speak toruk -Leonopteryx kelku - home
Worksheet by Skxawng, with thanks to Taronyu. Both of learnnavi.org v3

Na'vi Afxes 1.3 - Cases

Topical/Genitive/Dative Topical sufx for the agent: -ri Genitive sufx: y Dative sufx: -ru
example: Oe-y ontu I [gen] nose "My nose"

Topical Sufx?
A topical sufx is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent to the English "as for." The above example might then be directly translated as "As for me, the nose is mine." Also important to note, is if a possessive pronoun is the topic, the possessive sufx -y is replaced by the topical sufx -ri. This does not mean that -ri is a substitute for the posessive case. It is used to gather focus from a larger clause to a single entity. The play way not enjoyed by anyone As for john, the play was not enjoyable Tukru lu lehrrap "spear is dangerous" Oe-ri tukru lu lehrrap I-[top] spear is dangerous "For me, the spear is dangerous" Important Note: The topical sufx does not need to be used in every sentence. It is only really necessary when the topic of a larger paragraph is changed, or when there are multiple nouns acting on one another, and the topic of the clause needs to be indicated. Important Note 2: The topical sufx changes when following a consonant. Instead of -ri, the sufx is -ri. For example, in the word 'tsmukan' the last letter is a consonant and thus uses the -ri sufx to become: tsmukanri

What does Genitive Mean?

Basically it indicates the possessive case of a noun or pronoun. The noun becomes the possessor, not the possessed. In English, the equivalent is basically 's. "Fred's car" So to indicate that something is possessed or owned by another, the sufx -y is added: Poan-y he-[pos] "His" tsa'u-ri oe-y lu ikran that-[top] my-[pos] banshee to be "That is my banshee" It is also important to note: If the last letter in the word that is being inected is NOT a vowel, the y in th e sufx is dropped, and - is used instead: Ikran- Banshee-[pos] "The banshee's"

What does Dative mean?

Dative generally indicates the noun that something is given to (the recipient of something, be it an object or an action). This noun is not a topic. It answers the question 'to whom?' oe-ri tng tukruti sempul-ur I-[top] give spear father-[dat] "I give my spear to father" oe-y tsko-ri hu lu sempul-ru I-[pos] bow-[top] with to be father-[dat] "My bow is with father" oe-ru txoa l<iv>u I [dat] forgiveness be "Forgive me" Important note: as with other sufxes, if the word ends in a consoanant, the sufx -ru becomes -ur instead. Additionally, the sufx -ru can be contracted to -r.

All together now

d so lets put it all together real quick, as it can be pretty confusing until you get used to it. (special thanks to Taronyuakawng from the forums for this part) So lets say we watn to say "I will give my bow to mother" - lets start with the basic forms, uninected. oe tng tsko sa'nok directly translated: I give bow mother To whom is the bow given? To mother. So 'mother' must be DATIVE (because it answers the question 'to whom?') Thefore, 'sa'nok' recieves the dative marker. Since the last letter in the word is a consonant, we use -ur instead of ru. We will also mark the bow with the accusative sufx -ti (to mark what is given, what is the object of an action. the spear is given, so the spear is an object of the action 'to give') Additionally, the verb tng will be inected for future tense with the inx <am> to change it from 'to give" to "will give"

this is what we end up with: oe t<am>ng tsko-ti sa'nok-ur directly translated: I will give bow to mother We're almost there. The question remains though, "whose bow?" is it just 'a bow?' or 'the bow?' No. it is my bow, and that should be indicated, with the Genitave sufx, y. oe-y tamng tskoti sa'nokur directly translated: My will give bow to mother there we go! Well ... not quite. With what we have, the translation would end up being "Will give my bow to mother" ... which would work were it not for the fact that we're wondering who is doing the giving. We can indicate who is doing the giving in two ways. My rst reaction was to add another 'oe' to the sentence, adding the ergative marker to it so we know that the accusative on the bow goes with it: oe-l oey tamng tskoti sa'nokur I my give bow to mother. And it would seem to work, but now we're wondering if oey is posessing the bow or the mother. Is it "I give my bow to mother" or is it "I give bow to my mother?" Instead of adding another word, we will instead add the topical marker to oey, because we want to say that I am doing that action. Since the topical overrides the genitive, we're left with ... oe-ri tamng tskoti sa'nokur I give spear(mine) to father Fin!

Excersizes:
Circle the Topic, Dative, or Genitave in the following sentences
1.) your father is big.

2.) Her father is with the hunters 3.) Is she your sister? 4.) oey menariri ke na ngey menari lu 5.) ayoe tng ngey itanru tukru 6.) Ngari lu skxawng Add the appropriate case sufx to the blanks not all blanks need a sufx however!
7.) ______ sempul-___ atsawl Your big father 8.) Taronyuhu ______ sa'nok-____ lu Her mother is with the hunters 9.) _____ lu tsmuke-_____ srak? Is that your sister 10.)_______ tukru hu tserpang pa'li-_____ With his spear, he killed the direhorse 11.)______ tsmukan-_____toruk makto My brother, he rides toruk 12.) Sa'nok-_____ swizaw-_____ poe terng oe-_____ Mother's blue arrow she was giving me 13.) _____ tukru-_____ lu ttxur-______ My spear is my strength 14.)_____ tsmukan-____ poe tng mikyun her brother, she gives ear (she listens to her brother)

Answers:
1.) your father is big Gen 2.) Her father is with the hunters Gen 3.) Is she your sister? Dat Top/Gen 4.) oey menariri ke na ngey menari lu Gen Top Gen 5.) ayoe tng ngey itanru tukru Gen Dat 6.) Ngari lu skxawng Top 7.) nge-y sempul-___ atsawl Your big father 8.) aysaronyuhu poe-y sa'nok-___ lu Her mother is with the hunters 9.) nge-y tsmuke-_____ lu srak? Is that your sister? 10.) tukruhu poan-y tsampang pa'li-ri His spear killed the direhorse 11.) Oe-y tsmukan-ri torukit makto My brother, he rides toruk (remember that after consonats, sufxes change!) 12.) Sa'nok- swizaw-ri poel terng oe-ru Mother's blue arrow she was giving me 13.) Oe-y tukru-ri lu ttxur My spear is my strength 14.)Poe-y tsmukan-ri poe terng mikyun her brother, an ear she was giving (she was listening to her brother)

Words used:
Ikran ------- Mountain Banshee, or just Banshee tsawl ----- big (in stature) tng --------- give Sa'nok --- Mother Tukru ------- Spear Taronyu - Hunter Sempul ----- Father tsmuke -- sister hu ---------- with tsmukan - brother menari ----- eyes srak? ---- yes/no question indicator ke ------------ not tspang -- kill na ------------ like pa'li --- Direhorse 'itan --------- son Toruk --- Leonopteryx tsamsiyu --- warrior Makto --- Ride lu ------------- to be ----- Blue ean skxawng ---- moron txur ---- strong swizaw ------ arrow

Worksheet by Skxawng, with thanks to Omngum fau'uti, Taronyu, and Taronyuakawng

v3

Na'vi Affixes Subject/Object Fill- inthe-blanks

This worksheet will explain ergative, nominative, accusative, and topical case.

Cases
Navi uses what is called an ergative case system, found in only a few of Earths languages (like Basque). In this system, nouns are changed differently depending on the nature of the verb (this change is known as inflection). An intransitive verb, such as be, Navi lu, has no direct object: nothing is happening to anyone because of the verb. A transitive verb has a direct object, such as see, Navi kame. In Navi, this inflection means adding a suffix, depending on the nature of the verb and the nature of the noun in relation to the verb. A single verb can be transitive or intransitive, in certain settings. I love would be intransitive, because no one is loved: I love you is transitive, because you are loved. Transitivity depends on whether an object of the verb, a noun to which the verb is happening, is included in the sentance: this is called the direct object, which is in the accusative case. The subject is inflected using nominative case endings. For intransitive verbs, the subject of the verb is not inflected: in transitive verbs, the subject (called the agent in linguistic jargon, but only for transitive verbs) is inflected. Nouns and adjectives are not inflected,1 when the subject is equated to another word using an intransitive verb, such as in The tree is yellow, or words governed by a preposition, like in Navi. Because of these cases, word order is not fixed, and can be entirely variable. However, remember that the direct object, in the accusative case, has to be in the sentence for the verb to be transitive. Some examples: Oe - taronyu I (subj.) hunter (pred.) I am a hunter. lu. be (intr.)

Oe l nga ti kameie. I (agent) you (d.o.) see (trans.) I see you. The subject does not receive the ergative case marker l, when there is no direct object. The direct object always gets the accusative case marker ti, when it exists. Ditransitive verbs, such as give, Navi tng, which may have an indirect object in the dative case (think of the thing which is given), do not change the nature of the subject/agent marker, such that: Oe l kong ti I (agent) fruit (d.o.) I give the fruit to you. nga ru you (ind.obj.) tng. give (trans.)

This is certainly the case for adjectives: I assume it is the case for nouns. -Taronyu

There is one final marker to concern yourself with: the topic marker, -ri. This is used to introduce a topic of conversation. The first mention of a topic in a paragraph would use the topic marker, and this would replace the blank or l subject marker. Think of it as if you were talking to a friend about Avatar: the first time you mention Avatar, you would add a ri ending to it, to make sure that the friend understand that the next few sentences are going to be talking about Avatar, and not, say, Jake Sully, or how awesome Frommer is. The next few times you say Avatar, you dont need to add the ri ending. The topic doesnt have to just replace the subject it can go on the end of any noun in the sentence. Thus: Oe - ri kongit ngaru tng. Oe - l kongit yom. Kong - asltsan lu. I (topic) give a fruit to you. I (agent) eat a fruit. The fruit (subject) is good. You can see that the second occurrence of oe does not take the topic marker.

Case markers:
l, l it,t,ti ru ri, ri Subject of intransitive verb: not marked. Agent of transitive verb. Ergative case. Direct Object of transitive verb. Accusative case. Indirect Object. Dative Case. Topic.

Youll notice that three of these have two possibilities. These are known as allomorphs of each other: they occur at different times, depending on their context. If a noun ends in a vowel, it will take the suffix that begins with a consonant. If a noun ends in a consonant, it will take the suffix that begins with a vowel. Thus: Oe-ri And Taron-ri Taron-it Taron-l Oe-t (or ti) Oe-l

And thats pretty much all there is to it. Some terms we defined: Accusative: The case for the Direct Object of a verb. Agent: The noun which enacts a transitive verb. Dative: The case for the indirect object of a verb. Direct Object: The noun which the verb affects. Ditransitive: A verb which needs both an object and an indirect object. Ergative: The case for the topic of a verb. Indirect Object: The noun that is not directly affected by a verb. Inflection: A change to a noun to mark its function in the sentence. Intransitive: A verb which only needs a subject. Nominative: The case for the subject or agent of a verb. Subject: The noun which enacts a verb. Topic: A subject which will appear throughout several sentences. Transitive: A verb that needs a direct object. Suffix: A ending attached to the end of a noun.

Fill in the Blanks with the appropriate affix below:

Ignore the topic marker, -ri, as these examples are self-contained. Leaving a blank may be the correct decision. Plurals will be covered later. 1.) Oe-__ taronyu-__ lu. I am a hunter. (2 pts) 2.) Nga-__ oe-__ ke txayngng. I will not leave you. (2 pts) 3.) Nga-__ Tawtute-__ txep-__ tng. You give the Sky-person fire. (3 pts) 4.) Navi-__ trol-__ rol. The people sing a song. (2 pts) 5.) Ikran-__ ke rol. The banshee does not sing. (1 pts) 6.) Oe-__ tarok-__ ke taron. I do not hunt the leonopteryx. (2 pts) 7.) Nga-__ kameie kong-__. You see a fruit. (2 pts) 8.) Ikran-__ m Iknimaya-__ tok. The banshee is in the Thundering Mountains. (2 pts) 9.) Poe-__ tspang fatukru-__. She kills with a spear. (2 pts) 10.) Poan-__ tarok-__ taron. A leonopteryx hunts him. (2 pts) Narrative: Oe-__ tarok-__ taron. Oe-__ ne ikran-__ k, s poan-__ oe-__ kame. Poan-__ tswon ne oe-__. Oe-__ ikran-__ kong-__ ting. Poan-__ kong__ ke yom. Ayoe-__ tsahaylu-__ si. Ayoe-__ tswon ne Inknimaya-__. Oe__ trol-__ rol. Trol-__ asltsan lu. Ayoe-__ tarok-__ ke kame. Poan-__ m Iknimaya-__ ke tok. Oe-__ s ikran-__ txayngng. Oe-__ tarok-__ taron, s oe-__ taronyu-__ asltsan lu. I hunt the leonopteryx. I go to the ikran, and he sees me. He flies to me. I give the ikran a fruit. He does not eat the fruit. We make the bond. We fly to the Thundering Mountains. I sing a song. The song is good. We do not see a leonopteryx. He is not in the Thundering Mountains. The ikran and I will not leave. I hunt leonopteryx, and I am a good hunter. (25 pts)

Answers:
1.) Oe- taronyu- lu. 2.) Nga-ti oe-l ke txayngng. 3.) Nga-l Tawtute-ru txep-it tng. 4.) Navi-l trol-it rol. 5.) Ikran- ke rol. 6.) Oe-l tarok-it ke taron. 7.) Nga-l kame kong-it. 8.) Ikran- m Iknimaya- tok. 9.) Poe- tspang fa tukru- . 10.) Poan-ti ikran-l taron. Narrative: Oeri (or l) tarokit taron. Oe- ne ikran- k, s pol oeti kame. Poan- tswon ne oe-. Oel ikranru kongit tng. Poanl kongit ke yom. Ayoe- tsahaylu- si. Ayoe- tswon ne Iknimaya-. Oel trolit rol. Trol- asltsan lu. Ayoel tarokit ke kame. Poan- m Iknimaya- ke tok. Oe- s ikran- txayngng. Oel tarokit taron, s oe- taronyu- asltsan lu.

Words Used: asltsan adj. good ayoe n. we fa prep. with ikran n. banshee k v. go kameie v. see ke not kong n. a type of fruit Iknimaya n. the Thundering Mountains lu v. be, is the same as m prep. in Navi n. the People Ne prep. towards, to nga n. you oe n. I po n. he, she rol v. sing si v. make, do s conj. and tarok n. leonopteryx taron v. hunt taronyu n. hunter Tawtute v. Sky-person tng v. give trol n. song tok v. be, exists tsahaylu n. bond tspang v. kill tswon v. fly tukru n. spear txayngng v. will not leave txep n. fire yom v. eat

Worksheet by Taronyu.

Na'vi Infixes Fill-in-the-blanks

This worksheet will explain verbal tenses.

The Infixes
Verbs inflect for tense depending on when a sentence is supposed to occur. There are five tenses in Navi. Two are past tense: one for immediate past, <m> think of just happened- and the other for distant past, <am>. There are also two future tenses: again, one for imminent future <y> and one for further off in the future, <ay>. These are easy to remember: the ones father away have /a/, the ones closer to the present, which is unmarked, have //. These inflections occur in certain places within a verb in the case of tense, the place is the penultimate syllable. That means the second to last one which, in most cases, will be the first. If the verb only has one syllable, then it is marked in that one syllable. The infix, as the tense inflection is called, because it is fixed in the verb, goes between the first consonant, or consonant cluster, of a syllable and the vowel. This may seem a bit complicated, but its easier in practice. Some examples of position: tok + <am> = t<am>ok was taron + <y> = t<y>ar<ei>on will hunt soon (positive) kllkulat + <ay> = kllk<ay>ul<ng>at will dig up (negative) Note how the infix did not go between k and the syllabic ll because there were three syllables, and it always goes on the second to last. Dont worry about the definitions of the second infixes yet. Now, there are some more infixes that one must worry about because they do come up. These are the perfective <ol> and the imperfective <er>.1 These go in the same position as the tense infixes. The perfective aspect doesnt seem to have a problem because weve only attested it alone: it denotes a task which was completed in the past. T<am>aron could be I hunted, but that hunt might still be going on: T<ol>aron means I have hunted, and now that act is over. <er> is a bit trickier: it denotes continuing action, like teraron, I am hunting. In the present tense, it is just <er>. In the past tense, it is an infix within the other infix: So, <m> becomes <<r>m>, and <am> becomes <a<r>m>. Luckily those are the only attested forms, and they are easy to remember. Finally, there is <ei> and <ng>. If youve come this far, you should know that the first means the speaker is happy about the verb (linguistic term laudative), and the latter means that the speaker is not happy (pejorative). These go in the final syllable, between the initial consonant and the vowel, just as before. Thus Oe-l nga-ti kam<ei>e, I see you. Or, Oe-l ke n<ng>ew tsahaylu si nantang-hu, I do not want to make tsahaylu with a viperwolf. This sentence also reminds us not to ignore dipthongs: new is not dysllabic, like the old form for the word, ne.u, is. Indifference to the verb is not marked. Words like infinitives, to stay, or gerunds, ttaron the hunt, do not inflect.

There are others: one of them, the subjunctive <iv>, is mentioned here. However, we cannot be sure of any of the others yet, not until we get more data, so dont worry about them. I also wont tell you about <us> in this worksheet (or any).

And so, once more: In the penultimate syllable: Tense: <ay> Future (FUT) <y> Near Future (N.FUT) <-> Present (unmarked) <m> Near Past (N.PAST) <am> Past (PAST) Aspect: <ol> Perfective Past (PERF.) <er> Imperfective Present (IMPF.) <<r>m> Imp. Near Past (IMPF.N.PAST) <a<r>m> Imp. Past (IMP.PAST) In the ultimate syllable: Affect: <ei> Laudative (LAUD) <ng> Pejorative (PEJ)

Fill in the Blanks with the appropriate affix below:

1.) Oe sltsan taronyu ___. (2 pts) I am-(LAUD) a hunter. Use lu. 2.) Ngati oel ke _____, sl ke tsun oe _____ ____. (6 pts) I will not leave (PEJ) you, but I am not able to stay (PEJ). Use txng, awn, and lu. 3.) Ngal Tawtuteti txepri ____. (2 pts) You are giving (IMP)(LAUD) the Sky-person fire. Use tng. 4.) Navil trolti _____. (2 pts) The people sang a song. Use rol. 5.) Palulukan _____ nwin. (2 pts) The thanator was recently running (LAUD) fast. Use tul. 6.) Oel tarokri ke _____, na ha ____ pol oet. (4 pts) I will not soon hunt the leonopteryx, as in that case he will hunt me. Use taron. 7.) _____ ngal kongti, ulte set poti ____. (4 pts) You did see a fruit (PERF), and now you are eating it (IMPF. LAUD). Use tsea, yom 8.) Ikranit m Iknimaya ____, eo krrpe ne Urar nem _____. (4 pts) The banshee was flying (IMPF) in the Thundering Mountains, before the time when he came back to the eerie. Use tswon, zau. 9.) Pol ______ nftue fa tukru yerikti, ulte poy nfmetokil awti Naviy ____. (4 pts) She recently killed a hexapede (LAUD) with a spear easily, and her test will soon make (LAUD) her one of the people. Use tspang, si.

Narrative: (Have fun. 20 pts) M krr pehrr ________ txana trolol awvea aytroly, sempull oey tarokit _________. _________ poanl mesyalfa Eyway, ftu leikrana Navi ne Iknimaya, ulte frapol mikyun _________ poany tslusamit. Sl oeri, kxenerti __________, ulte ntxana skxawng _________ lok Tsahk. Sl ayfmawn ___________ uniltrantokx, ulte oe _________ yern ne tsafya. Pehrr krrl oey _________, __________ kewongy ayluti. Tsun poanhu nngls pivngkxo a fu oeru prrtxe _________! In the time when the great singing of the first songs was beginning (PAST IMPF: use sngi), my father rode (PAST PERF LAUD: use makto) a tarok. He flew (PAST: use tswon) with the wings of Eywa, from the ikran Navi to the Thundering mountains, and all listened (PERF LAUD: use tng) to his wisdom. As for me, I just ate (NEAR PAST: use yom) a fruit, and was (NEAR PAST PEJ: use lu) a moron near the Tsahk. But the news (PRES IMPF LAUD: use peng) tells of a dreamwalker, and soon Ill go (NEAR FUT LAUD: use k) that way. When my time will come (NEAR FUT: use zau), I will learn (FUT LAUD: use nume) the aliens words. It will be (FUT LAUD) a pleasure to be able to speak with him in English!

Answers:
1.) Oe slstan taronyu l<ei><>u. 2.) Ngari oel ke tx<ay><ng>ng, sl tsun ke oe l<><ng>u <><>awn. 3.) Ngal Tawtuteti txepri t<er><ei>ng. 4.) Navil trolti r<am><>ol. 5.) Palulukan t<a<r>m><ei>ul nwin. 6.) Oel tarokri ke t<y>ar<>on, na ha t<ay>ar<>on pol oet. 7.) Ts<ol>e<>a ngal kongti, ulte set poti y<er><ei>om. 8.) Ikranit m Iknimaya tsw<a<r>m><>on, eo krrpe ne Urar nem z<ol>a<>u. 9.) Po tsp<m><ei>ang nftue fa tukru, ulte poy nfmetokil awti Naviy s<y><ei>i. NARRATIVE:
M krr pehrr sng<a<r>n><>i txana trolol awvea aytroly, sempull oey tarokit m<ol>akt<ei>o. Tsw<ol><>on poanl mesyalfa Eyway, ftu leikrana Navi ne Iknimaya, ulte frapol mikyun t<ol><ei>ng poany tslusamit. Sl oeri, kxenerti y<m><>om , ulte ntxana skxawng

l<m><ng>u lok Tsahk. Sl ayfmawn p<er><ei>ng uniltrantokx,

ulte oe k<y><ei> yern ne tsafya. Pehrr krrl oey z<y>a<>u,

n<ay>um<ei>e kewongy ayluti. Tsun poanhu nngls pivngkxo a

fu oeru prrtxe l<ay><ei>u!

Worksheet by Taronyu. Edited by Alm Tsamsiyu.

Na'vi Grammar 1.7: Lenition

Lenition seems
like a pretty scary, confusing thing. Its actually pretty simple and straightforward. Basically, after certain adpositions and prexes, 8 of the 20 consonants mutate into a different consonant: px ------> p tx ------> t kx ------> k p ------> f t ------> s ts ------> s k ------> h ' ------> remember, ' is the glottal stop, or basically the closing of your glottis, like the hyphen in 'uh-oh'.

indicates nothing ... so the glottal stop becomes nothing. Also important to remember that the letters lenit only once. so Px, once it changes to P, does not then change to F. Only the unlenited P changes to F. And thats basically it!

What triggers lenition?

Lenition in Na'vi is triggered by two things: Adpositions, and Prexes. An adposition is a generic term for a preposition*. A preposition is a part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase, which includes the preposition, and indicates a grouping of words. For example, in the sentence "the cat sleeps on the sofa" the prepositional phrase would be "on the sofa" and the preposition would be 'on.' The most commonly used prepositions in the english phrase are: "of", "to", "in", "for", "with" and "on"

*-In linguistics there are three variants of adpositions; prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions. but the one that is most relevant to us in learning na'vi as far as lenition goes is the preposition, as lenition is triggered when something comes before the leniting consonant.

A Prex is an addition to the beginning (hence "pre") a word to modify or inect its meaning. Not all prexes are lenitive prexes. In grammatical notation for the Na'vi language, most prexes are indicated with a hyphen after the prex, such as in t-rey (life.) Prexes that are lenitave, are indicated by the + symbol instead of a hyphen, like ay+nga (you inclusive). Example: Supposing I want to make Taryonyu (hunter) plural, I'd need to use ay+. ay+taronyu Since the T in taronyu is a lenitiave consonant, the t would change: ay+saronyu which would be correct. With ay+ in particular, you don't need to include the ay+ after lenition happens, So equally correct would be just simply: saronyu If however you want to make Taronyu (hunter) dual, I'd then use Me+ me+taronyu As with ay+, me+ is lenitave (as can be seen by the + symbol) so the t would change: me+saronyu but one could NOT drop the me+ because otherwise it would then be indistinguishable from ay+ As it stands, there are currently four lenitive prexes*: Ay+ (plurality) Me+ (dual) Pxe+(Trial) Pe+ (what) ... And one adposition that lenits, but ONLY as a preposition. M+ "in" the adposition M does not attach to the beginning of the word it modies, only after as it is an adposition and not a prex.

*- there might be more lenitive prexes, but as of 02/01/2010, only those four are for sure.

Combine the following words and prexes correctly.

Try not to look back on the list!

1.)Ay+Tsamsiyu --> _____________ Warriors 2.)Me+Nari --> _____________ Two eyes 3.)Pe+utral --> _____________ What tree? 4.) Me+Taronyu --> _____________ Two Hunters 5.) Ay+tsmukan --> _____________ Brothers 6.) M+hrrap --> _____________ in danger 7.)Ay+pa'li --> _____________ direhorses 8.) m+txopu --> _____________ In fear 9.) pe+pxun --> _____________ what arm? 10.) ay+karyu --> _____________ teachers 11.) ay+tsap'alute --> _____________ apologies 12.) me+kxetse --> _____________ two tails

Look for Lenitave errors in the following phrases, and rewrite them correctly.
--not all have them though! 13.) Ngey aytsmukan uernil metxon Your brothers were dreaming for two nights! _____________________________________________ 14.) Petsmukeri pxuny mepxuntil what sister's arm had two elbows?? _____________________________________________ 15.) peyfa ngey aysmukan rey mtxopu? how do your brothers live in fear? _____________________________________________ 16.) Utral metangek the tree has two trunks _____________________________________________ 17.) Oey aypa'liru ke lu mekxetse My direhorses do not have tails _____________________________________________ 18.) Poe lu ftu mehifkey he is from two worlds _____________________________________________ 19.) Pekrr nga holahaw? what time did you fall asleep? _____________________________________________ 20.) Meikran tswayon mkxam meutral the two ikran y between two trees _____________________________________________

Answers: 1.)Ay+Tsamsiyu --> aysamsiyu, or samsiyu warriors 2.)Me+Nari --> Menari two eyes 3.)Pe+utral --> Peutral What Tree? 4.) Me+Taronyu --> Mesaronyu Two Hunters 5.) Ay+tsmukan --> Aysmukan, or Smukan Brothers 6.) M-hrrap --> Mhrrap with danger 7.)Ay+pa'li --> ayfa'li or fa'li direhorses 8.) m+txopu --> m topu in fear 9.) ay+pxun --> aypun, or pun Arms 10.) ay+karyu --> ayharyu, or haryu teachers 11.) ay+tsap'alute --> aysap'alute or sap'alute apologies 12.) me+kxetse --> meketse two tails 13.) Ngey aytsmukan uernil metxon Ngey aysmukan uernil meton Your brothers were dreaming for two nights! 14.) Petsmukeri pxuny mepxuntil Pesmukeri pxuny mepuntil what sister's arm had two elbows?? 15.) peyfa ngey aysmukan rey m txopu? peyfa ngey aysmukan rey m topu? how do your brothers live in fear? 16.) Utral metangek Utral mesangek the tree has two trunks 17.) Oey aypa'liru ke lu mekxetse Oey ayfa'liru ke lu meketse My direhorses do not have tails 18.) Poe lu ftu mehifkey Poe lu ftu mehifkey he is from two worlds 19.) Pekrr nga holahaw? Pehrr nga holahaw? what time did you fall asleep? 20.) Meikran tswayon m kxam meutral Meikran tswayon m kam meutral the two ikran y between two trees

Words used: lu - to be ke - not Taron - Hunt (taronyu = hunter) Tsam - war 'it - child smuk - sibling T Ikran - Mountain Banshee ean - Blue pa'li - direhorse tspang - Kill yom - eat tswayon - y tukru - spear ftang - stop mikyun - ear plltxe - speak Toruk -Leonopteryx kelku - home txon - night unil - - dream pxun - arm pxuntil - elbow txopu - fear peyfa - how tangek - trunk (tree) kxetse - tail kifkey - world hahaw - sleep utral - tree kxam - center

Worksheet by Skxawng

v3

Final Exam
This is an easy crossword puzzle. We even filled it in for you. Then some jerk in accounting thought that was far too simple, and he pasted white circles over various letters so that you would have to fill in each missing letter to solve this puzzle. Feel free to use the Navi word list or dictionary if you get stuck (this is an open book test), but try filling in the letters of the words you recognize first. You might be surprised how much you know.