Cambridge 8, page-30

Question: The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive.
The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s. Summarize the
information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write up: The pie chart depicts the major drivers of worldwide land degradation, while the table depicts
how these causes impacted Europe, Oceania, and North America throughout the 1990s.
Overall, it is clear that overgrazing, deforestation, and over-farming are the primary causes of land
degradation. Furthermore, in terms of proportion, Europe was the most affected region, while North
America was the least.
Looking at the pie chart in more details, it is can be seen that land becomes infertile mainly due to
excessive animal grazing (35%), followed by cutting down of woodlands (30%) and over-cultivation
(28%). The other causes put together account for the rest 7%.
According to the table, three different causes were the main factors land infertility in three areas. Europe
affected land area stood at 23%, which was mainly caused by deforestation (9.8%). 13% of land in
Oceania was affected primarily degraded by over-grazing (11.3%). By contrast, only 5% of North
America had suffered most from over-cultivation (3.3%).
Cambridge 9, test -1, page-30

The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist facilities.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The two maps show the same island while first one is before and the second one is after the
making for tourism.
In summary, a number of new facilities have been constructed on the island. In addition, at
present the island is accessible and tourists have somewhere to stay and dine.

Before any development work done on the island, it had some palm trees dotted around. The
approximated 250-meter-long island had a beach to the western tip but no one was there to use it.

Moving on to the second map, there are lots of hut into the island. There are two
accommodations, one is the west near the beach while the other one is on the middle of the
island. Between them, there is also a restaurant in the north and a central reception block, which
is surrounded by a vehicle track. This track also goes down to the pier, where ships can dock.
Furthermore, tourists can swim near the beach in the west. A footpath connecting the western
accommodation units also lead to the beach.
Cambridge 9, test -2, page-53

The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls In the UK, divided into
three categories, from 1995&2002.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The chart shows how much time people in the UK spent making three types of phone calls
between 1995 and 2002.
Overall, it is clear that the number of minutes of local fixed-line was highest throughout the
period, while mobiles (all calls) were lowest over the 8-year period.
local fixed line increased gradually and peaked at 90 minutes billions in 1999, before falling
considerably in the next year. the number of minutes of call local reached the lowest at 72
minutes billions in 1995 and 2002.
Regarding national and international fixed line calls, less than 40 billion were spent in 1995.
Over the next eight years, time spent on this type continued to increase gradually and reaching
more than 60 billion at the end of the period.
By contrast, mobiles increased moderately from 3 to 10 minutes billions from 1995 to 1999,
before climbing rapidly in the following year. the number of minutes of mobiles reached the
highest in 40 minutes billions in 2002.
Cambridge 9, test -3, page-76

The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Yemen and Italy in 2000
and projections for 2050.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The pie charts illustrate the information about the percentage population of ages for Yemen and
Italy in 2000 and estimations for 2050.
Overall, it is clear that the average of the people of Italy was higher than that of Yemen in 2000
and this is expected to be the case in 2050.
Regarding Yemen, more than half of its citizenry (50.1%) were 0-14 years of age in 2000,
compare to 46.3% falling between 15 and 59 years. Only 3.6% were 60 or above. But by 2050, it
projected that the proportion of people below 15 will shrink to 37%. By contrast, those between
15-59 and 60 or above will increase to 57.3% and 5.7% respectively.
However, in 2000, in Italy only 14.3% of people were below 15. Almost two thirds (61.6%) had
ages from 15 to 59 wile above a quarter (24.1%) were more than 59. In contrast, it is projected
that in 2050 aged people will almost double (42.3%) while the shares of people below 15 will
decrease further to 11.5%.
Cambridge 9, test -4, page-101

The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the USA
since 1980 with projections until 2030.

Summaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The graph provides information from a 2008 report on consumption of energy in the USA from
1980 to 2030.

Overall, across these years, US energy consumption will grow, with petrol and oil, coal and gas
being the most used sources.

Throughout this period, most energy comes from petrol and oil, at 35 quadrillion units in 1980,
compare to around 50 quadrillion units in 2030. 20 and just above 15 quadrillion units of energy
sourced from natural gas and coal in 1980. Since then, coal continued to be used more, passed
natural gas in 2015 and expected to provide more than 30 quadrillion units in 2030. Energy from
gas on the other hand remain stable at 25 quadrillion from 2015 to 2030.

By contrast, only a tiny amount of energy came from nuclear, solar/ wind and hydropower in
1980, at 4 units each. By 2030, overall situation will not change much, although nuclear and
solar/ wind will increase to 8 and 6 units respectively, whereas hydro is expected to remain at 4
units from 2010 to onwards.
Cambridge 10, test -1, page-30

The first chart below shows how energy is used in an average Australian household. The second
chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The two pie charts provided reveal household energy usage proportion and greenhouse gas
emissions in Australia.

Overall, the largest consumed energy percentage comes from heating but the household gas
emissions do not come from heating, it is produced from others frequent household energy.

As of Australian household energy use, most of the energy is spent on heating, with 42%,
followed by water heating, which accounted for 30%. Energy used for refrigeration, lighting and
cooling are 7% and 4% and 2% respectively. 15% of energy usage is used for other appliances.

As of greenhouse gas emission, though heating is the most frequent energy use, its greenhouse
gas emissions contribution was only 15%, approximately a third of its household use. Heating
water produced the highest greenhouse gas emission with 32%. Interestingly, the other
insignificant energy usage was responsible for the largest greenhouse gas emissions, with an
amount of 53% in total. Taking refrigeration as an example, it created 14%, which was double
compared to its household usage rate. The greenhouse gas emissions from cooling, lighting and
other appliances are 3%, 8% and 28% in turn.
Cambridge 10, test -2, page-54

Tables give information about sales of fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in
five European countries.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The two tables give information on sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in the
UK, Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium and Sweden.
Overall, it is clear that across these years, coffee sales increased in the five countries, whereas banana
sales grew only in Switzerland, the UK and Belgium.
Regarding coffee sales, between 1999 and 2004, the figure in the UK grew from 1.5 million euros to 20
million euros, which was the massive increased. Sales figure Switzerland doubled from 3 million to 6
million euros. Denmark also reported a grow, from 1.8 million to 2 million. The increases in Belgium and
Sweden were 1-7.7 and 0.8 to 1 million euros respectively.
About sales of bananas, Switzerland had more than the refold increased (15-47 million euros) between
these years. The growth in the UK and Belgium was also high, from 1-5.5 and from 0.6 -4 million euros
respectively. By contrast figures in Sweden by 1.1 million (from2 million).
Cambridge 10, test -3, page-77

The charts below show what UK graduate and postgraduate students who did not go into full-time work
did after leaving college in 2008.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The charts show what UK graduate and postgraduate not starting full-time employment did after they
left college in 2008.

Overall, it is clear that destination patterns for both group of students were quite similar, with further
study being the top choice.

Regarding what the graduates did almost 30,000 of them choice to do more study, compare to 18,735
who did part-time work. More than 16000 candidates could not find any employment. By contrast, only
a small number at 3500, involved themselves in voluntary work.

As far as the destination of UK past graduates excluding full-time employment is concerned, the number
of more study and part-time work were very close, at 2,725 and 2,535 respectively. The number of those
who were not offered any job stood at 1,625. However, only 354 of them took part in voluntary work.
Except part-time work, the number of graduates was almost ten times higher than of past graduates in
the charts.
Cambridge 10, test -4, page-101

The diagrams show the life cycle of large species fish which is called salmon.
Overall, salmon pass three important stages in their life of them the first two are spent in freshwater while
the last one is lived in salt water.
Salmon starts their journey from the upper riverbed in the first stage of the process, where they spend
nearly half a year and maintain together tiny stones, including hatch. During that time, female salmon
mate with male partners and expand all eggs into tiny offspring. Then, young salmon eggs hatch into fish
that grow to a length of 3 to 8 centimeters and spend a considerable amount of time in the freshwater,
where they feed on various kinds of aquatic insects. This process takes about four years in the lower river.
After that, they achieve "smolt" size, which is between 12 and 15 centimeters, and this is their final period
in river water.

The adult salmon obtain their largest size and peak maturity at 70–76 centimeters in the final stage. At
this time, they move into salt water in the open sea and spend the next five years preparing to reproduce,
lay eggs, and regenerate a new species. As a result, they have been processing their cycle in this way and
after becoming a skeleton for roughly 5-7 years.
Cambridge 11, test -1, page-30

The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of the
world.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The charts compare the proportion of water which is used for agricultural, industrial and
domestic purpose in six regions in the world.
Overall, apart from North America and Europe where industry dominate water use, the other
regions consumer most water farming. In addition, North America and Europe follow similar
patterns in terms of water use.
In North America and the Europe, the major use of water is industry, approximately half of the
whole (48% and 53%), followed by that of agriculture, which occupied more than one-third of
the total. By contrast, the using of water resources for residents is the least, with only 14% and
15% respectively, which still largely exceed the figures for the other four nations.
In other four countries, water using for agriculture holds the most part, each having around 80%,
and even the least, the date for South America still has 71%. In correspondence, no more than
10% domestic use in Central Asia and Southeast Asia, and these areas even use less water in
industry which about 5% to 12%. While people in South America have a highest percentage of
water in four countries, which is 19%, it still only has 10% in industrial use.
Cambridge 11, test -2, page-54

The charts below show the proportions of British students at one university in England who were able to
speak other languages in addition to English, in 2000 and 2010.

The given two circular graph illustrations the information regarding the percentages of the British
students who were prefer to speak other languages rather than English at one university in England in two
different years 2000 and 2010.
Overall, it is clear that in 2000 and 2010, the percentage of British students were highest who were able to
speak Spanish only. Whereas, the proportion of students were least who prefer to talk in two other
languages in 2000. But, in 2010, the proportion was same those who speak French, German and Spanish
language.
In 2000, 10% of British students were able to speak in two other languages and German only than English
respectively. The proportion of British students was similar who prefer to speak in another language and
French only. Less than half quarter of British students able to talk no other language while 30% of British
students prefer to speak in Spanish only.
Moving Further, in 2010, the percentage of British students increased by 5% and reached to 35% who
were able to speak Spanish only rather than English. The proportion of British students were same which
was 10% who able to speak no other language, French and German only respectively. However, the
proportion of British students also upsurged by 5% and reached to 20% and 15%, who prefer to speak
another language and two other languages respectively.
Cambridge 11, test -3, page-77

The line graph illustrates how much carbon dioxide was produced by each individual in four
different countries during the period from 1967 to 2007.
Overall, there was a general downward trend in the amount of CO2 in both the UK and Sweden,
whereas Italy and Portugal showed a reverse pattern. It is also clear that Sweden experienced a
dramatic change in CO2 emissions compared to the other countries.
In the first year, British residents emitted approximately 11 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide,
followed by a continuous decrease to end at around 8.5. Over the same period, the total output of
CO2 in Sweden started at over 8 metric tonnes, after which its figure increased noticeably to hit
its highest point of just over 10 metric tonnes in the following ten years before witnessing a
tremendous fall to roughly 5.5 at the end of the period.
More than 4 metric tonnes were the average amount of CO2 in the Italy at the beginning, which
was nearly three times as high as that of Portugal. Afterwards, the figures for these two countries
went up continually to under 8 and 5 metric tonnes respectively in 1997. Ten years later, there
was no change in CO2 emissions for the former.
Cambridge 11, test -4, page-100

The table below shows the numbers of visitors to Ashdown Museum during the year before and the year
after it was refurbished. The charts show the result of surveys asking visitors how satisfied they were with
their visit, during the same two periods.

The table provides information about the number of Ashdown Museum visitors before and after the
refurbishment process. Meanwhile, the pie charts compare visitors’ satisfaction during the periods.
Overall, it is clear that the figure for the visitor after the museum was renovated increased significantly,
and the satisfaction of visitors also showed a significant rise.
Looking for the table, before the renovation process took place, as many as 74000 people had visited the
museum, and then after the process was done, the number of Ashdown Museum visitors increased by
18000 people.
Moving to the graphs, about 45% in total of the museum visitors felt satisfied and very satisfied, and the
figure then showed an exponential increase to 75% in the latter year after the refurbishment process was
done. Furthermore, another significant change was also seen in the number of dissatisfied visitors with
almost a third of Ashdown Museum visitors feeling dissatisfied before the renovation of the museum
compared to 15% of people who voiced out a similar opinion. The rest categories (very dissatisfied and
no response) were accounted for a minority in both periods.
Cambridge 12, test -5, page-27

The bar graph illustrates the proportion of males and females in Australia that were involved in
frequent physical activity in 2010 across different age groups.
Overall, the percentage of men involved in regular exercise is lower across majority of the age
groups when compared to the proportion of women who did physical activity often.
In the youngest age category (15 to 24), almost 53% of Australian men but only 47.7% of
women did regular physical activity in 2010. However, between the ages of 25 and 44, men were
much less active on average than women. In fact, in the 35 to 44 age group, a mere 39.5% of
males did some form of regular exercise, compared to 52.5% of females.
Between the ages of 45 and 64, the figure for male physical activity rose to around 45%, while
the proportion of active females remained around 8% higher, at 53%. Finally, the percentages of
Australian women and men aged 65 and over who exercised regularly were almost identical, at
approximately 47%.
Cambridge 12, test -6, page-50

The maps below show the centre of a small town called Islip as it is now, and plans for its development.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.

The two maps show how the center of small town which is call Islip look now and how it will look after
development.
Overall, it is clear that Islip town will expand in size and a number of new features, such as a bus station,
shopping center (etc.) will built.
At present, the town center has a main road, with two sets small shops on its two sides. The northern part
is countryside, while the south has two housing areas. Both a school and a park in south are accessible
from the main road.
However, the countryside will be part of the centre and the whole town will be surrounded by a dual
carriageway. The main road will be used only by pedestrians. Shops in the south will remain but northern
areas will be converted into a bus station, a big shopping center, a car park and a new housing. In addition
to the old housing in south, one more new housing will be construed. Also, school and park will stay in
their current location but they will be accessed from carriageway.
Cambridge 12, test -7, page-50

The chart below shows how frequently people in the USA ate in fast food restaurants between 2003 and
2013.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The bar chart illustrates the percentage of people who visited fast-food restaurants in a nation from
2003 to 2013.

Overall, the majority of people consumed fast food once a week or once or twice a month, whereas the
consumption of fast food on a daily basis followed a downward trend.

Regarding once a week, more than 30% of people ate fast food in 2003. Consequently, in 2006, there
was a slight rise of 33%, which was followed by a sharp decline of 27%. Looking at the customers who
visit once or twice a month, 30% of people consumed fast food in 2003, and then, the percentage
plunged dramatically to 25% in 2006 before rising to 33% in 2013.

Turning to everyday and never, the figure for everyday consumption was 4% (2003), which was dropped
to 3% (2006) and remained constant. 5% of people did not consume fast food in 2003, and the
percentage fell to 4% in 2006 and 2013. The proportion of the remaining was from 13% to 20%.
Cambridge 12, test -8, page-92

The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce electricity.

The diagram shows how electricity is generated using the power of geothermal energy.

Overall, there are five distinct steps in the process, from the collection of cold water to the eventual
production of electricity in a power plant. Of the five steps, only two take places underground.

At first, cold water is pumped 4.5 kilometers down to the injection well through a pipe. Next, this water is
passed through geothermal zone where hot rocks heat the water. This heated water is then stored in the
production well. There are the first three stages.

Afterwards, hot water is brought up 4.5 kilometers and is stored in a condenser. Hot water becomes
steam. When enough steam is produced, it is allowed to spin the turbine, which is connected to a
generator. The force of the rotating turbine helps to generate electricity which is connected to the national
power grid via a number of cables.
Cambridge 13, test -1, page-29

The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The two maps show how road access to a city hospital change from 2007 to 2010.
Overall, a comparison of two maps show that the underwent significant developments over the
period sown, specifically with respect to road transport and infrastructure.
In 2007, people could go to the hospital from hospital road which was connected to city road.
There were three bus stops on each side of the hospital road. Both the members of public and
hospital staff used the same car park to the right the hospital road. The square shape city hospital
was surrounded by a ring road.
However, by 2010, there had been no changes made to the location of ring road, hospital road or
city road. But two roundabouts were added, at both ends of the hospital road. Left side bus stops
were gone and instead a big bus station was constructed. Also, the old car park was kept for the
staff use only. On the other hand, for the public was built to the right of the hospital building.
Cambridge 13, test -2, page-51

The chart below shows the percentage of households in owned and rented accommodation in
England and Wales between 1918 and 2011.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

The bar graph illustrates the proportion of households in own and rental accommodation in
England and Wales from 1918 to 2011.
Overall, there was a significant growth of households in owned accommodation and a dramatic
decline in rental accommodation over the given periods.
From the beginning, households of owned accommodation were only 22%, as opposed to rental
with 78%. Then the consecutive years, the graph remained the same with about 68% of own
accommodation and around 38% in rented. However, in 1971 households of both kind of
accommodation reached at the same level with 50%.
Nevertheless, for the following year the households proportion of rental accommodation declined
dramatically to 40%, which is 20% lower than the owned accommodation in 1981. Similarly,
after 20 years owned accommodation escalated considerably to 69% and rental accommodation
dropped to just above 30%. In addition, at the end of the period, owned accommodation and
rental accommodation was 65% and 38% respectively.
Cambridge 13, test -3, page-73

The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and consumption of electricity in
2014.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The bar graph illustrates the production and consumption of energy by 10 different countries in the year
2014.

Overall, it is clear that China and the United States produced and consumed more electricity than any
other countries. In addition, it can be seen that, in Germany the consumption of energy was higher than
production.

To begin, in 2014 around 5000 billion kwh of energy was produced and consumed in China, whereas, in
the US around 3000 billion kwh of electricity was consumed from the 4000 billion kwh of power
generated. In the third place was Russia, with production and consumption at around 1000 billion kwh.

The lowest figures in the top ten was seen in Korea with generation and usage at about 400 billion kwh,
which was about half of the fourth placed country Japan. In the 7th and 8th place France and Brazil
produced and consumed similar amount of power at around 550 billion kwh for production and 450
billion kwh for consumption. The production of electricity in India and consumption in Canada was
almost similar at approximately 600 billion kwh. Finally, Germany produced only 526.6 billion kwh o
power, but it consumed 581.5 billion kwh.
Cambridge 13, test -4, page-94

The plans below show the layout of a university’s sports centre now, and how it will look after
redevelopment.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The maps show the current design of a university sports center and a predicted layout for future
renovation.
Overall, a comparison between the two maps reveals a shift from a simple zone into a
complicated sports complex, with new facilities being added.
Looking into the maps, it is noticeable that the area of the center will be expanded, with two
outdoor courts being merged with the middle center forming a bigger landscape. Moreover, the
gym will be extended in length, with a new sports hall being erected beneath it. In the southeast
and southwest corner of the center, two changing rooms will be designed, with a sports shop and
a cafeteria being located along two sides of the entrance. The leisure pool will also be developed
on the west verge of the center, while two dance sports rooms will be constructed in the east of
the map. Lastly, there are only four features that will remain unchanged, namely the reception,
the changing room, the seating, and the 25-meter-long swimming pool.
Cambridge 14, test -1, page-29

The charts below show the average percentages in typical meals, of three types of nutrients, all of which
may be unhealthy if eaten too much.

The pie charts show the average proportions in daily meals of three kinds of vitamins, all of
which might be unhealthy if they are consumed too much.
Overall, it is clear that people in USA consume most sodium and fat at night whereas added
sugar at snacks. By contrast, breakfast contains the lowest proportions of all three nutrients.
Regarding sodium intake, 43% of it is eaten at dinner, followed by 29% at lunch. In addition,
snacks and breakfast each account for 14%.
People consume 37% of total saturated fat at the last meal of the day(dinner), compared to 26%
at lunch. Snacks include 21%. While the rest is taken in morning (16%).
However, when comes to eating added sugar, snacks contain most, at 42%. Another23% of it is
consumed at dinner in comparison with 19% which is taken at lunch. On the other hand, people
average consume 16% of added sugar at breakfast.
Cambridge 14, test -2, page-50

The chart below shows the value of one country’s exports in various categories during 2015 and 2016.
The table shows the percentage change in each category of exports in 2016 compared with 2015.

The bar graph compares the export earnings of one nation in five sectors in 2015 and 2016. While, the
table represents the percentage change in the amount of earning between 2015 and 2016.

Overall, it is clear that the petroleum and engineered goods contributed to the largest share of export
earnings, and the biggest change in export earnings was seen in textiles.

In terms of petroleum products and engineered goods were the main sources of earnings in 2016, which
were around 61 billion and 60 billion in 2015 for both categories, with an increased value of 3% and
8.5%.

On the other hand, agricultural products and textiles have increased by 0.81% and 15.24% of their
values, respectively, which were nearly 31 billion in 2015 and 32 billion in the following case of
agricultural items. Textiles earned around 33 billion in 2016, to the previous year of 28 billion.

However, gems and jewellery rates were downtrends at 5.18%. Although this category together earned
at 42 billion approximately in 2015, which almost decreased to 40 billion in the next year.
Cambridge 14, test -3, page-72

The diagram shows how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.

The diagram shows the process behind producing electrical energy in a hydroelectric power
station.
Overall, the electricity generation is broadly separated into day and night stages. The current
production starts by collecting water from a river in a reservoir and ends with the transmission of
electric currents through the national grid.
During the day, the water channeled from the river is stored in a high-level reservoir behind a
dam. When the dam opens, the water flows downhill into a power station where it turns
reversible to generate electricity. The power created is transferred to a generator and then to the
national grid via the power lines. The water runs from the power station into a low-level
reservoir and is kept until night time.
At night, when the demand is lower, the water in the low-level reservoir is pumped back into the
high-level one via the same route. It stays there as the dam is closed to be ready for the morning
process.
Cambridge 14, test -3, page-94

The plans below show a public park when it first opened in 1920 and the same park today.

The first picture illustrates the park in its opening in 1920 and the second one describes the public park
after the development these days.

Overall, it is clear that Grange Park experienced several changes in terms of facilities and infrastructure.
Besides, the plans were the emergence of water features and the disappearance of the fountain.

In 1920, the park was built two entrances in which are located in Arnold and Eldon Street near the
stages for musicians. In the middle of the picture, the fountain was constructed. There were lots of seats
and a rose garden around the surrounding. Pond for water plants was erected in the Northeast.

In recent years, the fountain is demolished to the replacement of the rose garden together with four
seats on both four sides. Amphitheatre for concerts appears to replace the stage for musicians. There is
the appearance of a cafe in the north. Seats in the west are destroyed to make the pave for the entrance
underground car park. In addition, a pond for water plants and a glasshouse are changed by the water
feature for entertainment purposes.
Cambridge 15, test -1, page-28

The chart below shows the results survey about people’s coffee and tea buying and drinking habits in
five Australian cities.

The bar chart shows a survey result about people’s coffee and tea buying and drinking habits in five
Australian cities.

Overall, it is clear that most people went to tea or coffee in all but one city. By contrast, buying fresh
coffee was the least of their choices in all cities.

Regarding visiting a café for tea or coffee, figures were much higher in Melbourne, at around 64%,
Hobart, at 64% and Sydney at 61%. However, 56% and almost 50% of respondents in Brisbane and
Adelaide respectively chose to visit a café.

About buying instant coffee, in four cities this was people second choice, with figure ranging from 46%
in Sydney to 56% in Hobart. But Adelaide, it was the respondents first choice at exactly 50%.

On the other hand, when it comes to purchasing fresh coffee. Sydney topped the chart at 44%, followed
by Melbourne 43% and Hobart 38%. Percentage in two cities were just below 35%.
Cambridge 15, test -2, page-49

The graph below shows the number of tourists visiting a particular Caribbean island between 1010 and
2017.

The line chart gives information about the total number of people visiting a Caribbean Island over a 7-
year period, as well as the number of two different types of visitors.

Overall, the total number and both types of visitors experienced an upward trend over time, while the
figure for visitors who stayed on cruise ships surpassed those staying on the island in 2016, becoming
the biggest group of visitors.

As the graph shows, the total number of visitors started at 1 million in 2010 and continued to grow
between 2010 and 2017. The figure reached a peak of 3.5 million in 2017. Similarly, starting at
approximately 0.25 million in 2010, the figure for visitors who stayed on cruise ships rose to 0.5 million
in 2011, followed by a slight decrease to 0.25 million in 2012. Afterward, it witnessed a steady increase
to 2 million in 2017.

By contrast, the number of visitors staying on the island stood at 0.75 million in 2010 and remained
constant in 2011. Then, it rose rapidly to 1.5 million in 2013 but leveled off between 2014 and 2015.
More visitors preferred staying on the island than on cruise ships before the decrease to 1.25 million in
2016. The figure subsequently rose to 1.5 million in 2017.
Cambridge 15, test -3, page-71

The diagram below shows how instant noodles are manufactured.

The process diagram shows how packets of instant noodles are made.

Overall, there are eight steps starting with flour being delivered and ending with noodles being put into
packets. In addition, five ingredients are used in the cups of noodles.

The first six steps involve making the noodles out of flour, water, and oil. First flour is delivered by trucks
and stored in silos. Then, the flour is put into a mixer along with water and cooking oil. Subsequently,
the mixture is rolled into sheets of dough. After this, the dough is cut into strips, which are then formed
into circular discs. Then, these discs are cooked in oil and then dried.

The final two steps involve packaging the noodles. In the first stage, the noodles are put into cups and
vegetables and spices are added. Subsequently, labels are added to the cups and then they are sealed,
which finishes the whole process.
Cambridge 15, test -4, page-93

The chart below shows what anthropology graduates from one university did after finishing their
undergraduate degree course. The table shows the salaries of the anthropologists in work after five
years.

The pie chart illustrates the initial employment status of students studying Anthropology from one
university after finishing their undergraduate degree courses while the table demonstrates their income
after 5 years’ work.

Overall, it can be seen clearly that full-time work was the most popular choice of Anthropology
graduates while just a few people chose part-time work together with postgrad study. It is also apparent
that the rate of earning high salaries when working for the government sector or freelance consultants
is higher than that of private companies.

There were 52% of people who decided to do full-time jobs after graduating. This figure was 37% higher
than part-time work which was the second-highest, ahead of unemployed with 12%. The percentage of
full-time postgrad study and unknown were the similar, at 8% and finally 5% combining part-time jobs
and higher education study.

Turning to the table, after 5 years’ work, 40% of Anthropology graduates working as freelance
consultants earned in both the range $75,000 – 99,999 and over $100,000. These figures for the
government sector are roughly the same except for $100,000+ with 50%. The rate of private-sector
employees salaries was seemed to gather in the middle range that 35% for $50, 00-74, 999, followed by
$100, 000+ at 30%, $75,000-99,999 at 25% and lastly $25,000-49,999 at 10%.
Cambridge 16, test -1, page-29

The charts below show the changes in ownership of electrical appliances and amount of time spent
doing housework and households in one country between 1920 and 2019.

The two graphs show the changes in ownership of there electrical appliances and number of house
which were spent doing household in a country from 1920 to 2019.

Overall, it is clear that household ownership of washing machine, refrigerator and vacuum clear
increased by different rates across the period. By contrast, the number of houses on housework
significantly decreased.

In 1920, every 40 families out of 100 owned a washing machine, compared to 30 with a vacuum cleaner.
On the other hand, close to zero family had a refrigerator. But with the time more and more families
started owning these items. By 1960, of household each had washing machine and vacuum cleaner
higher, at 90% ownership of refrigerator and vacuum cleaner reached 100% in 1980 and 2000
respectively and these figure stayed till 2019. However, in 2019, close to 75% of families had a washing
machine.

A family in 1920, spent 50 hours a housework per week. This number dropped to 20 hours in 1960 and
even further to only 11 hours in 2019.
Cambridge 16, test -2, page-52

The diagram below shows the manufacturing process for making sugar from sugar cane.

The diagram shows how sugar is manufactured from sugar cane.

Overall, there are seven distinct stages in the process, starting with growing sugar cane in the
field and ending with drying and cooling raw sugar. In addition, the whole work process requires
manual labour automation.
First, farmers grow sugar canes in their field. After 12-18 months in the field, the croups become
mature for harvesting, which can manually by hands. But in either case, the topmost part of crops
and leaves are removed. Step three involves crushing these canes into juice which in the next
step is purified using a limestone filter.
Then purified juice in a cylinder is heated and as a result through evaporation the juice becomes
syrup. Later a rotating centrifuge separates sugar crystals from syrup. Finally, these crystals are
kept in a big box where they are dried and cooled.
Cambridge 16, test -3, page-73

The plans below show the site of an airport now and how it will look after redevelopment next
year.

The two maps show the site of South Airport now and how it will change after development.

Overall, it is clear that the site will expand in size, with more gates and new facilities.

At present, Southwest Airport has eight gates in the north. Any departing passenger has to pass
through security passport control before reaching the departure lounge, which has one check-in
and a café. By contrast, the arriving lounge has no check-in or café. All arrivals only need to pass
passport control customs. Both departures and arrivals have one gate each.

However, after development, Southwest Airport will have a Y-shaped entrance with eighteen
gates instead of the eight at present. Also, rather than walking at present, in future, passengers
will use a sky train. There will be shops before the departure lounge, which will also have a bag
drop. In addition, inside the lounge, the check-in and café will check their location. Arriving
passengers will be able to hire cars, use ATM, and take coffee in their lounge, which they cannot
do now. Finally, departures and arrivals will have one extra gate each.
Cambridge 16, test -4, page-95

The diagram below shows the process for recycling plastic bottles.

The diagram illustrates how plastic bottles are recycled.

overall, it is clear that this circular process is comprised of three main stages including initial
collection and sorting, followed by processing and cleaning, and finally reconstruction into novel
materials for further uses.
In the first stage, collect plastic bottles from dustbin thrown by a citizen, this work is done by
trucks or lorry. In the third stage, the collected bottles sort in the recycling centre by labour. In
the next stage, those bottles are recyclable, and those make into blocks by compressing and later
crushed by a machine. As a result, they turn into plastic pieces that wash in water.
In the sixth stage, for producing plastic pellets grinding washed plastic pieces after that yield
specific heat. In the eighth stage, it becomes row material which uses for producing plastic items
or other products such as a t-shirt. After this stage, people throw the product into the dustbin
after usage, and the later process is the same.
Cambridge 17, test -1, page-28

The maps below show an industrial area in the town of Norbiton, and planned future development of
the site.

The maps illustrate an industrial area in Norbiton at the present and its development plan in the future.

Overall, the site will be converted from an industrial property into a housing property.

The industrial area is in the east outside of town. A roundabout in the center of the site interconnects
three factories while the other five connect via road on the far east side, and the river up north is
untouched.

The plan is to remove the factories and expand the road system by having one roundabout in the center
of the industrial land and adding a smaller one between the medical center and shops. A road will be
expanded in the northwest area for three housing areas and another three housing properties in the
east. The other housing areas will also be built around a playground and schools. Lastly, another road
will expand up north, extending over the river for additional housing.
Cambridge 17, test -2, page-50

The table and charts below give information on the police budget for 2017 and 2018 in one area of
Britain. The table shows where the money came from and the charts show how it was distributed.

The table illustrates how much money was contributed by different organizations, and the pie
charts give information about the percentage of the money spent in a particular area in the UK in
2017 and 2018.
Overall, the number of monies on the police budget had an upward trend. Salaries contributed to
the highest proportion while people spent the least money on technology.
The total money on the police budget accounted for 304.7m in 2017 and increased to 318.6m in
2018. The budget from the National Government steadily rose to 177.8m which was the highest
figure on the table. 2 times money more Local Taxes than other sources were contributed to the
police budget in 2017, and both slightly increased in 2018, at 102.3m and 38.5m respectively.
The majority of the police budget goes to salaries which were for officers and staff, dropping
slightly from 78% to 69%, but it remained the highest proportion on the chart. Buildings and
transportation spent the same percentage of money, at 17% while the figure for technology
significantly rose from 8% to 14%.
Cambridge 17, test -3, page-72

The chart below gives information about how families in one country spent their weekly income in 1968
and in 2018.

The bar graph compares the different weekly expenditures percentages of families in 1968 and 2018.

Overall, food had a higher rate, but after five decades, leisure and housing had more allocation on their
budget.

In 1968, thirty-five percent of the families’ income was spent on food weekly, but it was reduced to half
in 2018; a similar pattern with clothing and footwear expenses from 10% to 5%, respectively. The
budget for fuel and power was the lowest with only 6% in 1968, and it decreased by 2% in 2018.
Personal goods dropped from 8% to 4% while there were no changes for household goods.

Housing, which was only 10% of the families’ weekly expenses, increased to 19% in the last five decades.
Weekly costs on transport increased to 14%, a 6% increase. Leisure which was only 8% in 1968, doubled
in 2018, reaching 22%, which makes it the highest expenditure in 2018.
Cambridge 17, test -4, page-93

The graph below shows the number of shops that closed in the number of new shops that opened in
one country between 2011 and 2018.

The line graph illustrates how many stores ceased trading and opened in a particular nation from 2011
to 2018.

Overall, the number of closures and openings experienced a downward trend during the period with
significant fluctuations resulting in the lead changing several times.

Starting with closures, in 2011 they were lower than opens with approximately 6,500, then they
subsequently decreased to 6,000 in 2012, despite this, closures became higher. The figure reached a
peak of over 7,000 in 2013 and fell to around 6,600 in 2014. It then plummeted to just under 1,000 in
2015, returning to the lowest position but it subsequently soared back to the lead, reaching 5,000 by
2016, it remained steady to reach just over 5,000 by 2018.

Moving onto new stores, the figure was higher than opens in 2013 with about 8,500 and it fell to just
under 4,000 in 2012. There was a slight rise in 2013 and 2014 to 5,000 and just over 6,000, respectively
and then the figure fell back to around 4,000 for the next three years before ending up as the lower of
the two categories with 3,000 in 2018.
 Others
1. The chart below shows the percentage of adults of different age groups in the UK who
used the Internet everyday from 2003-2006. Summarize the information by selecting
and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

The bar graph provides the proportion of adults in five different age groups using the internet
between 2003 and 2006 in Great Britain.
Overall, it can be seen that most daily internet users are between 16 to 54 ages. Whereas
between 55 to 65+ age groups were most less using the internet each day.

Looking at the first age group in more detail, it is evident that the percentage of adults in the
16-24 ages group using the same internet in 2003 and 2004. In 2005, this figure increased
significantly by 100%, which was the highest value in the chart and this number decreased to
90% in 2006.

Turning to the remaining age groups, it can be seen that the age of 25-44 used the internet
from 50% to 80% between 2003 to 2006. There was a similar increase for 45 to 54 years old,
rising from 60% in 2003 to 80% in 2006. As for the other two groups, although the percentage
had minor fluctuation, the trend was upwards.
 2. The bar chart below shows about the average children born per woman in 5 countries
in 1970 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.

The bar graph provides the number of birth rate women from five countries, namely India,
Thailand, Mexico, Spain, and Somalia, in two separate years, 1970 and 2000.

Overall, it can be seen that the birth rate in India, Thailand, Mexico, and Spain appeared
effective in go downtrend, whereas Somalia showed go uptrend in the number of children born
per woman. Further, in Mexico, the birth rate did not change.

In 1970, the birth rate per woman in India was 5.2, which was the highest value on the chart.
Thailand nearly pursued it at 4.8 births per woman. On the other hand, Mexico, Spain, and
Somalia had between 2.8 and 3.1 births per woman.

In 2000, Somalia took the lead and had the highest number of childbirths per woman, 3.6
approximately. India and Mexico both had around 3 births per woman. Spain and Thailand had
between 1 and 2 children born per woman.
 3. The charts below show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to the Parkway
Hotel how they rated the hotel's customer service. The same questionnaire was given to
100 guests in the years 2005 and 2010.

The pie graphs provide visitors with results of a survey about the customer service at the
parkway hotel in two separate years, 2005 and 2010.
Overall, it can be seen that customer satisfaction increased considerably from 2005 to 2010. In
2005, most hotel guests rated customer service as satisfactory or poor. In contrast, most hotel
guests described it as good or excellent in 2010.
Looking at the pie chart in more detail, it is evident that the customer service, in 2005 only 5% of
the hotel visitors rated as excellent. However, this figure rose to 28% in 2010. Furthermore,
while only 14% of guests described customer service in the hotel as good in 2005, almost three
times as many people gave this rating five years later.
Turning to the remaining data sets, it can be seen that the hotel customer service to be poor fell
from 21% in 2005 to 12% in 2010. Similarly, very poor dropped from 15% to only 4% over the
five years. Finally, in 2010, the satisfactory level was decreased by 29%.
The table provides data about the underground rail networks in six major cities: London, Paris,
Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoto, and Los Angeles.

Overall, it can be seen that the number of people who used underground railway per year. It is
clear that the three oldest underground systems are more significant and serve significantly more
passengers than the newer systems. Moreover, the three newer railway systems were downtrend
with passengers per year and kilometers (km) of the route.

Looking at the first three different cities in more detail, it can be seen that the London
underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest system with 394
km of route. The second-largest system in Paris is only about half the size of the London
underground, with 199 km of route. However, it serves more people per year. While only third in
size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927 million passengers per year.

Turning to the remaining data sets, it is evident that the Washington DC underground is the most
extensive, with 126 km of route compared to 11 km and 28 km for the Kyoto and Los Angeles
system. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001. The Kyoto network is
the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year.