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Apuntes Est 1

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Apuntes Est 1

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Many engineering problems can be solved by considering the equilibrium of a “particle.” In the case of this beam that is being hoisted into position, a relation between the tensions in the various cables involved can be obtained by considering the equilibrium of the hook to which the cables are attached, 16 Statics of panicles Introduction 2.1 ADDITION OF PLANAR FORCES 2.14 Force on a Particle: Resultant of Two Forces 2.18 Vectors 2.1€ Addition of Vectors 2.10 Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces 2.1 Resolution of a Force into Components 2.2 ADDING FORCES BY COMPONENTS: 2.24 Rectangular Components of a Force: Unit Vectors 2.28 Addition of Forces by Summing X and ¥ Components 2.3 FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM IN A PLANE 2.34 Equilibrium of a Particle 2.38 Newton's First Law of Motion 2.36 Problems Involving the Equilibrium of a Particle: Free-Body Diagrams 2.4 ADDING FORCES IN SPACE 2.44 Rectangular Components of @ Force in Space 2.418 Force Defined by Its Magnitude and Two Points on Its Line of Action 2.46 Addition of Concurrent Forces in Space 2.5 FORCES AND EQUILIBRIUM IN SPACE, Objectives * Describe force as a vector quantity. + Examine vector operations useful for the analysis of forces. Determine the resultant of multiple forces acting on a particle. Resolve forces into components ‘Add forces that have been resolved into rectangular ‘components. + Introduce the concept of the free-body diagram. * Use free-body diagrams to assist in the analysis of planar and spatial particle equilibrium problems. Introduction In this chapter, you will study the effect of forces acting on particles. By the word “particle” we do not mean only tiny bits of matter, like an atom for an electron. Instead, we mean that the sizes and shapes of the bodies ‘under consideration do not significantly affect the solutions of the problems. ‘Another way of saying this is that we assume all forces acting on a given body act at the same point, This does not mean the object must be tiny—if yyou were modeling the mechanics of the Milky Way galaxy, for example, ‘you could treat the Sun and the entire Solar System as just a particle. (Our first step is to explain how to replace two or more forces acting ‘on a given particle by a single force having the same effect as the original forces. This single equivalent force is called the resultant of the original forces. Aficr this step, we will derive the relations among the various forces ‘acting on a particle in a state of equilibrium. We will use these relations to determine some of the forces acting on the particle. ‘The first part of this chapter deals with forces contained in a single plane. Because two lines determine a plane, this situation arises any time ‘we can reduce the problem {0 one of a particle subjected to two forces that support a third force, such as a crate suspended from two chains or ‘a trafic light held in place by two cables. In the second part of this chap- tet, we examine the more general case of forces in three-dimensional space, ee 2.1 ADDITION OF PLANAR FORCES ‘Many important practical situations in engineering involve forces in the same plane. These include forces acting on a pulley, projectile motion, and an object in equilibrium on a flat surface. We will examine this situ- ation first before looking at the added complications of forces acting in three-dimensional space. 2.1A Force on a Particle: Resultant of Two Forces A force represents the action of one body on another. It is generally char- acterized by its point of application, its magnitude, and its direction. Forces acting on a given particle, however, have the same point of applies tion. Thus, each force considered in this chapter is completely defined by its magnitude and direction. ‘The magnitude of a force is characterized by a certain number of units As indicated in Chap. 1, the SI units used by engineers to measure the mag- nitude of a force are the newton (N) and its multiple the kilonewton (kN), which is equal to 1000 N. The U.S. customary units used for the same ‘purpose are the pound (Ib) and its multiple the kilopound (kip), which is ‘equal {© 1000 Tb, We saw in Chapter I that a force of 445 N is equivalent toa force of 100 Ib or that force of 100 N equals a force of about 22.5 Ib. We define the direction of a force by its line of action and the sense of the force. The line of action is the infinite straight line along which the force acts; itis characterized by the angle it forms with some fixed axis, (Fig. 2.1). The force itself is represented by a segment of that line; through the use of an appropriate scale, we can choose the length of this segment to represent the magnitude of the force. We indicate the sense of the force by an arrowhead. It is important in defining a force to indicate its sense. ‘Two forces having the same magnitude and the same line of action but a different sense, such as the forces shown in Fig. 2.la and b, have directly opposite effects on a particle @ Fig. 2.1. The line of action of a force makes an angle with a given fixed axis, (@) The sense of the 10-lb force is away from particle; (b) the sense of the oslo force is toward particle A. Experimental evidence shows that Ovo forces P and Q acting on a particle A (Fig. 2.2a) can be replaced by a single force R that has the same effect on the particle (Fig. 2.2c). This force is called the resultant of the forces P and Q. We can obtain R, as shown in Fig, 2.26, by con- structing a parallelogram, using P and Q as two adjacent sides. The diago- nal that passes through A represents the resultant. This method for finding the resultant is known as the parallelogram law for the addition of two forces. This law is based on experimental evidence; it cannot be proved or derived mathematically. 2.1B Vectors We have just seen that forces do not obey the rules of addition defined in ordinary arithmetic or algebra, For example, two forces acting at a right angle to each other, one of 4 Ib and the other of 3 Ib, add up to a force of 24 Addition of Panar Forces 47 fa) Parallelogeam Fig. 2.2 (2) Two forces P and Q acton particle A, (b) Draw 2 parallelogram with P and Q as the adjacent sides and label the diagonal that passes through A as R. (.) Ris ‘the resultant of the two forces P and Q and is equivalent to their sum. 18 State of panicles Photo 2.1. In its purest form, a tug-of-war pits two opposite and almost-equal forces {against each other. Whichever team can ‘generate the larger force, wins. As you can see, a competitive tug-of-war can be quite intense. Fig. 2.3. Equal vectors have the same ‘magnitude and the same direction, even if ‘they have different points of application. zg

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