Preliminaries

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1: The Problem and its Background
Introduction
Significance of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis of the Study (if required)
Operational Definition of Terms (define only the variables of the study)
Scope and Delimitation
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Related Studies
*Use Thematic Approach
*Present Reviews relevant to the variables concerned in the Study
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Methods and Techniques
Population and Sample
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Ethical Considerations
Data Processing and Statistical Treatment
Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data
*Present data in tables.
*Chronology of table presentations must be in accordance to the Statement of
the Problem
Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Summary of Findings (Present in chronology and in reference to how the
variables concerned appeared in the Statement of the Problem)
Conclusion
Recommendations

References
(APA 6th edition)
*This is in cognizance to the prescribed referencing for DepEd Action Researches
*Enclosure No.3 to Division Memo No. 163, s.2020

Appendices

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
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 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF CLASSICAL MUSIC

AND POPULAR MUSIC TO THE MEMORY RETENTION OF GRADE 12

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

(STEM) STUDENTS IN STA. LUCIA HIGH SCHOOL

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of General Academic Strand

In Partial Fulfillment of the Subject Requirements

in Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion.

Queen Mary Onnie Liz A. Nabong

Justine P. Pasacan

Roy Andrei R. Valderama

Rizza Mae Z. Valderama

Sta. Lucia National High School

May 2023

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
 Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

This chapter includes the introduction of the study, significance of the study,

theoretical framework, statement of the problem, hypothesis of the study, operational

definition of terms for the unfamiliar words and scope and delimitation of this research.

Introduction

The relationship between music and cognitive abilities has garnered significant

attention from researchers, aiming to shed light on the potential effects of music on

various cognitive processes. Previous studies have delved into the involvement of

cognitive abilities such as sensory perception, selective attention, and short-term

memory during musical activities (Zanto et al., 2022). Notably, Formalejo et al. (2018)

conducted a study investigating the impact of music genre, particularly classical music,

on memory retention. Their findings unveiled that memories formed in the presence of

classical music exhibited a remarkably high level of significance. This highlights the

potential of classical music as a facilitator of memory processes. Furthermore, another

study by Mensink et al. (2014) found that college students tend to recall more content

after listening to pop music. This emerging trend in research suggests that both classical

and pop music have distinctive effects on memory retention, providing valuable insights

into the cognitive benefits of different music genres.

Despite of that there are studies that were saying that music has an effect on the

memorization skill of a person. The purpose of their study was to review the literature to

develop an understanding of the effects of different type of music aside from classical

music on a commonly performed tasked that is frequently accompanied by background

music. In addition to that it is also stated that, some people especially students
STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
by background music. In addition to that it is also stated that, some people especially

students think that listening to music helps the memory. Historically supporters of this

practice have preferred to this as the "Mozart Effect" (Barrameda et al.,2016).In line

with that Anna Tatiana (2021) introduced the perspective that higher musical perception

abilities may lead to lower frequency of listening to background music while studying.

The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis on the effect of

classical music and popular music on the memory retention of grade 12 students in Sta.

Lucia High School. The study aims to examine whether exposure to classical music or

popular music can enhance memory retention among students and identify any

significant differences between the two genres.

By achieving this objective, the study aims to contribute to the existing body of

knowledge on the influence of music on cognitive processes. The research will provide

empirical evidence on the effect of classical music and popular music specifically on

memory retention in the context of grade 12 students. Additionally, the study will offer

insights for educators on the potential use of music in the classroom, informing their

practices and providing guidance on incorporating music genres that may enhance

memory retention and ultimately improve learning outcomes for students.

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
Significance of the study

This study is deemed significant to the following:

Learners / Students. This study will help the students identify if listening to music will

improve their memory retention. It will be a great help to know if music can be a tool to

enhance the ability to retain memory. If proven, it will be beneficial to the students to

know how listening to classical music and popular improves their memory retention.

Parents. The results of this study would know on what way their child can retain

memory better. Parents have the greatest support on making their child discover that

listening to music can improve their memory retention.

Teachers. The results of this study would serve as a reference for the teacher to know

the memorization rate of some students, that they are better off studying while listening

to music.

School Administrators/ Educational Planner. This study would be a great help for our

school administrators to know the improvement on students’ memory retention and that

students can study better while listening to music.

Future Researchers. To the future researchers they can use this study as a reference for

their own research study.

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the “Mozart Theory Effect” a term coined by psychologist

Francis Rauscher that refers to a popular scientific theory that listening to Mozart’s

compositions (and other classical music) will increase spatial intelligence.

Rauscher (1993) explains that listening to any type of classical music, especially

Mozart’s can enhance spatial intelligence. According to this theory, listening to this type

of music will improve your memory one hundred times better.

This theory will provide a solid foundation for our current study as it will justify the

result of the findings. This will be one of our fundamental sources of information. This

will be our starting point and motivation for making our own study.

This study is also anchored on "earworm," a term coined in 1979 by psychiatrist

Cornelius Eckert that refers to the effect that happens when the part of the song keeps on

repeating in your head and you can't get it out. The theory also says that it enhances one's

memory. This theory also explains that the benefits of listening to music do not depend

on what class of music you are listening to; instead, the results are different depending

on how captivating the melodies of the song are. It can be popular music or other music

genres. This theory will be a great help in our current study as it will support the results

of our findings. This will help build our research study.

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
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Conceptual Framework

Input Procedure Output

Classical Music Experimental Quantitative data:

Selection: Mozart manipulation: The Memory retention
experimental groups scores for both the
Popular Music will be exposed to classical and popular
Selection: Earworm classical and popular groups.
music during a
Student designated study Conclusions:
Characteristics: session. Findings from the
Grade 12 Science, data analysis will
Technology, Random assignment: determine whether
Engineering, and Participants will be exposure to classical
Mathematics randomly assigned to music has a
either classical music significant effect on
Learning group or popular the memory retention
Environment: Sta. music group to ensure of grade 12 Science,
Lucia National High unbiased group Technology,
School composition. Engineering and
Mathematics
Post test: Both groups (STEM) students.
will undergo memory
retention test after the Implications: The
intervention. result may contribute
to understanding the
potential benefits of
classical music and
popular music in
enhancing memory
and inform
educational practices
for Science,
Technology,
Engineering, and
Mathematics
(STEM) students.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework using Input, Process, and Output (IPO) Model

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
 Figure 1 is a conceptual paradigm that indicates how the study will be conducted

using Input-Process-Output (IPO) model to see the effect of classical music ang popular

music on the memory retention of grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics (STEM) students in Sta. Lucia National High School.

Statement of the problem

The study seeks to analyze the effect of classical music and popular music to the

memory retention of grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

(STEM) students in Sta. Lucia National High School.

1.How may the participants’ level of memory retention be described prior to the

intervention?

2.How may the participants’ level of memory retention be described after the

intervention?

3.How may the effect of the intervention (listening to Mozart music and listening to Pop

music) to memory retention of the participants be described?

4.What implication may be derived from the findings of the study?

Hypothesis of the study

The following hypothesis will be tested for acceptance or rejection at 0.05 level of

significance:

Ho: There exist no significant difference between listening to classical music and

popular music on memory retention.

Hi: There exist a significant difference between listening to classical music and popular

music on memory retention.

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
Operational definition of terms

The following terms are operationally defined for the purpose of this study:

Classical music. serious or conventional music following long-established principles

rather than a folk, jazz, or popular tradition. In this study, "classical music" will be used

to identify the compositions that are traditionally associated with the classical music

genre, including renowned works by composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Bach, and

others. The selection of classical music pieces for this study will be based on established

criteria widely accepted within the field.

Popular music. music appealing to the popular taste, including rock and pop and also

soul, country, reggae, rap, and dance music. For the purpose of this study, popular music

encompasses various genres such as rock, pop, soul, country, reggae, rap, and dance

music. The selection of popular music pieces will be based on their popularity among the

target student population and wider cultural context.

Memory retention. refers to the ability to remember information over a period of time.

In short, it is the process of retrieving information after it has been encoded and stored.

In this study, "memory retention" will be used to refer to the ability to store and recall

information over time. Memory retention will be assessed using standardized memory

tests or tasks specifically designed to measure long-term memory. These tests will be

administered before and after exposure to classical music and popular music to evaluate

any differences in memory retention between the two conditions.

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
Scope and delimitation

This study focuses on the Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics (STEM) students in Sta. Lucia National High School’s memory retention.

They will be evaluated by giving informational text and half of the population will scan

the paper while listening to classical music and the other half will be listening to popular

music while studying the given text. This exploration will be conducted by using the

experimental approach. This study does not cover the other grade 12 students on

different strand. The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness of

listening to music while studying on students’ memory retention. The target

population/individuals of this research are all 2 sections of grade 12 Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Sta. Lucia National High School.

The limitation of this research covers all the Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics (STEM) students from grade 12. These respondents are allowed to join the

study if they are studying at Sta. Lucia National High School and as long as they are in

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand and studying in Sta.

Lucia National high School.

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies on knowing the possible

effects of listening to classical music and popular music while studying on student’s

memory retention. This chapter also presents the relevance of related literature and

studies to fully understand this study.

Review of Related studies

MUSIC

According to Anna Tatiana Rodel (2021). Music is an omnipresent element in our daily

life that is nowadays easier to access than ever. In addition to that music has been

playing a significant role in everyday lives because there are studies that stated that

music can improve one’s mood, and cognitive functions (Angeles et al.,2022).Also a

previous research shows that listening to pleasant, stimulating and familiar music is

likely to improve working memory performance. (Giroux et al.,2020). In line with that

a study that is conducted by Naveen (2016) stated that listening to music while studying

has become a usual practice in the student population and one group of students claim

that it would enhance their curricular efficiency. It is also stated that musical pleasure

was able to influence task performance and the shape of this effect depended on group

and individual factor (Gold B et al.,2013). In addition to that listening to music whilst

undertaking an academic examination enabled students to subdue stress and augment

their concentration leading to higher scores. (Yeboah et al.,2020).

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CLASSICAL MUSIC TO MEMORY

It is already said that music improves cognitive and memory performance. In an article

it is stated that music is "food for the soul", then classical compositions are omega-3

antioxidants and a pinch of caffeine (Symphony Central Coast, 2019). In an another

study it is also stated that classical music can help learners to achieve speaking

proficiency (Bozena, 2016). In addition to that a study from the Department of Medical

Genetics University at Helsinki, Finland (2015) shown that listening to just for 20

minutes of classical music a day can modulate the genes responsible for brain function

and memory.

Review of Related literature

MUSIC, EMOTION, AND MEMORY

According to Jäncke (2013), music, memory, and emotion are interconnected. Music

can evoke powerful emotions, which in turn enhance memory processes. This suggests

that music plays a role in the formation of memories, whether they are related to

specific pieces of music or information associated with them. Research indicates that

listening to favorite music on a regular basis, as opposed to not regularly listening to

music, can significantly improve verbal memory and focused attention

CLASSICAL MUSIC AND POPULAR MUSIC ON MEMORY

(Dodge et al.,2014) found that college students recalled more content after listening to

pop music or silence during study compared to classical music. (Formalejo et al.,2018)

investigated the impact of music genre on memories and found that memories were

highly significant in classical music, while emotions and memories were not significant
STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter shows the methods and techniques used in the study. This chapter also

covers the population and sample, research instrument, data gathering procedure, ethical

considerations and data processing and statistical treatment.

Methods and Techniques

This research is a qualitative study utilizing an experimental approach, highlighting

the effects of classical music and popular music on the memory retention of grade 12

Science, Technology, Engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students at Sta. Lucia

National High School.

Population and Sample

Research Instrument

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Ethical consideration

The researchers ensures that the participants will remain anonymous. The

information gathered will not be disclosed. The researchers will take the responsibility

of the findings

of this study.

Data gathering procedure

The researchers will first ask permission to conduct the study, and when it is

approved, they will begin to assist the participants into their respective rooms. Then the

researchers will proceed with giving the instructions for the said experiment.

After giving the instructions, the researcher will play classical music and popular

music at the same time with the same intensity of volume and will let the participants

gain as much information as they can without any interruptions. To manage how long

they will be exposed to the experiment, the researchers will provide a timer.

After the data gathering is done, the researchers will briefly explain why we

conducted the experiment.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

STA. LUCIA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Purok 5 Sta. Lucia, Calumpit, Bulacan
[email protected]
(044) 802-5791