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Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 3

1. Plumbing System ………………………………………………………………………. 4

1.2 Plumbing Cycle ……………………………………………………………………….. 5

1.3 Sanitary Work ……………………………………………………………………….... 5-6

1.4 History of Plumbing in the Philippines………………………………………………. 6

1.5 Principles of Plumbing according to the Revised National Plumbing Code of the

Philippines …………………………………………………………………………………. 6-8

1.6 Major Components of Plumbing System according to the Revised National Plumbing

Code of the Philippines …………………………………………………………………… 8-9

1.7 Terminologies in Plumbing according to the Revised National Plumbing Code of the

Philippines …………………………………………………………………………………. 9-19

CHAPTER 2 ISSUES AND TRENDS …………………………………………………. 20

2.1 Issues of Plumbing System ………………………………………………………… 21-26

2.2 Trends of Plumbing System ……………………………………………………….. 26-29

CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………… 30

3.1 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………… 31

REFERENCE ……………………………………………………………………………...32-33

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Plumbing System

Plumbing System, in general, refers to the act of installing, maintaining, and making

changes to piping, fixtures, appliances, and appurtenances in connection with sanitary or

storm drainage facilities, a venting system, and public or private water supply systems

referred to as plumbing. Plumbing also refers to the techniques, supplies, and equipment

used in these activities. Drilling water wells, setting up water softening apparatus, or

producing or promoting plumbing gear, fixtures, or appliances are not included in

plumbing. A plumbing system consists of three components: a sufficient supply of potable

water, a secure drainage system, and sufficient fixtures and equipment.

Elements of Plumbing System

There are two primary purposes of the plumbing system:

• to provide the occupants of a residence with a sufficient quantity of potable hot and

cold water, and

• to dispose of all wastewater and sewage generated by fixtures into a private

disposal system or the municipal sewage system.

Good plumbing system design (Geri Hu, 2016) is crucial for making sure the installations

are reliable, secure, and economical. It should consider the unique requirements and

constraints of developing nations and make sure that the installations are suitable for the

various uses to which we put them. It is essential for the delivery of high-quality plumbing

services to have a thorough awareness of the technical specifications and legal

limitations.

Basic Requirement for Plumbing Design:

1. System with one or two stacks.

2. The types and specifications of martial being used. The availability of overhead or

subterranean water tanks with the required capacities.

3. A separate pumping system for providing the kitchen with direct access to

municipal drinking water.

4. Choose a water supply that will provide enough water for the structure.

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 5. A sewage disposal system, depending on whether the project can use a municipal

sewer line or if a septic tank is needed.

1.2 Plumbing Cycle

Figure 1.2 Plumbing Cycle

As many may be aware, a house or a structure is supplied by water through pipelines

from storage tanks. These are connected to the kitchen, bathrooms, and laundry where

wastewater is drained out with the help of pipes. Any houses or structures, cannot function

properly without having plumbing and sanitary arrangements. Therefore, it is crucial to

have a regular and adequate water supply and proper system for waste disposal. The

term "plumbing cycle" describes a process by which water is drawn from a source,

provided to users, and then, following proper treatment, wastewater is collected and

returned to the source. (Figure 1.2)

1.3 Sanitary Work

Sanitary work is the act of transferring waste water from plumbing fixtures to the sewerage

system for disposal. A plumbing system consists of fixtures and equipment for supplying

and draining water. Several pipes are utilized in this system for various functions.

The Plumbing system includes:

• water supply, galvanized iron (or plastic) pipes

• and fixtures;

• soil pipes and fixtures;

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 • sanitary drainage system; and

• rainwater drainage system.

1.4 History of Plumbing in the Philippines

The City of Manila's administration officially recognized the plumbing trade in 1902. The

first Chief of the Plumbing Construction and Inspection Division was Master Plumber John

F. Haas. Construction regulations for the City of Manila now include a plumbing code that

is based on US plumbing regulations.

The Philippine National Master Plumbers Association (NAMPAP) was initially established

in 1935. The "Plumbing Code for the City of Manila" was established by Manila City O”

2411 and is now under the control of the Manila Department of Public Services. House

Bill No. 962, was approved by the Third Congress in 1954 and became R.A. on June 18,

1955. Once President Ramon Magsaysay approved it, the "Plumbing Law of the

Philippines" was enacted in 1378.

The National Plumbing Code of the Philippines, created by NAMPAP, was promulgated

and approved by Malacañang on January 28, 1959. It referenced the National Plumbing

Code of 1959 in full text in Republic Act No. 6541, the "Building Code of the Philippines,"

which was passed before the declaration of martial law in 1972.

After President Joseph Estrada's approval on December 21, 1999, the Professional

Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 under

Section 4 of R.A. Plumbing Law, enacted in 1378.

1.5 Principles of Plumbing according to the Revised National Plumbing Code of the

Philippines

1. All premises intended for human use or habitation shall be provided with a supply

of pure and wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water supply nor

subject to backflow or back-siphonage.

2. Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in

sufficient volume and pressure adequate to function satisfactorily and without

undue noise.

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3. Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water

consistent with proper performance and cleaning.

4. Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to

prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.

5. Every building abutting on a street, alley, or easement with a public sewer shall

connect its plumbing fixtures to the sewer system.

6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water closet, one kitchen-type

sink, a lavatory, and a bathtub or shower to meet the basic requirements of

sanitation and personal hygiene.

7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material, free from

concealed fouling surfaces, and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

8. The drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained to safeguard

against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate clean-outs so

arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.

9. All piping shall be of durable approved materials, free from defective workmanship,

designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory

service.

10. Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a

water-sealed trap.

11. The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to provide adequate

circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap seals under

ordinary use.

12. Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to prevent clogging and

the return of foul air to the building.

13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks

and defects in the workmanship.

14. Substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes

or their joints, or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall not be

allowed to enter the building drainage system.

15. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile

goods, and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture,

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 device, or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage

system.

16. No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly

lighted and ventilated.

17. If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision shall be made for the

disposal of building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and

disposal, such as a septic tank.

18. Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage,

suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.

19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered

Master Plumbers.

20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their

intended use.

21. Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the preservation of the strength of

structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces

through fixture usage.

22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface

or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway

unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of

treatment.

1.6 Major Components of Plumbing System according to the Revised National

Plumbing Code of the Philippines

1. Potable Water System: The potable water system brings water into a structure;

this water comes from the community water main. There is a valve on the water

main itself for each structure that can be used to shut off its water supply. From

there, a single pipe brings water into the structure, and it is then distributed to

individual fixtures through a network of pipes. A meter keeps track of how much

total water enters the structure.

2. Sanitary Drainage System: The sanitary drainage system removes wastewater

from a building. It consists of pipes that take out human waste and fecal matter as

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 well as wastewater from cooking, laundry, etc. The sanitary drainage system is

connected to a series of vent pipes that go through the roof vertically; this allows

for the venting of gases and for the entire system to operate at atmospheric

pressure. The sanitary drainage system ultimately takes wastewater to the

community sewer system.

3. Stormwater Drainage System: The purpose of the stormwater drainage system is

to carry rainwater away from a structure. In older structures, rainwater simply

drains into the sanitary drainage system, but in buildings that are more modern a

separate system of drains carries water into the community storm sewers. Gutters

are a part of the stormwater drainage system visible from outside the structure;

other components, such as drains and pipes, are below the ground.

1.7 Terminologies in Plumbing according to the Revised National Plumbing Code

of the Philippines

1. Airbreak: A physical separation, which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste

receptor from the fixture, appliance or device indirectly connected.

2. Airgap, Drainage: The unobstructed vertical distance through the free

atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe, plumbing fixture,

appliance or appurtenance conveying waste to the flood level rim of the receptor.

3. Airgap, Water Distribution: An unobstructed vertical distance through the free

atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying

potable water to the flood-level rim of any tank, vat or fixture.

4. Backflow: The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the

distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source other than from its

intended source.

5. Back-Siphonage: The flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from

a plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a negative pressure in

such pipe.

6. Battery of Fixtures: Any of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharge

into a common horizontal soil or waste branch.

7. Bibb: Synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc. The word "faucet" is preferred.

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8. Bidet: A plumbing fixtures used for washing the middle private part of the body,

especially the genitals. Also called a "sitz" bath.

9. Branch: Any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.

10. Branch Interval: A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story

height, but in no case less than 2.43 meters within which the horizontal branches

from one floor or story of a building are connected to the stack.

11. Building Drain: That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a drainage system

which receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside the

walls of the building and conveys it to the building sewer beginning 0.6 meter

outside the building wall.

12. Building Sewer: That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system which

starts from the end of the building drain and which receives the discharge of the

building drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, individual sewage

disposal system or other point of disposal.

13. Catch Basin: A receptacle in which liquids are retained for sufficient period of time

to allow settleable material to deposit.

14. Cesspool: A non-watertight lined excavation in the ground which receives the

discharge of a sanitary drainage system or part thereof, designed to retain the

organic matter and solids discharging therefrom, but permitting the liquid to seep

through the bottom and sides of the cesspool.

15. Check Valve: A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of liquid or gas

in a reverse direction.

16. Circuit Vent: A group vent pipe which starts in front of the extreme fixture

connection on a horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.

17. Downspout: The vertical portion of a rainwater conductor.

18. Drain: A pipe, which carries ground and surface waters, storm water or wastewater

into a building drainage system.

19. Drainage System: Includes all the pipings within public or private premises which

convey sewage or other liquid wastes to a legal point of disposal but does not

include the mains of a public sewer system or a public sewage treatment or

disposal plant.

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20. Dry Vent: A vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.

21. Faucet: A valve located at the end of a water pipe through of which water can be

drawn from or held within the pipe.

22. Fixture: A receptacle other than a trap attached to a plumbing system in which

water or wastes may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the

plumbing system.

23. Fixture Unit: Is an arbitrary quantity in terms of which the load producing effects

or water requirements on the plumbing system of different kinds of plumbing

fixtures are expressed in some arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is

equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per minute (1 cu. ft./minute).

24. Flood Level: The level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow over the top

or rim of the fixture.

25. Flood Level Rim: Is the top edge of a receptacle from where water overflows.

26. Flush Tank: A tank located above or integral with water closet, urinal or similar

fixtures for flushing or removing excrement in the fixture.

27. Flush Valve: Is a device located at the bottom of the tank for the purpose of

flushing waster closet and similar fixtures.

28. Flushometer Tank: Is integrated within an air accumulator vessel which is

designed to discharge a predetermined quantity of water into fixtures for flushing

purposes.

29. Flushometer Valve: Is a device, which discharges a predetermined quantity of

water into fixtures for flushing purposes and is actuated by direct water pressure.

30. Gate Valve: A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc

fitted against machine-smoothed faces, at right angles to the direction of flow. The

disk is raised or lowered by means of a threaded stern connected to the handle of

the valve. The opening in the valve is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.

31. Globe Valve: A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means of a circular disc

that fits over and against the horizontal valve seat. The movement of the plane of

disc is parallel to the normal direction of flow of water through the orifice resulting

to a tortuous passage which offers a high-pressure loss.

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32. Gooseneck: A return bend of small-sized pipe, one end of which is about 30 cm.

long and the other end is about 7. 5 cm. long. It is commonly used as a faucet for

a pantry sink. Also, the term means the flexible tubing connection between a

service pipe and a water main.

33. Grade: Is the slope or fall of a line of pipe with reference to a horizontal plane. In

drainage, it is usually expressed as the fall in centimeters per meter or percentage

slope of pipe.

34. Grease Interceptor: An interceptor of at least 3 cubic meters capacity to serve

one or more fixtures and which is remotely located.

35. Grease Trap: A device designed to retain grease from one to a maximum of tour

fixtures.

36. Ground Water: The water that stands in or passes through the ground.

37. Group Vent: A branch vent that performs its functions for two (2) or more traps.

38. Horizontal Branch: Is a drain pipe extending laterally from a soil or waste stack

or building drain with or without vertical sections or branches, which receives the

discharge from one or more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste stack

or to the building drain.

39. Horizontal Pipe: Is any pipe or fitting installed in a horizontal position or which

forms an angle of not more than forty-five (45) degrees with the horizontal plane.

40. House Drain: Is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system

which receives the discharges from soil, waste and other drainage pipes inside of

a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside of the building.

41. House Sewer: Is that part of a plumbing system extending from the house drain

at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation wall of a building to

the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the

drainage of one building site.

42. House Storm Sewer: Is the pipeline from the building to the public or street storm

drainage system.

43. Indirect Waste Pipe: Is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage

system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a plumbing fixture,

interceptor or receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.

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44. Individual Vent: Is a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap and which collects with

the vent system above the fixture served or terminates in the open air.

45. Industrial Waste: Any and alI liquid or water-borne waste from industrial or

commercial processes, except domestic sewage.

46. Latrine: A water closet consisting of a continuous trough containing water. The

trough extends under two or more adjacent seats. Prohibited by health authorities

for permanent installations.

47. Lavatory: A fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. Sometimes

called a wash basin.

48. Leaching Cesspool: A cesspool that is not watertight.

49. Leader: A pipe connected from building gutter to the downspout or conductor.

50. Loop or Circuit Vent: A vertical vent connection on a horizontal soil or waste pipe

branch at a point downstream of the last fixture connection and turning to a

horizontal line above the highest overflow level of the highest fixture connected

thereat; the terminus connected to the stack vent in the case of loop venting or to

the vent stack nearby in the case of circuit venting.

51. Master Plumber: A person technically and legally qualified and licensed to

practice the profession of Master Plumbing without limitations in accordance with

Republic Act 13 78. having passed the examination conducted by the Professional

Regulation Commission has received a Certificate of Registration from the Board

of Master Plumbing and possesses the current license to practice.

52. Plumbing: The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other

apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the supply, liquids, substances and/or

ingredients and removing them and such water, liquid and other carried wastes

hazardous to health, sanitation, life) property also the pipes and fixtures after

installation i.e., the plumbing system.

53. Plumbing Appliance: Any one of a special class of device or equipment intended

to perform a special plumbing function. Its operation and/or control may be

dependent upon one or more energy components, such as motors, controls,

heating elements and pressure-temperature-sensing elements. Such device or

equipment may operate automatically through one or more of the following actions:

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 a time cycle, a temperature range, a pressure range, a measured volume or

weight~ or the device or equipment may be manually adjusted or controlled by the

user or operator.

54. Plumbing Appurtenance: A manufactured device or a prefabricated assembly or

an on-the-job assembly of component parts, and serves as adjunct to the basic

piping system and plumbing fixtures. An appurtenance demands no additional

water supply nor does it add any discharge load to a fixture or the drainage system.

It performs some useful functions in the operation, maintenance, servicing,

economy or safety of the plumbing system.

55. Plumbing Fixtures: Are approved-type installed receptacles. devices or

appliances supplied with water or receive liquid or liquid-borne wastes and

discharge such wastes into the drainage system to which they may be directly or

indirectly connected. Industrial or commercial tanks, vats and similar processing

equipment are not plumbing fixtures, but may be connected to or discharged into

approved traps or plumbing fixtures as provided for in this Code.

56. Plumbing System: Includes all potable water supply and distribution pipes, all

plumbing fixtures and traps, all sanitary and storm drainage systems, vent pipes,

roof drains, leaders and downspouts, and all building drains and sewers, including

their respective joints and connections, devices, receptacles, and appurtenances

within the property, water lines in the premises, potable tap hot and chilled water

pipings, potable water treating or using equipment, fuel gas piping, water heaters

and vents for same.

57. Plumbing Unit: A minimum standard quantity of plumbing fixtures that discharge

wastes into a plumbing installation including: one (1) water meter, one (1) water

closet, one (1) lavatory, one (1) shower head and drain or a bathtub or shower

stall, one (1) kitchen sink, one (1) Iaundry tray and three (3) floor drains, and four

(4) faucets/hose bibb.

58. Private Sewage Disposal System: A septic tank with the effluent discharging into

a subsurface disposal field, into one or more seepage pits or into a combination of

subsurface disposal field and seepage pit or of such other facilities as may be

permitted under the procedures set forth elsewhere in this Code.

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59. Private Sewer: A building sewer, which receives the discharge from more than

one building drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewage disposal

system, or other points of disposal.

60. Privy: An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement.

61. Privy Vault: A pit beneath a privy where excrement collects.

62. Public Sewer: A common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all

abutters have equal rights of connections.

63. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride): Potable water pipings are color-coded BLUE.

Drainpipes are manufactured with toxic components and are color-coded gray,

orange or brown.

64. Receptor: An approved plumbing fixture or device of such materials, shape and

capacity to adequately receive the discharge from indirect waste pipes,

constructed and located to be readily cleaned.

65. Relief Vent: A vertical vent line, the primary function of which is to provide

additional circulation of air between the drainage and vent systems or to act as an

auxiliary vent on a specially designed system such as a ''yoke vent" connection

between the soil and vent stacks.

66. Rim: An unobstructed top open edge of a fixture.

67. Riser: A water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full story or more to

convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.

68. Roughing-Ins: The installation of all pipings and fitting parts of the plumbing

system, which can be completed prior to the installation of fixtures and

accessories. These include sanitary and storm drainage, tap, hot and chilled water

supplies, gas pipings, vent pipings and the necessary fixture supports.

69. Sanitary Sewage: The wastewater containing human excrements and liquid

household waste. Also called domestic sewage.

70. Sanitary Sewer: A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without pre-

treated industrial wastes and without the admixture of rain or ground water.

71. Seal: The vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a trap . Also, the

water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir.

72. Secondary Branch: Any branch in a building drain other than the primary branch.

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73. Seepage Pit: A loosely lined excavation in the ground. which receives the

discharge of a septic tank and designed to permit the effluent from the septic tank

to seep through pit bottom and sides.

74. Septic Tank: A water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a sanitary

plumbing system or part thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest

organic matter through a period of detention and to allow the liquids to discharge

into the soil outside of the tank through a system of open-jointed sub-surface

pipings or a seepage pit meeting the requirements of this Code.

75. Service Pipe: The pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply

to the building served.

76. Sewage: Any wastewater containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or

solution and may include liquids containing chemicals in solution.

77. Sewer: A pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater.

78. Sewerage or Sewerage Works: A comprehensive term, including all

constructions for collection, transportation. pumping. treatment and final

disposition of sewage.

79. Siamese Connection: A hose fitting with clapper valves for combining the flow

from two or more lines of hose into a single stream. The inlet fitting of a fire

standpipe located above ground level.

80. Siphonage: A suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes. A pressure less than

atmospheric.

81. Soil Stack Pipe: A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and wastewater.

82. Soil Pipe: Any pipe, which conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal or fixtures

having similar functions, with or without the discharges from other fixtures to the

building drain or building sewer.

83. Special Wastes: Wastes which require some special methods of handling such

as the indirect waste piping and receptors; corrosion resistant piping sand, oil or

grease interceptors, condensers or other pre-treatment facilities.

84. Stack: The vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings extending

through one or more stories and extended thru the roof.

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85. Standpipe: A vertical pipe, or a reservoir, into which water is pumped to give it at

a head, classified as:

a. Wet Standpipe - water pressure is maintained at all times;

b. Automatic Standpipe System - operates automatically by opening a hose

valve;

c. Manually-Operated Standpipe System - remote control device at each

hose station; and

d. Dry Standpipe - having no permanent water inside the pipe.

86. Storm Water: That portion of the rainfall or other precipitation which runs off over

the earth surface after a storm.

87. Subsoil Drain: An underground drainpipe that receives only subsurface or

seepage water and convey it to a sump for disposal by gravity flow or by lift pump.

88. Stack Vent: The extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal

drain connected to the stack. The uppermost end above the roof is called stack

vent through roof (SVTR).

89. Sump: An approved tank or pit which receives sewage or wastewater and is

located below the normal grade of the gravity system and must be emptied by

mechanical means.

90. Supports: Supports, hangers, anchors, brackets, cradles are devices for holding

and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling, floors or structural members.

91. Surface Water: That portion of rainfall or other precipitation which runs off over

the surface of the ground.

92. Trap: A fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when properly

vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas without

materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through it.

93. Trap Arm: That portion of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent.

94. Trap Seal: The maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retail measured

between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap.

95. Unit Vent: An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two

(2) traps.

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96. Vacuum: An air pressure less than atmospheric. Also, implies siphonage in piping

system.

97. Vent Pipe: A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing

system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.

98. Vent Stack: The vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing circulation of air

to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.

99. Vent System: Pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system

or to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect traps seals from

siphonage and back pressure.

100. Vertical Pipe: Any pipe fitting installed in a vertical position or which forms

an angle of not more than forty-five (45) degrees with the vertical line.

101. Waste Pipe: Pipe, which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste, free of

fecal matter.

102. Water Treatment: A device which conditions or treats water supply to

improve water quality, remove suspended solids by filtration.

103. Water Distributing Pipe: A pipe which conveys potable water from the

building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets.

104. Water Main: Or street main is the water-supply pipe for public or community

use.

105. Water Supply System: Of a building or premises consists of the water

service pipe, water supply line, water distributing pipe and the necessary branch

pipes, fittings, valves and all appurtenances required for the supply of potable

water.

106. Wet Vent: That portion of a vent pipe through where wastewater also flows

through.

107. Wye: A hose connection with two-gated outlets permitting two connections

of the same or smaller coupling diameter to be taken from a single supply line.

Also, a pipe fitting of three branches that form the letter "wye".

108. Yoke Vent: A pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack below the

floor and below horizontal connection to an adjacent vent stack at a point above

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the floor and higher than highest spill level of fixtures for preventing pressure

changes in the stacks.

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 CHAPTER 2 ISSUES AND TRENDS

2.1 Issues of Plumbing System

1. Leaky Faucets and Pipes

Plumbing leaks are a prevalent issue in homes and flats. Since the water literally falls out

of the faucet when it’s turned off, leaking faucets are simple to identify. If the issue was

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not found right away, leaking pipes can lead to significant damage. Other times, the drip

may result from rust or even poor faucet installation.

What causes Leaky Faucets and Pipes: A leaky faucet usually results from damage to

the washer that creates the seal on the tap. Tearing, dislodging, or stiffening are examples

of damage. As the result, the washer no longer tightly seals, allowing a few drops of water

to trickle from the faucet. The valve seat itself could rust or wear out. The pipes' joints are

where leaks are most prone to occur. Leaks may develop as a result of wear and tear,

movement, high water pressure, or other types of damage.

How to prevent Leak Faucets and Pipes: It might be challenging to prevent natural

wear from frequent use. Leaking faucets are certain to occur. Turning faucets on and off

gradually and without applying too much pressure to the handles, can reduce that wear.

Although it is tough to cease leaky pipes, one can find the issue early with a routine

examination. Search for moisture or tiny drips. It may be possible to detect leaks by

seeking visible rusting or white lime deposits.

2. Running Toilets

A running toilet is one of the most inconvenient types of toilet plumbing issues. The toilet

is still functional, but it keeps running, wasting water and making a loud noise.

What causes Running Toilets: When the toilet's internal mechanisms cease functioning

properly, the toilet frequently runs continuously. If the flapper valve no longer fits properly,

water might frequently flow through it. A leak, a loose fill tube, and an unbalanced float

are further potential culprits. Use food coloring to check the tank for leaks. Check the bowl

after approximately 20 minutes to see whether there was a leak that allowed the color to

get into the water.

How to prevent a Running Toilet: While you cannot usually cease toilet problems, you

can check the parts frequently to make sure they are all in good working order.

3. Low Water Pressure

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Low water pressure is a common cause of plumbing issues in older homes, but it can

also occur in newer homes. Depending on the source, low water pressure can appear

suddenly or progress. Whatever the cause, improving the situation is necessary to

resume regular water consumption because low water pressure makes it challenging to

wash dishes and take showers.

What causes Low Water Pressure: There are several reasons there is low water

pressure. If neighbors also suddenly notice low water pressure, there may have been a

water main break, which reduced the pressure at their taps. If a pipe inside the house

leaks, the pressure will decrease in the same way. To check for leaks, turn off all the

faucets, look at the water meter, and wait a few hours using no water. There is most likely

a leak if the water meter changes. Mineral and sediment buildup in the pipes, faucet

aerators, and showerheads are further potential causes. That build-up slows the water

flow, resulting in low pressure.

How to prevent Low Water Pressure: To prevent future build-up, there should be an

installed filter system to keep minerals out of your pipes. Inspect the pipes frequently to

catch leaks early and fix them.

4. Leaking Hose Bibb

A leaking hose bibb is very common in the spring and summer. After a long, cold winter,

numerous hose bibs that aren’t protected can crack and leak. It is advised for the

customers to invest in a frost-proof hose bibb, which can reduce the chances of having

future leaks.

What causes Leaky Hose Bibb: The reason for the hose bibb's leak is a damaged

washer. Water rushes over the washer when the outside hose bib is switched on, which

over time may cause it to warp. This is probably the problem if water drips or seeps from

your spigot when the spigot is off.

How to prevent Leaky Hose Bibb: If water only leaks out from under the faucet handle

when the hose bib is turned on, then it would have a loose packing nut. Use a pair of

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pliers and tighten the packing nut by rotating it counterclockwise if experiencing this issue.

You ought to notice the spigot cease leaking as the seal becomes tighter.

5. Slow or Clogged Drains and Toilet

What causes Slow or Clogged Drains and Toilets: Slow or clogged drains occur when

something blocks the drain partially or entirely. Hair is frequently the problem in sinks and

showers, but other objects, like a shampoo cap or a small toy, can get down the drain

and clog the pipe. When something other than biodegradable waste uses a toilet and is

flushed, it frequently causes issues. The solid materials cannot move through the pipe,

so they stay set, making it difficult or impossible for water to flow past the obstruction and

down the pipes.

How to prevent Clogging Drains and Toilets: Always flush the dissolvable waste down

the toilet to avoid toilet clogs. Monitor kids to prevent them from flushing toys or other

bulky items down the toilet. If anything, accidentally falls into the toilet, remove it rather

than attempting to flush it. Use a hair catcher over the drain in showers to prevent hair

from accumulating inside the drainpipe. To avoid clogging, try to keep hair strands out of

sinks.

6. Sump Pump Failure

Internal or external problems can cause sump pump malfunctions. Stuck switches, an

excessive volume of water, such as after a severe downpour, clogged discharge pipes,

improper sump pump installation, and aging—sump pumps older than 10 years are more

likely to fail.

What causes Sump Pump Failure: Whether the sump pump is outdated, or the water is

entering the foundation too quickly, the mechanism cannot handle the volume of water.

This frequently happens when there are strong rains or flash floods. A weak plastic replica

wouldn't have a chance against an intense thunderstorm because the quality of the sump

pump might also make a significant difference.

How to prevent Sump Pump Failure: Simple maintenance difficulties can be avoided

by frequently checking the pump for anomalies, damage, and debris and by testing the

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system to ensure that everything is functioning. It can install a backup pump and a high

water alarm to keep informed of potential issues.

7. Water Heater Problems

Water heater problems are typically simple to identify. When you go to take that lovely

warm shower, the water is ice cold. Some indications of a problem include dripping water,

puddles of water, water that is discolored, and noises emanating from the water heater

unit. Self-diagnosis can resolve some problems with water heaters, but many of them are

complicated and potentially dangerous, requiring professional help.

What causes Water Heater Problems: leaks can occasionally bring Water heater

issues, such as a lack of hot water on. Water heater issues are also a result of mineral

deposits. The deposits may lower the water heater's efficiency, which would decrease the

amount of hot water available throughout your house. When sediment heats and explodes

or when scale builds up on heating elements, unusual noises can also come from your

water heater.

How to prevent Water Heater Problems: Keeping your hot water heater in good working

order will help it perform smoothly and avoid issues. Regularly check the pressure valve.

Periodically flush the tank to exclude sediment. Check the tank occasionally for drips and

leaks that can be signs of a major issue.

8. Main Water Line Break or Leak

A main line break is a hole in an underground pipe that carries water from your home's

service pipe to the nearest water source. Normally, these pipelines are buried beneath

sidewalks and roadways. When a hole, crack, or break in the piping permits water to leak

onto the surface, it can cause a water main break.

What causes Main Water Line Break: Main breaks occur for a variety of reasons and

are a typical occurrence when running a web service. The ground may move because of

temperature fluctuations or unusually dry or wet weather. The water main pipes eventually

break because of this. A break may also result from sudden changes in pressure or the

age of the main.

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How to prevent Main water Line break: Monitor changes in pressure. The performance

of the system can be determined in real-time by equipment that measures pressure and

evaluates pipeline distribution systems.

Control soil erosion. If soil erosion occurs in a particular area, water mains could become

exposed to the elements. It might make a break more likely.

Use extra caution when digging. There are many projects that require excavation. As

important as anticipating potential risk areas.

9. Slow Draining Sink

A barrier that prevents water from flowing freely often brought this issue on. Congealed

fat and food scraps might be present in your kitchen sink drain. The blockage in a

bathroom sink is more frequently brought on by tangled hair and soap.

What causes slow draining sink: A bathroom sink with a slow-running drain may have

several problems. With time, larger pieces of debris, soap scum buildup, and hair strands

can adhere to drain components and form a mass that obstructs the drain flow. It

frequently postponed the problem of a slow drain.

How to prevent a slow-draining sink: Regularly clean the stopper in your sink. Stoppers

obviously prevent water from draining when it doesn’t want it to, but they also gather hair

and debris that could someday make its way down the drain and cause a blockage.

Hence, maintain them tidy. Your sinks should have a grate or screen to catch hair and

soap scum.

10. Jammed Garbage Disposal

Garbage disposals are very useful appliances, but they do jam sometimes. Running them

without water, disposing of certain food substances such as cornhusks and potato peels,

or allowing silverware to get inside can all cause problems.

What causes Jammed Garbage Disposal: With time, the blades linked to the impeller

plate may become stuck. Food waste can block the sink and cease the water from

25
draining if the blades aren't functioning properly. With time, the blades linked to the

impeller plate may become stuck.

How to prevent Jammed Garbage Disposal: After the grinding is finished, keep the

cold water running for a short while. When grinding food waste, stay away from hot water.

Using the garbage disposal to flush hot water is acceptable in between grinding sessions.

Never dump grease or fat down the drain or into the garbage disposal.

2.2 Trends of Plumbing System

1. Green Living

It's wonderful to see that the word "green" has become more than just a trend after being

on everyone's lips for a few decades. Even in the plumbing sector, it may find green

plumbing goods and solutions designed to have less of an impact on the environment

without sacrificing the level of comfort to which every household has grown accustomed.

Even contemporary professional plumbers noticed the various advantages that these

products can deliver to where they are consciously recommending them to clients, with

approximately 47% of plumbing retailers carrying "green products." Plumbing technology

focused on green living has sort of become an industry standard.

There is a significant market for green living items, according to several plumbers. In fact,

there is a growing enthusiasm for recycling grey water so that it can clean other parts of

the house and flush toilets. These grey water systems will enable homeowners to make

significant financial savings when professionally installed. But, it must keep in mind that

installing these kinds of systems requires specialized training for plumbers.

2. Touchless Plumbing Fixtures

The rise of touchless plumbing fittings is another development in the plumbing sector. We

typically see them in business buildings, but lately, they are also progressively becoming

very popular in many residential builds. These plumbing fixtures use motion sensor

technology to determine when to switch on or off the water. The beautiful thing about

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modern plumbing fixtures is that they are less expensive and require less care than older

models did.

3. Tankless Water Heaters

Considering that tankless water heaters have been around for a while, it might be a

surprise. What you might not know is that commercial installations were actually where

these kinds of water heaters first entered the market. Tankless water heaters have only

recently evolved into commonplace installations in various households. It has an anti-

scald mechanism to safeguard customers and is sometimes referred to as on-demand

water heater because it can give hot water whenever needed. They can mount it on

showers or sinks. Many households are choosing to convert to a tankless water heater

system as the lifespan of water heater tanks from the early 1990s approaches its end.

These technological marvels in plumbing can provide hot water nearly immediately and

are quite effective. In fact, energy.gov claims that tankless heaters can save annual water

costs for homeowners by 25% or more.

4. Self-Cleaning Devices

What do you conceive of the idea of a self-cleaning toilet? Various homeowners detest

the idea of bending over the toilet and cleaning away grit and grime. Therefore, the self-

cleaning toilet, which uses tablets attached to the tank or bowl, is one of the most well-

enjoy plumbing trends. It eliminated the concern of never having to clean the toilet by

installing it to the refill valve. There is little doubt that soon, this kind of technology will

improve.

5. Smart pipe system

Many smart plumbing solutions for home automation are on the market that monitors

water pressure and notifies you of the precise location of leaks or breaks they find. By

eliminating the uncertainty, you can swiftly call a plumber to remedy the problem before

any long-term damage happens.

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6. Hands-free Faucets and Fixtures

Because they are more hygienic than traditional faucets and help minimize water waste

if someone forgets to turn the tap off, motion sensor faucets are a common fixture in

public settings. Homeowners are implementing touchless faucets in their kitchens and

bathrooms because of learning this lesson. They are an uncomplicated way to maintain

the health of your family because they eliminate the need for scrubbing your hands to get

the water to flow.

7. Smart Technology

Practically everything individuals do now incorporates smart technology, even solving

plumbing issues. Monitoring water usage has become simpler thanks to this, and it can

now do so using several smartphone applications. Expect reduced water bills and more

effective plumbing systems with more prudent water consumption.

8. Better Filtration System

One of the most crucial components of the entire plumbing system is the filtration system.

They filter substances like chlorine or magnesium to create potable water. Reverse

osmosis is one of the most widely used technologies for completing water purification.

The technology, which was unveiled in 2016, has a membrane-like filter that collects

minerals and several other particles but keeps out volatile substances like chlorine. As a

result, they will use UV light and activated carbon in plumbing advances relating to water

filtration systems in the future. The latter efficiently handle germs, parasites, and viruses

while the former can filter tiny particles.

9. Smart Plumbing Fixtures

Modern water heaters and intelligent toilets are now readily accessible. Experienced

plumbers expect that most homes will soon feature innovative plumbing innovations like

touchless sinks and faucets. Also, it will eliminate the need for you to physically check for

leaks in your plumbing system.

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10. Touchless Plumbing

Before the new decade even started, touchless plumbing was becoming more popular.

Plumbing businesses will seek improvements by providing more services with smart

technologies in 2023. In summary, smart technology will advance the plumbing sector.

Currently, it fuels many sources of water supply. It should soon make it simple for

businesses and consumers to monitor their water usage.

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CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION

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3.1 Conclusion

Plumbing systems are any system that transports fluids for a variety of applications.

Plumbing transports fluids via pipes, valves, plumbing fittings, tanks, and other devices.

The research pertains to the fundamentals of plumbing, which include the history and

terminologies of plumbing, plumbing principles, and the national plumbing code of the

Philippines. As to make the reader aware of what is plumbing, it focused on defining the

emanation of plumbing and the eventual creation of law to stipulate the guidelines and

mandates. The study also includes different issues in plumbing and provides information

on the causes and how to prevent them. This will help address the issues regarding

plumbing. The study also included trends from the past and present that will soon be used

in plumbing, making the lives of the users easier and more comfortable. Knowing that

they employ it to guarantee the secure transportation of water, plumbing is very

significant, as everyone wants water in their homes with no issues, like leaking pipes or

flooding. By being aware of the plumbing codes, principles, and terminologies. It is

possible to avoid any backlogs, dangers, contamination, and water pollution that could

endanger the health and safety of the community.

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