Scribd
Upload
19 views

Anatomy Introduction

This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It discusses the main topics and disciplines within anatomy including gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and pathological anatomy. It also describes the levels of structural organization from biochemical to organism. Key anatomical terminology is defined such as anatomical position, directional terms like superior/inferior, and anatomical regions. The major body cavities and membranes are outlined. Finally, the 11 organ systems and common body regions are listed.

Uploaded by

Mûfzâl Shãhéèñ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Anatomy Introduction

This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It discusses the main topics and disciplines within anatomy including gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and pathological anatomy. It also describes the levels of structural organization from biochemical to organism. Key anatomical terminology is defined such as anatomical position, directional terms like superior/inferior, and anatomical regions. The major body cavities and membranes are outlined. Finally, the 11 organ systems and common body regions are listed.

Uploaded by

Mûfzâl Shãhéèñ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

INTRODUCTION TO

ANATOMY

By
Dr.Raees Ahmad
Anatomy : is the study of structures or
body parts and their relationships to
one another. “anatome = up (ana) +
cutting (tome) “

Anatomy : Gross anatomy


macroscopic. Histology
microscopic.

• Anatomical position: body is erect,


feet together, palms face forward and
the thumbs point away from the body .
Disciplines of Anatomy
•Gross Anatomy: structures studied with
the naked eye.
–Systematic anatomy: organized by systems,
e.g., digestive, nervous, endocrine, etc.
–Regional anatomy: study of all structures in
an area of the body, e.g., upper extremity
bones, muscles, blood vessels, etc.

•Microscopic anatomy (histology)

•Cell biology

•Developmental anatomy (embryology)

•Pathological anatomy

•Radiologic anatomy (x-ray, CT, MRI)


•Other areas? (surgery)
Levels of Structural
Organization
•Biochemical (atoms, molecules)

•Cellular
•Tissue
•Organ
•Organ system
•Organism
Anatomical directional terminology

• Superior : means the part is above


another or closer to head (cranial ).

• Inferior: means the part is below another


or towards the feet (caudal).
Anatomical directional terminology

• Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes


are anterior to the brain) [ventral].

• Posterior: means toward the back (the


pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity) -
[dorsal].
Anatomical directional terminology

• Medial : relates to the imaginary midline


dividing the body into equal right and left
halves (the nose is medial to the eyes).

• Lateral: means to words the side with


respect to the imaginary midline
(the ears are lateral to the eyes).
Anatomical directional terminology

Ipsilateral: the same side (the spleen and


descending colon are
ipsilateral ).

Contralateral : Refers to the opposite side


(the spleen and gallbladder
are contralateral ).
Anatomical directional terminology
• Proximal : is used to describe a part that
is closer to the trunk of the
body or closer to another specified point of
reference than another part (the elbow is
proximal to the wrist).

• Distal: it means that a particular body


part is farther from the trunk or farther
from another specified point of reference
than another part
(fingers are distal to the wrist).
Anatomical directional terminology

• Superficial: means situated near the


surface. Peripheral also means outward
or near the surface.
• Deep: is used to describe parts that are more internal .

Anatomical directional terminology

•Prone
–the body lying face downward; stomach lying

•Supine
–lying on the back; face upward position of the body

•Dorsal
–relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the
back, posterior part, or upper surface of

•Ventral
–relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front, anterior part
of

•Volar
–relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

•Plantar
–relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot
Regional Terms

• Axial part : includes the head, neck, and


trunk.

• Appendicular part : Includes the limbs


which are attached to the body's axis.
Body organization

1. Body cavities –
hollow spaces within the
human body that contain
internal organs.
a) The dorsal cavity:
located toward the back
of the body, is divided
into the cranial cavity
(which holds the brain)
and vertebral or spinal
cavity (which holds the
spinal cord).
b) The ventral cavity:
located toward the front
of the body, is divided
into abdominopelvic
cavity and
thoracic cavity by the
diaphragm.
The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided
into abdominal cavity (which holds
liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, splee
n, kidney, small, and large intestines) and

The pelvic cavity (which holds the


urinary bladder and reproductive
organs). The thoracic cavity is
subdivided into the pleural cavity (which
holds the lungs) and pericardial cavity
(which holds the heart).
Dorsal and ventral body cavities

Body membranes
• Body membranes – tissue
linings of body cavities and
coverings of internal organs.

• parietal membrane –
lining of body cavity (e.g.
parietal pleural membrane
lines the pleural cavity )

• visceral membrane –
covering of internal organ (e.g.
visceral pleural membrane
lines the surface of the lungs).
Body Sections
• Sagittal plane – divides
the body into left and right
sections.

• Midsagittal (median)
plane– divides the body into
equal halves at midline.

• Frontal (coronal) plane –


divides the body into anterior
and posterior sections.

• Transverse
(horizontal)plane – divides
the body into superior and
inferior sections.
Transverse plane
Coronal plane

Coronal plane
Sagittal plane
Eleven organ systems

1. Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,


digestive,respiratory, Circulatory, lymphatic, urinary, and reproductive
systems .

2. The reproductive system is mainly involved in transmitting


geneticinformation From one generation to another, while the
remaining 10 organ systems are important in maintaining
homeostasis.
Body regions
• The abdominal area is subdivided into 9 regions.
Common Terms
• abdominal = region between thorax and
pelvis.
• antebrachial = the forearm.
• antecubital = the front of elbow.
• axillary = the armpit.
• brachial = the upper arm.
• celiac = the abdomen.
• cephalic = the head.
• cervical = the neck.
• costal = the ribs.
• cubital = the elbow.
• femoral = the thigh.
• gluteal = the buttock.
• lumbar = the lower back.
Regional Terms Used
for Places
Regional Terms Used for
Places
Thank you

You might also like