INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL YOGYAKARTA

MINE GEOTECHNICAL
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

Dr. SUPANDI, S.T., M.T.

[email protected]

20-Mar-21
 Textbook
1. John Read and Peter Stacey, 2009, Guidelines for Open Pit
Slope Design, CRC Press.
2. William A Hustrulid, Michael K.McCarter and Dirk J.A Van Zyl,
2000, Slope Stability in Surface Mining, Society for Mining
Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
3. Ducan C Wyllie & Christopher W Mah, 2007-4th Edition, Rock
Slope Engineering, Spon Press.
4. Charles A Kliche, 1999, Rock Slope Stability, Society for Mining
Mettalurgy and Exploration Inc.
5. E. Hoek & J.W Bray, 1994, Rock Slope Engineering, Institute of
Mining and Metalurgy.
6. Roy E. Hunt, 2007, Geotechnical Investigation Methods, CRC
Press.
7. Roy E Hunt, 2007, Geologic Hazards, CRC Press.
8. Kepmen ESDM No 1827K/30 2018 – Good Mining Practice.
9. KepDirjen 185K 2019.
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 Materi Kuliah

http://bit.ly/kuliahgeotekniktambang

Dr. SUPANDI. S.T., M.T.

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI NASIONAL YOGYAKARTA

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2021 20-Mar-21
The general objective of an geotechnical exploration program is to
identify all of the significant features of the geologic environment that
may impact on the proposed construction. Specific objectives are to:

1. Define the lateral distribution and thickness of soil and rock strata
within the zone of influence of the proposed construction.
2. Define groundwater or pore pressure conditions considering
seasonal changes and the effects of construction or development
extraction.
3. Identify geologic structure, such as unstable slopes, faults, ground
subsidence and collapse, floodplains,
4. Identify rockmass: discontinue, orientation, density of
discontinues, GSI
5. Determination seismicity or vibration
6. Collecting samples of geologic materials for the identification,
classification, and measurement of engineering properties.
7. Perform in situ testing to measure the engineering properties of
the geologic Materials.

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 Planning the Investigation

1. Purpose,
2. Method,
3. Geological Condition
4. Frequency of boreholes
5. Depth of exploration
6. At what depths are samples required?
7. What types of samples?
8. Equipment or tools required
9. Ground water monitoring?
10. Field testing?
11. Timing of exploration
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 Measurement of Properties

Objectives
The properties of geologic materials are measured to provide the basis for:
1. Identification and classification.
2. Correlations between properties including measurements made during
other investigations in similar materials.
3. Engineering analysis and evaluations.

Geotechnical Properties
Basic Properties
Basic properties include the fundamental characteristics of the materials
and provide a basis for identification and correlations. Some are used in
engineering calculations.

Index Properties
Index properties define certain physical characteristics used basically for
classifications, and also for correlations with engineering properties.

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 Methodology

Three general categories subdivide exploration methodology:

1. Surface mapping of geologic conditions, which requires review
of reports and publications, interpretation of topographic and
geographic maps, remote-sensing imagery, and site
reconnaissance.
2. Subsurface sectioning (Section 1.3), for which data are
obtained by geophysical prospecting, test and core borings,
and excavations and soundings
3. Sampling the geologic materials, utilizing test and core borings
and excavations

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 Geological Concern
A geologic reconnaissance study may advance through a number of steps ;

1. Research of reference materials and collection of available data.

2. Terrain analysis based on topographic maps and the interpretation of
remotely sensed imagery.
3. Preparation of a preliminary engineering geology map (large land areas).
4. Site reconnaissance to confirm initial data, and, for large areas,
amplification of the engineering geology map, after which it is prepared in
final form.
5. Preparation of a subsurface exploration program based on the
anticipated conditions.

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 Surface Mapping
General - Objectives
Data Base
For all sites it is important to determine the general geologic conditions
and identify significant development and construction constraints. For
large study areas it is useful to prepare a map illustrating the surficial and
shallow geologic conditions.

Preliminary Site Evaluations

An overview of geologic conditions permits preliminary evaluations
regarding the suitability of the site for development. The first step is the
identification of major geologic hazards and “constraints” in the study
area. Depending upon the construction or development proposed,
constraints could include shallow rock or water, or thick deposits of weak
soils.

Taking into account the hazards and constraints, the optimum location for the
proposed construction is selected, and the planning of the site investigation
then begins.

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 Gathering Data
Basic Objectives
A large amount of information is often available in the literature for a
given location. A search should be made to gather as much data as
possible before initiating any exploration work, particularly when large
sites are to be studied, or when the site is located in a region not
familiar to the design team. Information should be obtained on:

1. Bedrock geology, including major structural features such as faults.

2. Surficial geology in terms of soil types on a regional or, if possible,
local basis.
3. Climatic conditions, which influence soil development, groundwater
occurrence and fluctuations, erosion, flooding, slope failures, etc.
4. Regional seismicity and earthquake history.
5. Geologic hazards, both regional and local, such as ground
subsidence and collapse, slope failures, floods, and lahars.
6. Geologic constraints, both regional and local, such as expansive
soils, weak soils, shallow rock, groundwater, etc.

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 Subsurface Exploration
Objectives
1. To confirm or supplement the engineering geology map showing
shallow and surficial distributions of the various formations.
2. To determine the subsurface distribution of the geologic materials
and groundwater conditions.
3. To obtain samples of the geologic materials for identification and
laboratory testing.
4. To obtain in situ measurements of engineering properties

Preparation of Subsurface Exploration Program

Prepare the subsurface exploration program, considering the necessity
of:
1. Confirming the boundaries of the various geologic formations as
mapped.
2. Obtaining data for the preparation of geologic sections.
3. Obtaining samples for identification, classification, and laboratory
testing.
4. Obtaining in situ measurements of the engineering properties of the
materials.
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Drilling and trial pitting are normally carried out for a number of reasons,
such as:
1. to establish the general nature of the strata below a site;
2. to establish the vertical or lateral variability of soil conditions;
3. to verify the interpretation of geophysical surveys;
4. to obtain samples for laboratory testing;
5. to allow in situ tests to be carried out; and
6. to install instruments such as piezometers, or extensometers

Geophysical methods (Chapter 4) may be used for:

1. Geological investigation, for example in determining the thickness
of soft, superficial deposits, and the depth to rock, and in
establishing weathering profiles, usually to provide cross sections;
2. Resource assessment, for example the location of aquifers, the
delineation of saline intrusion, the exploration of the extent of sand
and gravel deposits, and rock for aggregate;
3. Detecting critical buried features, such as voids (mineshafts, natural
cavities, adits, pipelines)and buried artefacts (old foundations,
wrecks at sea, etc.); and
4. Determining engineering parameters, such as dynamic elastic
module, and soil corrosivity.

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 SUMMARY GEOTECHNICAL LOG SUMMARY GEOTECHNICAL LOG
HOLE ID : GT04 HOLE ID : GT04
AREA : MUARA ENIM DRILLING COMPANY : PT. LION POWER ENERGY LOGGED BY : AREA
SARJONO HADI P : MUARA ENIM DRILLING COMPANY : PT. LION POWER ENERGY LOGGED BY : SARJONO HADI P
LOCATION : MUARA EMBURUNG DRILLING RIG : JACRO 2 CHECKED BY : LOCATION
SIDIQ P : MUARA EMBURUNG DRILLING RIG : JACRO 2 CHECKED BY : SIDIQ P
PROJECT : PT. LION POWER ENERGY DRILLING METHOD : FULL CORING REMARKS : PROJECT : PT. LION POWER ENERGY DRILLING METHOD : FULL CORING REMARKS :
JOB NUMBER : DRILLER : ADE JACRO 200 JOB NUMBER : DRILLER : ADE JACRO 200

DATE FROM : 17-Oct TO Friday, October 24, 2014 HOLE DEPTH : 100,50 M PIPA NQ DATE FROM : 17-Oct TO Friday, October 24, 2014 HOLE DEPTH : 100,50 M PIPA NQ

EASTING : 392018.000 INCLINATION : 90 STICK UP 0,60 M EASTING : 392018.000 INCLINATION : 90 STICK UP 0,60 M

NORTHING : 9612473.000 BEARING :- EOH : 100.50 M NORTHING : 9612473.000 BEARING :- EOH : 100.50 M

ELEVATION : 67.000 WATER LEVEL : ELEVATION : 67.000 WATER LEVEL :

RUN LENGTH (m)

CORE RECOVERY
Rockmass
RUN LENGTH (m)

CORE RECOVERY Rockmass

STRENGTH

Dip Bedding
(To - From)

SAMPLING
STRENGTH

GRAPHIC
Dip Bedding
(To - From)

SAMPLING

RQD (%)

Groundwater

Dip Joint
GRAPHIC

Rounghness
RQD (%)

Groundwater

Dip Joint
Rounghness

From

(%)
Run
From

Spacing
DESKRIPSI

To
(%)
Run

Spacing

Filling
DESKRIPSI
To

Filling

GSI
GSI

DEPTH
DEPTH

(m)
(m)

R41 60.00 61.50 1.50 86.66 0.08 core loss (60.00-60.30 m)

0.05
0.08 Indicated coal
0.04 Claystone, grey, masif, compact GT0 4 / A 10
0.08
0.59 20.63- 20.85
0.08 Coal, black, rapuh, disitegrated
0.22
0.08
0.04 60.50
20.50 R1 64.67 VP DAMP 0.08
0.05
0.07
0.05 R2 53.33 0.05 G DAMP
0.05 0.05
0.05 0.05
0.16 61.00
21.00 0.10
R15 21.00 22.50 1.50 83.30 0.10
Core loss (21.00-21.30 m)
0.35
0.10
0.10 Siltstone, greenish grey, sisipan clay 0.15
0.94 61.50
21.50 R1 77.33 P DAMP R42 61.50 63.00 1.50 33.33 Core loss ( 61.50-62.50 m)
0.12 Indicated coal
0.09

22.00 62.00

0.05
22.50 0.05
R16 22.50 24.00 1.50 86.67 Core loss (22.50-22.70 m) 62.50
GT0 4 / A 11 0.08 Coal, black, brittle, disitegrated
1.20 22.7- 23.0 R2 13.33 0.10 G DAMP
Siltstone, greensih grey, sisipan clay, sandy
0.04
R1 80.00 P DAMP 0.07
23.00 0.04
0.02 0.10
0.05
63.00
R43 63.00 64.50 1.50 80.00
Core loss (63.00-63.20 m)
0.20
Claystone, grey, silty
GT0 4 / A 2 5
23.50 1.00 ( 6 3 . 2 0 - 6 3 . 4 0 m)
R1 80.00 P DAMP
0.05
63.50
0.05

24.00
R17 24.00 25.50 1.50 100.00 0.05 -
0.05 Claystone, greenish grey, sispan silt, masif, GT0 4 / A 12 64.00
0.05 compact 24.7- 25.0

0.08
0.08
24.50 R1 vp DAMP
0.67
0.05 64.50
R44 64.50 66.00 1.50 53.33 Core loss (64.50-65.20 m)
0.33
Indicated siltstone
0.07
25.00 0.07

SHEET : 5 OF 21
Note:
SHEET : 13 OF 21
Note:

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 5.8 x 10-5m³/s
~85% sebagai runoff

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 Drilling Plan

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Exploration Method Categories
General Categories
1. Direct methods allow the examination of materials, usually
with the recovery of samples; examples are excavations
and test borings.
2. Indirect methods provide a measure of material properties;
examples are geophysicalmethods and the use of the cone
penetrometer, which through correlations allow an
estimation of material type.

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 Recovery of Samples and Cores
Objectives
Samples of geologic materials are recovered to allow detailed
examination for identification and classification, and to provide
specimens for laboratory testing to obtain data on their physical and
engineering properties.

Sample Classes Based on Quality

Totally disturbed samples are characterized by the complete destruction
of fabric and structure and the mixing of materials such as that occurring
in wash and auger samples.

Representative samples are partially deformed. The engineering properties

(lithology, rockmass, strength, compressibility, and permeability) are
changed, but the original fabric and structure vary from unchanged to
distorted, and are still apparent. Such distortion occurs with split-barrel
samples.

Undisturbed samples may display slight deformations around their

perimeter, but for the most part, the engineering properties are unchanged.
Such results are obtained with tube or block samples.
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 Sampling
A number of factors are considered in the selection of samplers,
including:
1. Sample use, which varies from general determination of
material (wash sampler), to examination of material and
fabric and in situ testing (split-barrel sampler), to performing
laboratory index tests (split-barrel sampler), and to carrying
out laboratory engineering-properties tests (UD).
2. Soil type, since some samplers are suited only for particular
conditions, such as soft to firm soils vs. hard soils.
3. Rock conditions, since various combinations of rock bits
and core barrels are used, depending on rock type and
quality and the amount of recovery required.
4. Surface conditions, which vary from land or quiet water to
shallow or deep water with moderate to heavy swells.

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 Standard Practice
Logging geotechnical based on per as Standard (ASTM-SNI-NATA)
or others standard:
1. ASTM.
2. Sampling Handling
3. Field Logging
4. Drilling
5. Soil Classification

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Hydraulic Properties
Hydraulic properties, expressed in terms of permeability, are
engineering properties. They concern the flow of fluids through
geologic media.

Mechanical Properties
Rupture strength and deformation characteristics are mechanical
properties. They are also engineering properties, and are grouped as
static or dynamic.

Correlations
Measurements of hydraulic and mechanical properties, which provide
the basis for all engineering analyses, are often costly or difficult to
obtain with reliable accuracy. Correlations based on basic or index
properties, with data obtained from other investigations in which
extensive testing was employed or engineering properties were
evaluated by back-analysis of failures, provide data for preliminary
engineering studies as well as a check on the reasonableness of data
obtained during investigation

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Rock masses are usually tested in situ to measure their engineering
properties, as well as their basic properties. In situ tests in rock masses,
their applications, and their limitations are summarized in Table 2.4.

Soils are tested in situ to obtain measures of engineering properties to

supplement laboratory data, and in conditions where undisturbed
sampling is difficult or not practical such as with highly organic
materials, cohesionless granular soils, fissured clays, and cohesive
soils with large granular particles (such as glacial till and residual soils).

In situ soil tests, properties measured, applications, and limitations are

summarized in Table 2.5.

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Information may be obtained in situ in at least three ways:
1. By using geophysical techniques; in particular, Chapter 4
showed how seismic techniques may be used to obtain
valuable estimates of the stiffness of the ground;
2. By using in situ soil testing techniques, such as those
described in this chapter; and
3. By making measurements using field instrumentation, such
as is described in Chapter 10.

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 Shelby Tubes
Air
release Disturbance zones

B Tension zone
t
Compression
B zone
B

Twist to shear Little strain if ratio B/t is large

base soil
i.e. ≥ 40
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 Recommended dimensions

inside clearance1% maximum

Dw - B
inside clearance =
B
t area ratio  10%
B
net projected area of sampler D 2w − D e2
area ratio = =
projected area of sample core D e2
Dw
De

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 A reasonable soil sample but is it
representative?

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 Sample
liner

Auger

Hollow Flight Augur

Cutter
- better class of sample than Shelby tubes

Sample

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Disturbed soil
sampling
esp. using
jackhammer

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71
 Falling weight

Soil penetration

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 SPT Device
http://www.archway-
engineering.com/products/spt_sampler.html
Automatic trip hammer

soil catchers

Split with sampling tip

Assembled with solid tip

Split spoon sampler

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 Typical CPT Output

Cone Resistance, q c Friction Resist, fc Friction Ratio, Fr

(MPa) (kPa) (% )
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 10 20
0 0 0

1 1 1

2 2 2
Depth (m)

3 3 3

4 4 4

5 5 5

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 100

clayey silts,
sandy silts,
silty sands

silty clays
silts
sands

Cone Resistance, qc MPa

10

CPT & soil type

- one example

clays

Robertson & Campanella 1982

0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
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 Sampling

• Samples must represent the soil wrt:

– structure or soil fabric
– m.c. & density
• Samples relatively “undisturbed”
– large diameter samples?
– sampling technique has a large influence
• Samples
– sealed & stored away from the sun

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 Class of sample

• What you can use the sample for

• Class depends on the method chosen,the soil & its
condition
Example:
a) sand from an SPT - classification only (4)
b) silt using “Shelby tubes” - mc & classification (3)
c) firm to stiff OC clay using “Shelby tubes”
- anything! (1)

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Disturbed soil
sampling
esp. using
jackhammer

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 Soil penetration tests

1. DCP = Dynamic cone penetrometer

– falling weight hammer driving a graduated rod

2. SPT = Standard penetration test

– falling weight hammer driving a thick-walled,
split sampling tube

3. CPT = quasi-static Cone penetration test

− solid instrumented cone, pushed at 2 cm/sec
into the ground
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 Soil penetration tests

DCP One person operation;

Maxm. depth approx. 1 m
SPT Drilling rig required;
Test within boreholes;
Recovers a sample;
Slow testing over soil profile;
Results are operator & equipment dependent
CPT No borehole;
Sufficient dead weight for penetration? Many
Soundings made in a day;
Continuous recording of data;
Soil type from friction ratio and the tip resistance
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 SPT

• A thick split spoon sampler with a driving shoe,

OD 50.8 mm & ID 34.9 mm, is driven into the
soil at the bottom of a borehole
• Falling mass of 63.5 kg & fall height = 0.76 m
• 450 mm of penetration, the resistance to
penetration of last 300 mm is recorded as
number of standard blows or SPT count, N
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 SPT

A number of corrections are applied to the

recorded blowcount for:
1. Efficiency of driving system
2. Length of driving rods
3. Overburden pressure
(dead weight vertical stress)
4. Water table

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 Cone Penetration Testing (CPT)

Pore water
pressure
sensor

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 CPT

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 CPT

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 CPT, Cone Penetration Test

– Less robust than SPT, much faster

– No soil sample
– Much information
– penetration resistance, qc & sleeve friction, fs

– FR = fs/qc used to distinguish soil types

– Direct application to piling
– E = fn (qc)
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 CPT and soil properties

Undrained shear strength

of clays,
qc − σ vo
su = cu usually su =
Nk
• Nk = 12 to 15

• Correlation improved if
OCR taken into account

• Direct application to piling

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 CPT and soil properties

Shear strength of   qc  

max = arctan 0.1 + 0.38 log   

clean sands
  
 vo  

 = fn (qc/vo)0.5

Kulhawy & Mayne 1990

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 Other Field Tests

1. Downhole Screw Plate (DHSP)

− Helical plate (dia.  150 mm) attached to
rods

− Screwed below borehole; pushed to fail

soil

 Mini-plate loading test

− Soil strength and stiffness

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 Uncertainty and Percentage Sampling

1. “ Uncertainty will always be the essence of Geology”

2. Ideal Words – 100% exposure of the fresh rock covering
the whole mine.
3. In Practice
✓ Good outcrops are rare
✓ Deep weathering in common.
✓ Surficial cover of younger soil/rocks ; alluvium,
colluviums, glacial deposits and sedimentary rock.
✓ Mountainous terrain and difficult process.
✓ Extensive vegetation cover.

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 ANY QUESTION

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