Forces in Beams

Forces in Beams

7- 1
Introduction
• This section dealts with:
a)) determining
g external forces acting
g on a structure and
b) determining forces which hold together the various members
of a structure.

• The current chapter is concerned with determining the internal

forces (i.e., tension/compression, shear, and bending) which hold
together
g the various parts
p of a given
g member.

• Focus is on Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members

designed to support loads applied at various points along the
member.

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Various Types of Beam Loading and
Support
pp
• Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.

• Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or

distributed loads or combination of both.

• Beam design is two-step process:

1) d
determine
t i shearing
h i forces
f andd bending
b di
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments

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Various Types of Beam Loading and
Support

• Beams are classified according to way in which they are

supported.
• Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they
involve only three unknowns
unknowns. Otherwise
Otherwise, they are
statically indeterminate.
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Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
• Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point in a
beam subjected
j to concentrated and
distributed loads.

• Determine reactions at supports

pp by
y
treating whole beam as free-body.

• Cut beam at C and draw free-body

free body
diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple
p systems
y are as shown.

• From equilibrium considerations,

determine M and V or M
M’ and VV’.

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Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

• Variation of shear and bending

moment along beam may be
plotted.
• Determine reactions at
supports.
• Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
V = + P 2 M = + Px 2
• Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
V = − P 2 M = + P(L − x ) 2

• For a beam subjected to

concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.
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Sample Problem 1

SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free
free-body,
body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems
t for
f free-bodies
f b di formed
f d by
b
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bendingg moment
diagrams for the beam and loading • Plot results.
shown.

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Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
D
• Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
∑ Fy = 0 : − 20 kN − V1 = 0 V1 = −20 kN

∑ M 2 = 0 : (20 kN )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0 M1 = 0

Similarly,
V3 = 26 kN M 3 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V4 = 26 kN M 4 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V5 = 26 kN M 5 = −50 kN ⋅ m
V6 = 26 kN M 6 = −50 kN ⋅ m

7- 8
Sample Problem 1
• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
b
between concentratedd lloads
d andd
bending moment varies linearly.

7- 9
 Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free
free-body,
body,
calculate reactions at A and B.

• Determine equivalent internal force-

couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
Draw the shear and bending moment
• Plot
Pl t results.
lt
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 40 N/cm extends
over 12 cm of the beam, from A to C,
and the 400 N load is applied at E.

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Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
B
∑MA = 0:
B y (32 cm ) − (480 N )(6 cm ) − (400 N )(22 cm ) = 0

B y = 365 N

∑MB = 0:
(480 N )(26 cm ) + (400 N )(10 cm ) − A(32 cm ) = 0
A = 515 N

∑ Fx = 0 : Bx = 0

• Note: The 400 N load at E may be replaced by a

400 N force and 1600 N½cm couple at D.
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Sample Problem 2
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.

From A to C:
∑ Fy = 0 : 515 − 40 x − V = 0
V = 515 − 40 x

∑ M1 = 0 : ( )
− 515 x − 40 x 12 x + M = 0
M = 515 x − 20 x 2
From C to D:

∑ Fy = 0 : 515 − 480 − V = 0
V = 35 N

∑ M 2 = 0 : − 515 x + 480( x − 6) + M = 0
M = (2880 + 35 x ) N ⋅ cm
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Sample Problem 2

• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple

systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.

From D to B:
∑ Fy = 0 : 515 − 480 − 400 − V = 0
V = −365 N

∑M2 = 0:
− 515 x + 480( x − 6 ) − 1600 + 400( x − 18) + M = 0
M = (11,680 − 365
36 x ) N ⋅ cm

7- 13
Sample Problem 2

• Plot results.
From A to C:
V = 515 − 40 x
M = 515 x − 20 x 2

From C to D:
V = 35 N
M = (2880 + 35 x ) N ⋅ cm

From D to B:
V = −365 N
M = (11,680 − 365 x ) N ⋅ cm

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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment
• Relations between load and shear:
V − (V + ∆V ) − w∆x = 0
dV ∆V
= lim = −w
dx ∆x →0 ∆x
xD
d = −(area under
VD − VC = − ∫ w dx l d curve)
d load
xC

• Relations between shear and bending

g moment:

(M + ∆M ) − M − V∆x + w∆x ∆x = 0
2
dM
= lim
∆M
(
= lim V − 12 w∆x = V
dx ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0
)
xD
d = (area under
M D − M C = ∫ V dx h curve)
d shear
xC
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Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment
wL
• Reactions at supports, R A = RB =
2
• Shear curve,,
x
V − V A = − ∫ w dx = − wx
0
wL ⎛L ⎞
V = V A − wx = − wx = w⎜ − x ⎟
2 ⎝2 ⎠
• Moment curve,
x
M − M A = ∫ Vdx
0

( )
x
⎛L ⎞ w
M = ∫ w⎜ − x ⎟dx = L x − x 2
0 ⎝2 ⎠ 2
L2
wL ⎛ dM ⎞
M max = ⎜ M at = V = 0⎟
8 ⎝ dx ⎠
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 Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
supports
• Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx = − w = 0 and shear is
constant
constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam • Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
• With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
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Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
supports
∑MA = 0:
D(24 m ) − (20 kN )(6 m ) − (12 kN )(14 m )
− (12 kN )(28 m ) = 0
D = 26 kN
∑ F y =0 :
Ay − 20 kN − 12 kN + 26 kN − 12 kN = 0
Ay = 18 kN

• Between concentrated load application points,

dV dx = − w = 0 and shear is constant.
• With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
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Sample Problem 3
• Between concentrated load application
points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
pp
in moment between load application ppoints is
equal to area under the shear curve between
points.
M B − M A = +108 M B = +108 kN ⋅ m
M C − M B = −16 M C = +92 kN ⋅ m
M D − M C = −140 M D = −48 kN ⋅ m
M E − M D = +48 M E = 0

• With a linear shear variation between D

and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.

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Sample Problem 4

SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
• With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
• The changeg in moment between A and B is
Sketch
Sk t h the
th shear
h andd bending-
b di
equal to area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown
shown.
• The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
p
linear moment curve.
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Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
points
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A = 0, = − w = − w0
dx

VB − V A = − 12 w0 a VB = − 12 w0 a

dV
at B, = −w = 0
dx

• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is

zero.

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Sample Problem 4
• The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The pparabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A = 0, =V = 0
d
dx
M B − M A = − 13 w0 a 2 M B = − 13 w0 a 2
M C − M B = − 12 w0 a( L − a ) M C = − 16 w0 a(3L − a )

• The change in moment between B and C is equal

to area under shear curve between points. The
constant shear curve results in a linear moment
curve.

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Internal Forces in Members
• Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.

• Internal forces equivalent to F and -F are

required for equilibrium of free-bodies AC
and CB.
CB

• Multiforce member ABCD is in equili-

brium under application of cable and
member contact forces.

• Internal forces equivalent to a force-

couple system are necessary for equili-
brium of free-bodies JD and ABCJ.

• An internal force-couple system is

required for equilibrium of two-force
members which are not straight.
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Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and forces at
connections for each member
member.

• Cut member ACF at J. The internal

f
forces att J are represented
t d by
b equivalent
i l t
force-couple system which is determined
by considering equilibrium of either part.

• Cut member BCD at K. Determine

force-couple system equivalent to
Determine the internal forces (a) in
internal forces at K by applying
member ACF at point J and (b) in
equilibrium conditions to either part.
member BCD at K.

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Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and connection forces.

Consider entire frame as a free-body:

∑ME = 0:
− (2400 N )(3.6 m ) + F (4.8 m ) = 0 F = 1800 N
∑ Fy = 0 :
− 2400 N + 1800 N + E y = 0 E y = 600 N

∑ Fx = 0 : Ex = 0

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Sample Problem 5
Consider member BCD as free-body:
∑MB = 0:
− (2400 N )(3.6 m ) + C y (2.4 m ) = 0 C y = 3600 N
∑ MC = 0 :
− (2400 N )(1.2 m ) + B y (2.4 m ) = 0 B y = 1200 N
∑ Fx = 0 : − Bx + C x = 0

Consider member ABE as free-body:

y
∑MA = 0: B x (2.4 m ) = 0 Bx = 0
∑ Fx = 0 : B x − Ax = 0 Ax = 0
∑ Fy = 0 : − Ay + B y + 600 N = 0 Ay = 1800 N

From member BCD,,

∑ Fx = 0 : − Bx + C x = 0 Cx = 0
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Sample Problem 5
• Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent force-couple system.

Consider free-body AJ:

∑MJ = 0:
− (1800 N )(1.2 m ) + M = 0 M = 2160 N ⋅ m
∑ Fx = 0 :
F − (1800 N ) cos 41.7° = 0 F = 1344 N
∑ Fy = 0 :
−V + (1800 N ) sin 41.7° = 0 V = 1197 N

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Sample Problem 5
• Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .

Consider free-body BK:

∑MK = 0:
(1200 N )(1.5 m ) + M = 0 M = −1800 N ⋅ m

∑ Fx = 0 : F =0
∑ Fy = 0 :
− 1200 N − V = 0 V = −1200 N

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