Lecture 3

Analysis of the structure

An RC structure is a combination of beams, columns,
slabs and walls,, rigidly
g y connected together
g to form a
monolithic frame.
0.85fck /γm
Concrete

Load A
0.0035

Compression

fyk /γm
Tension
Cracking Strain Section A-A steel
Distribution
Reinforcement A

Figure 1.1: Composite action

Each individual member (beam, column, slab, wall etc) must capable of
resisting the loads acting on it. More specifically, the strain in the
material should not exceed the limit, either compressive in the concrete 1
or tensile in the reinforcement steel bars.

Structural Analysis – Elastic + Partial Plastic

Normal practice is to use a linear elastic analysis for calculating the bending
moment and shear force distributions in an RC structure. This has the virtue of
simplicity as well as permitting results from a series analyses to be combined
using the principle of superposition. This assumption is endorsed by major design
codes such as EC2 and ACI. The assumption of linear elastic behavior is
reasonable at low levels of loading (during normal service conditions) but it
becomes increasingly invalid at higher loads (towards ultimate limit state) due to
cracking and the development of plastic deformations.

Nevertheless, EC2 permits an elastic analysis to be used at ULS but acknowledge the
non-linear plastic behavior by allowing engineers to redistribute moments from one
partt off structure
t t tto another
th partt to
t maintain
i t i the
th rules
l off static
t ti equilibrium.
ilib i The
Th
maximum permissible amount of moment redistribution is linked to the ductility of
the reinforcement at the ULS. 2
 Simplifications in Elastic Analysis
The analysis must begin with an evaluation of all the loads carried by the structure,
structure
including its own weight. Many of the loads are variable in magnitude and position,
and all possible critical arrangements of loads must be considered. The forces, in
turn the strains/stresses in each member can be determined by elastic analyses.

The full elastic analysis of a rigid concrete frame is rarely simple, but simplified
analysis with adequate precision can often be made by breaking down the full
frame into continuous beams or sub-frames at each level as follows.

– Sub-frame
Sub frame
ƒ for individual beam
Simplification of concrete frame into ƒ for column
– Continuous
C i b
beam

Simplification into sub-frame - supporting

vertical loads only
y
A sub-frame includes a continuous beam at one level together with
all the columns joining to this beam, both above and below.
– Beams and columns can be designed based on the same set
of calculations.
– The results is closest to that for the full frame.

• Full frame

• Sub-frame

Far ends of the columns are fixed

4
 Simplification for
individual beam or
column
• Full frame

• Sub-frame
Sub frame

• Simplification for individual beams

• or Beam only

• or Column only

Simplification for individual beam

A simplified sub-frame includes one span of the beam to be
designed, the columns attached to the ends of the beam, and
the beams on either side, if any.
– For design of individual beam. Not commonly used.

• Sub-frame

• Two possible simplified

sub-frames
bf

stiffness of the attached beams

should be taken as halved

6
Simplification for column
The moments in the columns are determined from a single-joint
sub-frame.
It consists of the column to be designed
designed, an upper column and
the beams on either side of the joint, if any.

stiffness of the attached beams

should be taken as halved

Continuous beam simplification

Beams may be analyze as continuous beams supported on
pins and rollers, ignoring the restraints to rotation provided by
the columns.

• Full frame

• Continuous beam

8
Quiz:
Which of the following
simplifications may be
used for analysis of
beams and columns?

Methods of analysis
The methods of analysis are listed in increasing order of accuracy:

1. Moment and shear coefficients p

provided in EC2
– An approximate method which requires no analysis
– Restricted to continuous beams with equal spans, same member sizes
– Tends
T d tto be
b conservative
ti

2. Manual calculation using Moment distribution method

– An iterative technique developed by Hardy Cross in 1930s
– May be used for any type of loading and frame configurations
– More accurate than the moment coefficient method

3. Computer analysis
– For large frames and frames with more complicated configurations
– The most efficient and p
precise method

10
Method 1 - Moment and shear coefficients
– An approximate method which requires no analysis

This method can be use only if all the three conditions are met:
i. Loading is uniformly distributed and variable load ≤ permanent load
ii. The beam is continuous over three or more spans
iii The variation in spans ≤ 15% of the longest span
iii.

Loads:
• Permanent Loads: Structural weight, cladding, partitions etc
• Variable Loads: Occupants, storage weight, car park load etc
Note: In the table of coefficients given in EC2, redistribution of
support moments by 15% has been included.

11

Moment and shear coefficients

Permanent load Gk + Variable load Qk
Load combination at ULS:
Max F = 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk
0.094Fl 0.075 Fl 0.075 Fl
* 0.025 F1l
Momentt
M
coefficients

* 0.1 F1l ** 0.086 F2l

0 45 F
0.45 0.5 F
Shear Force
coefficients
0.5 F
0.63 F
Bending moment and shear coefficients:

Outer Middle of 1st interior Middle of Interior

support end span support interior span support
Moment -0.025 F1l 0.1 F1l -0.094 Fl 0.086 F2l -0.075 Fl
Shear 0.45 F - 0.63 F - 0.5 F
l is the span ; F = total ultimate load on one span (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) x L
*F1 = [ 90%(1.35Gk)+ 1.5Qk ] x L
**F2 = [ 77%(1.35Gk)+ 1.5Qk ] x L
12
 Example
Use coefficient method to compute the
values of bending moment and shear force
for a 3-span continuous beam at ultimate
limit state.

Total load on one span, F = (1.35gk+1.5qk)× 6 = 46 × 6 = 262.8 kN

F1 = (90% x1.35gk+1.5qk)× 6 = 41.4 × 6 = 248.4 kN
F2 = (77% x 1
1.35g
35 k+1.5q
1 5 k)×
) 6 = 38.2
38 2 × 6 = 229.2
229 2 kN
Moments at critical sections:
• End span:
p Mend = 0.1F1l= 149 kNm
Effective spans : l ≈ L
• Support A: MA = 0.025F1l = 37.3 kNm
0.025* 0.094
• Support B: M = 0.094Fl= 148.2 kNm
0.1*
0.1 0.086**
0.086
• Int. 0 086F2l = 118.3
Int span: M = 0.086F 118 3 kNm
Shears at critical sections:
• Support A = 0.45F = 118.3 kN
0.63 0.5
• LHS of support B = 0.6F = 165.6 kN
13
• RHS of support B = 0.5F = 140.0 kN

Method 2 - Manual calculation by Hardy Cross method

– It is an iterative technique for any type of loading and frame configurations
Load combinations at ULS:
# Permanent load Gk + Variable load Qk :
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk (max.)
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk (min.)
1.35 Gk
Permanent load Gk + Wind load Wk :
A C
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Wk
Permanent load Gk + Wind load Wk
(a) Loading arrangement for maximum sagging
+ Variable load Qk : moment at A and C
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk + 0.75 Wk

# Note: In frame or multi-span

multi span beam
structures, all possible combinations of max.
and min. loads should be considered in order (b) Deflected shape
to obtain the most unfavorable situations. Three-span beam
E
E.g. load
l d pattern
tt for
f worstt sagging
i momentt
at A and C in a three-span beam: 14
 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk 1.35 Gk 1.35 Gk

(i) Loading arrangements for maximum moments in the spans

1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk

1.35 Gk 1.35 Gk
A

UK National Annex
allows alternative of
single load case with
(ii) Loading arrangements for maximum support moment at A
all spans loaded
1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk
1 35 Gk
1.35 1 35 Gk
1.35 with maximum load
A

(iii) Loading for design moments at the supports according to EC2

Note that when there is a cantilever span the minimum load on the
span adjace
spa adjacentt to tthe
e ca
cantilever
t e e sshould
ou d be 1.0G
0G for
o loading
oad g patte
pattern ((i))

Multi-span beam loading arrangements

15

Example: (Textbook Ex 3.2 )

Gk = 25 kN/m Qk = 10 kN/m
A B C D

6 0m
6.0m 4 0m
4.0m 6 0m
6.0m

(1.35x25 + 1.50x10)x6
=292.5kN (1.35x25x4) 292.5kN
(1) =135kN

(1.35x25 + 1.50x10)x4
(1.35x25x6)
=202.5kN =195kN 202.5kN
(2)

292.5kN 195kN
(3) 202.5kN

202.5kN 195kN 292.5kN

(4)

Figure 3.5: Continuous beam loading arrangement

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 Load Case (i) by Moment distribution method

17

Results for all four load cases

18
Bending Moment Diagrams (kNm)
Shear force in a continuous beam - the general case

Max span moment Mmax occurs at zero

shear, and the distance to zero shear is

Hence, 19

Results for all four load cases

20
Shear Force Diagrams (kN)
Bending Moment & Shear Force Envelopes
Correction needed: Design
for hogging moment of 25% 151 151
of end-span
p moment. 65
(a) 11 kN.m

158 158

124 171
110

(b) kN

110
0 124
171

Figure 3.8: Bending-moment and shearing-force envelopes

21

Method 3 - Computer method

- For more complex structures, computer method is most efficient.

Results of moment and shear envelopes can be obtained easily for

multi bay multi
multi-bay multi-storey
storey buildings subjected to gravity and/or lateral loads
loads.

5.25kN
3.5

4th
3

10.5kN
ateral load = 3.0kN/m

3.5

10.5kN 3rd
3.5
5

11.25kN 2nd
4.0

12.0kN 1st
La

4.0

6.0kN

60
6.0 40
4.0 60
6.0

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Figure 3.19: Frame with lateral load
Once the moment envelope is obtained
obtained, the amount of steel bars can
be estimated and placed on the tension side of beams/columns. E.g.
reinforcement details for a portal frame below.

B di momentt di
Bending diagram
Reinforcement details

23

MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
EC2
C pe
permits
ts a
an e
elastic
ast c analysis
a a ys s to be used at U
ULSS but ac
acknowledge
o edge tthe e non-linear
o ea
plastic behavior by allowing engineers to redistribute moments from one part of
structure to another part to maintain the rules of static equilibrium. The maximum
permissible amount of moment redistribution is linked to the ductility of the
reinforcement at the ULS. Implicit
p in the current use of moment redistribution is
the assumption that section posses sufficient ductility for the requisite plastic
deformations (rotation) to occur, i.e. the section behaves like a plastic hinge.

Reinforced
R i f d concretet (RC) b behaves
h iin a
manner midway between that of steel and
concrete. An RC section may be considered
virtually elastic until the steel yields; and
then plastic until the concrete fails in
compression. Thus the plastic behavior is
limited by the concrete failure; or more
specifically, the concrete failure limits the
rotation that may take place at a section in
bending. 24
Concept of moment redistribution
Statically indeterminate structures like continuous beams and frames are designed
considering internal forces like bending moment, shear force and axial thrust
obtained from structural analysis. Either one or several sections of these structures
may have peak values of the internal forces, (e.g. Mu) which are designated as
critical sections. These sections are dimensioned and reinforced accordingly.

Flexural members, however, do not collapse immediately as

soon as the loads at a particular section cause bending
moment exceeding the maximum resisting moment capacity
Mu of that section. Instead, that section starts rotating at
almost constant moment. This is known as formation of plastic
hinge at that section reaching Mu . The section then transfers
loads to other sections if the applied loads are further
increased. Provided rotation of a hinge does not cause
crushing of the concrete , this process continues till the
structures have plastic hinges at sufficient sections to form a
failure mechanism when it actually collapses.

However, significant transfer of loads has occurred before the collapse of the
structure. This transfer of loads after the formation of first plastic hinge at section
h i th
having the hi
highest
h tb bending
di momentt Mu till th the collapse
ll off the
th structure
t t is
i known
k as
redistribution of moments. By this process, therefore, the structure continues to
accommodate higher loads before it collapses. 25

Concept of moment redistribution

The development of plastic hinges depends on the available plastic moment
capacity at critical sections. It is worth mentioning that the redistribution of
moment is possible if the section forming the plastic hinge has the ability to
rotate at constant moment,
moment which depends on the amount of reinforcement
actually provided at that section. The section must be under-reinforced and
should have sufficient ductility..

Presently, design codes of most of the countries allow the redistribution up

Presently
to a maximum limit because of the following advantages:
1) It gives a more realistic picture of the actual load carrying capacity
of the indeterminate structure
structure.
2) Structures designed considering the redistribution of moment
(though limited) would result in economy as the actual load
capacity is higher than that we determine from any elastic analysis.
analysis

3) The designer enjoys the freedom of modifying the design bending

moments within limits. These adjustments are sometimes helpful in
reducing the reinforcing bars
bars, which are crowded
crowded, especially at
locations of high bending moment.
26
Concept of moment redistribution

(i) Elastic moment diagram

- the dotted line

(ii) Designed Moment

reduction ΔM varies
linearly from left support i to
right support j Sections designed to plastic
moment
o e t
(iii) Superimposing (i) & (ii)
to obtain the redistributed
moment diagram - the
solid line

The redistribution means decreasingg designed

g bending g moments above
supports and increasing deigned bending moments in mid-spans where
distribution of moments remains in equilibrium with the applied loads. 27

Example : Moment redistribution in a three-span beam

- Textbook: Ex 3.9
It is required to reduce the maximum support moment to MBA=147kNm as much
as possible, but without increasing the span moment above the present maximum
value of 118kNm. [ w=48.75 k/m, AB=6m, BC=4m ]

Recall that,

A B C

where

and

28
 29

General Limitations :

•Equilibrium must be
maintained
• Beams or slabs must be
predominantly subject to flexure
• Ratio of adjacent spans must
be between 0.5 & 2
•Column design moments
must not be reduced
• Maximum amount of
redistribution must be < 30%
Redistributed moment and revised shear

30