Reading|Speaking

Heni Purniawati, M.Hum

Nur R. Adawiyah Mahmud, M.Si

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF KUPANG

2020

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 CONTENT
INFORMATION
a. Greeting and Introducing ………………………………………………………………………………………….1
b. Personal Information ………………………………………………………………………………………………..4
c. General Information …………………………………………………………………………………………………8
ATTITUDES
a. Surprised …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………12
b. Happiness ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
c. Boredom …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
d. Disappointment ………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
e. Anger ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...16
f. Likes/Dislikes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……17
g. Certainty …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
h. Comparison ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………20
i. Agreement/Disagreement ……………………………………………………………………………………..21
j. Opinion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….21
ACTION
a. Asking for, Offering, Accepting, and Refusing Help ………………………………………………..24
b. Ability …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
c. Asking for, Giving, and Refusing Permission …………………………………………………………..27
d. Advice ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………28
e. Complaint ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29
f. Invitation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30
g. Thanks ……………………….………………………………………………………………………………………….31
h. Congratulations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
i. Apology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....32
j. Ending a Conversation and Saying Goodbye …………………………………………………………..33
DAFTAR PUSTAKA………………………………………………………………………………………………………..36

Section I

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 Information
(informasi)

a.

Section I
A. Greeting and Introducing
1) Conversation 1
In a class, Diana introduces herself to the person sitting next her.
Diana : Hi, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m Diana
Rose.
Dirga : Hi, I’m Dirga Syams. Nice to meet you.
Diana : Sorry, what’s your name again?
Dirga : Dirga Syams.
Diana : Nice to meet you, too. How do I call you?
Dirga : Just call me Dirga.

2) Conversation 2
Prasetyo introduces his sister, Nadia, to his neighbor, Mr. Bambang.
Prasetyo : Good morning Mr. Bambang.
Mr. Bambang : Good morning, Pras. I haven’t seen you
from some time. How have you been?
Prasetyo : Fine, thank you. I have just been busy with
my school work. And how are you?
Mr. Bambang : Oh, just fine.
Prasetyo : Mr. Bambang, I would like you to meet
my sister, Nadia. Nadia, this is my
neighbor, Mr. Bambang.
Nadia : Glad to meet you, Mr. Bambang.

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 Mr. Bambang : The pleasure is mine.

3) Reading Practice

COMMUNICATION
Situation: an Indonesian met an American during their flight. It happened that
they got seats side by side.
Indonesian: good morning. How are you?
American: good morning. I’m fine, thank you.
Indonesian: my name is Indra, how do you do?
American: I’m john smith. Nice to meet you, Indra.
Indonesian: nice to meet you too, Mr.Smith. Where are you from, Mr.Smith?
American: I’m from Philadelphia, America.
Indonesian:… (Lost words)
The Indonesian lost words because he didn’t know what to say. He didn’t know
how to sustain the conversation and how to make a good and close relationship
with the American during the journey. Why? Because the dialog he used was
only a transactional dialog. After he got the answer he needed, the dialog was
over.
If we are aware of the purpose of the communication, we should not
learn English merely to express transactional meaning but also to express
interpersonal meaning.
Expressing the interpersonal meaning refers to the way a speaker
sustains a conversation.
When you talk to an Englishman or an American, for nod continuously, give little
responses, or say some phrases concerning the topic you are talking about.
Otherwise, they think that you don’t understand what they are saying or they
will think that you are not interested in what the conversation is about. For this
reason, responses play an important part in an interpersonal dialog.
4) Language Function

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Greetings Good morning.

How have you been?

Hi. How are you?

Hello. B. Personal
Information
Hi, how are you doing?

Responding - Fine, thank you. 1) Conversation 1

greetings - I’m fine. Asking for
someone’s
- Thanks.
Personal
- I’m OK. Information
Lucy meets Fadil
- Not bad.
in her way
Introducing your I’m Diana. home.
self
My name’s Dirga Syams

I don’t think we have met.

Nice to meet you.

Pleased to meet you. How do you do?

How do you do.

Asking for - I’m sorry. What’s your name again?

repetition Sorry, can you repeat your name.

Introducing other I’d like you to meet my sister, Nadia.

people
I’d like to introduce my brother,
Adam.

This is my friend, Ananda.

I don’t think you have met my friend,

Lisa.

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 Lucy : Good morning, Dil. How are you?
Fadil : Morning, Lucy. Fine, thanks. Are you fine,
too?
Lucy : Yes, I’m very well. How is your mother?
Fadil : She is pretty well.
Lucy : Is she still in Ende?
Fadil : Yes, she is still there.
Lucy : How about your father? Is he there too?
Fadil : No, he isn’t. He is here with my brother.
Lucy : Why is he here?
Fadil : He is sick. He is at hospital now.
Lucy : Is he seriously ill?
Fadil : Yes, he is. But he is getting better now.

2) Conversation 2
Asking for someone’s Personal Occupation
Andika meets a new friend at a wedding party. He asks his occupation.

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 Andika : Great party, isn’t it?
Tio : Yes, the place is good.
Andika : Yes it is. I’m Andika Pratama, by the way.
Tio : Tio Sadewa. So, what do you do, Dik?
Andika : Me? Oh, I’m working for the Aston Hotel.
Tio : Oh, do you? In what department?
Andika : Human Resources. What about you, Yo?
Tio : I’m a chef in a restaurant.
Andika : No kidding. What kind of restaurant?
Tio : It’s a Chinese Restaurant.

3) Conversation 3
Asking for someone’s Personal Hobby
Kiki is asking Sisi about her hobby.
Kiki : Good morning, Si.
Sisi : Good morning, Ki. Where are you going?
Kiki : I’m going to the beach. Do you want to join with
me?
Sisi : Yes, sure. Do you like swimming?
Kiki : Yes, I like swimming and playing on the sand.
Sisi : Do you often go to beach?
Kiki : No, I don’t. I often go swimming at the swimming
pool.
Sisi : Do you usually go by yourself only?
Kiki : No, I don’t. I usually go swimming with my sister.
She likes swimming very much.

4) Conversation 4
Asking someone to repeat the information
Indra is driving his car and gets lost. He asks a policeman the way to
Kaliurang.
Indra : Good afternoon, Sir.
Policeman : Good afternoon. What can I do for you,

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 Sir?
Indra : I was driving from Malioboro to Kaliurang
via Mataram. I get lost. Could you help me,
Sir?
Policeman : Just go straight and follow this high way
until you reach the Beta Mart on your left.
Indra : I’m sorry; I didn’t catch your last word,
Bet…?
Policeman : Beta Mart, Sir.
Indra : Then?
Policeman : Then, turn right and follow that way and
you will reach Kaliurang about 20 km.
Indra : Alright, Sir. Thank you so much for your
direction.
Policeman : You’re welcome, Sir.
question

5) Language Function

Asking about Someone’s Conditions

Questions Answer

How are you? Very well, (thanks).

Are you fine? / Are you well? I’m fine, (thank you).

How’s life? I’m good, (thanks).

How are things with you? OK, (thanks).

What’s new? Not too bad.

Asking about Someone’s Occupations

Question Answer

What do you do? I’m a teacher.

What’s your profession? I’m work for the Aston Hotel.

What’s your job?

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 What do you work for? I’m working in a hospital.

Asking about Someone’s Hobby

Do you like travelling? + I like/love travelling.

- I don’t like travelling.

+ I’m (very) keen on gardening.
What’s your hobby?
- I hate fishing.
What are you fond of?
+ I enjoy watching movie.
What are you keen on?
- I’m not keen on watching horror
Do you love/like watching
film.
movie?
+ I’m fond of fishing.

- Will Smith is not my favorite.

6) Reading Practice
Sarah’s activities
Every morning, Sarah turns on her computer. First, she checks her email.
Then, she visits a social networking website to find out what her friends are
doing. On this website, she reads news from her friends. For example, she may
look at comments her friends are about movies, music, books and other friends.
On her profile page, Sarah writes a short message about what she is doing. Like
many young people, Sarah enjoys meeting and communicating with others on
social networks. These websites let people see what their friends are doing and
thinking. Sarah is part of an important trend in communication.

C. General information

1) Conversation 1
Asking if someone knows about something

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 Yusuf is travelling to London. He doesn’t know how to use a public telephone
in Britain.
Yusuf : Excuse me, may I have your time, Sir?

Stranger : Yes, sure, Can I help you?

Yusuf : I need to call my friend, but the public

telephone here is quite different from the
public telephone in my country. I wonder
if you could help me.

Stranger : You know, just press the number and

remember, you put your money in when
the other person answer, not before.

Yusuf : Thanks a lot, Sir.

2) Conversation 2
Asking about remembering
Diana is interested in Putri’s new coat.
Diana : Hi there, seems like a new coat, huh?

Putri : Is it good? How’s it on me?

Diana : It’s terrific. You look so gorgeous with that.

Putri : Oh, thanks. I do like the color.

Diana : Do you remember where you bought it?

Putri : Yes, at a shop called April’s. I’ll show you.

3) Conversation 3
Asking if something is correct
Ahmad wants to pick his sister’s friend at the Eltari airport. They never meet
before.

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 Ahmad : Excuse me; is it true that you want to go to Amaris Hotel to
have a business meeting?

Strange : How do you know? I’m waiting for my friend.

r

Ahmad : I’m Ahmad, Risa’s brother. She is having another appointment

now. She asked me to pick you up. You are Mrs. Rahma, aren’t
you?

Strange : Yes, you’re right. Nice to meet you.

r

Ahmad : Nice to meet you, too. Let’s go to the car.

Strange : Alright.
r

4) Language Function
Asking if someone knows about something

Questions

- Could you tell me the way to El-Tari airport, please?

- (Excuse me), do you know about Padang restaurant near here?
- Have you heard about Trans Studio?
Answer

Positive Negative

- (Yes), I know about Trans - (I’m sorry), I don’t know about Trans
Studio. Studio.
- (Yes), I have heard about - (I’m afraid), I’ve no idea about Hyat
Trans Studio. Hotel.
Asking about remembering

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 Question

- Do you remember where you bought it?

- I wonder if you remember about the assignment.
- You remember me, don’t you?
Answer

Positive Negative

- I remember you. - (I’m afraid) I’ve forgotten your name.

- I’ll never forget her. - I can’t remember it.
- I’ll always remember it. - (I’m sorry) I forget her now.
- If I’m not mistake, you’re - I don’t remember him.
Nurul.
Asking if something is correct

Question

- Is it right, (please)?
- Have I got it right?
- You are Andika, aren’t you?
- Am I right that you are Tika?
Answer

Positive Negative

- Yes, that’s right. - (Sorry), it is not right.

- Yes, you’re right. - No, it isn’t, actually.
- Exactly. - (I’m afraid), it is wrong.
- That’s fine. - I don’t think you’re right.
- Nothing wrong with that. - No, that’s all wrong.
- That’s it.

5) Reading Practice

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 At college and university
Education isn’t just for children, after school many young people go to
college or university, some people go to collage or university when they are
adults. Others study different subjects at home after work. Professors teach
college and university students many different subjects – from architecture to
zoology. One of the most popular university subjects is law. Professor need to
know a lot about their subjects that they can helps students to do well and get
better jobs through life. One of the biggest universities is Muhammadiyah
Kupang University in East Nusa Tenggara.

Section II
ATTITUDES
(sikap)

a. Surprised (Terkejut)
b. Happiness/Pleased/Excitement (Kebahagiaan)
c. Boredom (Kebosanan)
d. Disappointment (Kekecewaan)
e. Anger (Marah)
f. Certainty (Kepastian)
g. Comparison (Perbandingan)
h. Agreement/Disagreement (Setuju/Tidak setuju)
i. Asking and Giving Opinion (Meminta dan Memberikan Pendapat)

A. Surprised

1) Conversation

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 Marta and Robi are talking about a car accident that had just happened when
Marta was in her way home.
Mart : Do you know that there has been an accident in
a Colombo Street? A man was hit by a car.

Robi : Oh, really? How terrible. So how was him?

Mart : He died on the way to hospital. Unfortunately,

a the policeman couldn’t find the car driver.

Robi : So it was a case of hit and run? Is there any

witness there?

Mart : Yes, there were some. One of them had taken

a down the license number of the car.

2) Language Function
Expressing Surprised
Really? Oh, no! Are you serious?

What? No! I don’t believe Crazy!

it!

That’s My goodness! Is he/she?

amazing!

You’re kidding! You must be

joking!

3) Reading Practice
Shocked
One evening at a restaurant. A man and woman were shocked by a child’s
behavior. The little boy was out of control. Running around, while his parents

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didn’t have a clue that he was causing trouble. They were just enjoying their
dinner.
The other couple was upset because they had gone through to the trouble
of getting a babysitter for their own kids. They just wanted an evening out, so
they could relax and have dinner in peace. They were also upset because the
restaurant was noisy and it was taking forever to get their food.
They told the waitress that the bottom line was that parents had to keep
their kids under control and teach them how to behave in public.

B. Happiness/Pleased/Excitement
1) Conversation
Jojo and Shinta are discussing their plan for the final semester holiday.
Jojo : Have you heard the good news from Dad?

Shinta : No. What is it?

Jojo : Well, we’re going to Bali this semester holiday?

Shinta : Oh, that’s marvelous!

Jojo : We’ll spend the whole week there.

Shinta : A whole week? That will be nice.

2) Language Function
Expressing Happiness/Pleased/Excitement
I’m very pleased. Fantastic!

I’m very delighted. It’s very interesting!

I’m happy. It’s a good news!

It’s very exciting! Marvelous!

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 Great! Wonderful!

3) Reading Practice
Families and friends
Eid is the Arabic word for festival. Eid is a big Muslim festival. At Eid, people
give presents to children and friends. Eid presents are usually money, or things
like toys, candy and new clothes. At Eid, Muslims think about other people in the
world. They give food and money to hungry people and sick, people.
People wear new clothes at Eid. In the morning, they got up, was and put on
their new clothes. They eat dates and cookies for breakfast. Then, they go to
pray at the mosque. Lot of people hug their friends. Later, they eat with their
family. They also visit their grandparents and say “Happy Eid”.

C. Boredom
1) Conversation
Harry is at a public election. He is talking to a woman whom he has not met
before.
Harry : Have you got your turn yet?

Woma : Not yet, I’m still waiting. I’m just tired to

n stand up there in the line.

Harry : Which candidate is your favorite by the way?

Woma : I have no idea. I don’t recognize them all.

n

Harry : Well, do you follow the election at all?

Woma : I’m not keen on politics. It’s boring.

n

2) Reading Practice
Means of livehood

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 Mani educated people in Indonesia want to be government employees
because of getting the regular salary, although it isn’t enough for their families
because they will get their retired payment after they retire on a pension at the
age of either fifty-five or sixty.
In the other hand, most of people who live in rural areas are farmers. The
farmers in low lands usually grow rice, corn, and cassava. Nevertheless, the
farmer in the high lands usually grow vegetables and fruits. Some of them make
their living by breeding cows, goats, and chickens. The cows supply milks, the
chicken supply eggs, or other poultry.
Poor farmers usually own the small huts made of the red bricks or
bamboo. Some poor farmer make brick if the rice doesn’t crop well. So they are
also bricklayers. Making brick as a part time job.
Urban population live in the capital city, big cities, and towns. Most of the
factory workers, salesman, salesgirl, saleswoman servants, traders, retailers,
driver, cleaning service, contractors, mechanics, lawyers, teachers, lecturers, and
forth.
3) Language Function
Expressing Boring
It’s boring. I don’t find it interesting.

I’m bored. I’m not interested on horror movie.

It sounds I don’t think fishing is exciting.

boring.

D. Disappointment
1) Conversation
Vincent and his friend are seeing a Claude Monet Painting Exhibition from
France that he really likes but he sees announcement saying that the exhibition is
started on the next day.

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 Vincent : Come on, Bob. Hurry up. I want to see all of
the paintings.

Bobi : Alright, Cent. Hey look, do you see that

announcement paper?

Vincent : Where?

Bobi : There. Look, the exhibition is started

tomorrow afternoon. We come too early.

Vincent : Oh Bob, I am very disappointed. I really

want to see the exhibition.

Bobi : Never mind, dude, We will come back

tomorrow afternoon.

2) Reading Practice
Clothing
Clothing is one of the primary needs besides food and house. We must
wear clothes. A clothes has three functions. They are to protect our body from
the sunlight and cool weather, to socialize with the other people and to create
beauty.
The sunlight may burn our skin. It’s not change the colour of the skin, but
also, produce dirty spots. That’s why we cover our skin with clothes.
When it’s cold, we also need something to warm our body. One of the
waist is to wear thick clothes. Beautiful clothes are not always expensive. The
style, the harmony of the colours, appropriateness to the occasion influences our
performances. Very often fashion designers change them. That’s why new design
are always introduced groom year to year.
In Europe or other countries having four seasons, clothing differs in each
season. In winter they wear thick clothes. On the opposite, they wear thin

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clothes in summer, in spring, people wear colorful clothes. Autumn is already
cool. People usually wear thick clothes. In tropical countries the clothes of which
the people wear don’t exactly differ. This is because the rainy and dry seasons
don’t have extreme differences.
3) Language Function
Expressing Disappointment
I’m disappointed.

That’s very disappointing.

I’m very disappointed about you.

Oh, no!

That’s too bad.

E. Anger

1) Conversation
Jason wants to take his car from a garage after a week being repaired and he
wants to drive to Lasiana beach with his friends.
Jason : I need to check my car and its machine. Has it been good
already?

Mechanic : I’m really sorry, Sir. But I’m afraid it won’t be ready until
tomorrow.

Jason : Oh, no! I have left it for a week. What a nuisance!

Mechanic : I promise to finish your car tomorrow morning, Sir. I’m really
sorry for the inconvenience.

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2) Language Function
Expressing Anger
I’m very annoyed!

Oh, no!

What a nuisance!

How irritating!

It really makes me angry/mad!

I really hate it.

Oh, damn!

I can’t stand with you.

3) Reading Text
Doctors and paramedical workers
A doctor is person who has studied diseases and how to treat them. A
doctor may be a general practitioner, an eye specialist, a dentist, a surgeon, an
internist, a dermatologist, a cardiologist, etc.
When you are sick, you need a doctor to find out what is wrong
with you. Solving this problems is called making a diagnosis. The doctor may
diagnosis the illness as influenza because you have fever, a headache, and you
often sneeze. It’s very important for you to know that a doctor cannot treat an
illness until he has made a diagnosis.
Doctors usually work in the hospital. They work closely with paramedical
workers, such as nurses, dieticians, x-ray technicians, physical therapist, work
directly with patients. Nurses are paramedical workers. Things that workers do
are doing physical examinations, giving injections, delivering babies. So nurses
participate in all aspects of caring for patients. They are also responsible for

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carrying out the doctor’s orders, for identifying and reporting the patient’s
symptoms.
A nurse may work in the hospital and clinic. A nurse who helps delivering
babies is called a nurse midwife. Operating room who helps assist surgeons by
preparing the patients for operations and by handing surgeons instruments.

F. Likes/Dislikes
1) Conversation
In a hotel, two guests are talking about the brochure of activities offered by
the hotel.
Guest 1 : What’s your plan for tomorrow?

Guest 2 : Hmm… I’m very keen on pony-tracking. What do you think?

Guest 1 : I don’t think I want to go for shopping again. I’ve bought enough
souvenirs yesterday.

Guest 2 : So?

Guest 1 : I think I enjoy fishing more.

Guest 2 : But I think Ramayana’s Play is also interesting.

Guest 1 : So, shall we book some tickets, then?

Guest 2 : OK.

2) Reading Practice
Customs
Talking about customs means talking about hings which are usually done. A
custom is belief, principle or standard of conduct which is passed on from
generation to generation, especially when this is done without a written record.
When an Indonesia meets a friend on the he will ask where he is going. But
European or American will ask nothing. He just smiles and waves his hand.

21
 Before entering one house a guest who comes from a small town or rural
area will take of his shoes or slippers. He doesn’t want to make the floor dirty.
Our cultural diversity has resulted in much different style of dress, food
and housing on the various islands. In the larger villagers and city people may
wear a “sarong”. Many men, especially muslims, wear a black velvet cap called
“peci”. Western- style cotton are favored by young city girls generally wear
traditional garments called “kain kebaya”.
Rice is the basic food for Indonesians of all classes. Most Indonesian eat
their rice together with various species and sometimes a bit of dried fish or
chicken. Elaborate dishes to go with the rice are served in a ceremonial dinner or
selamatan.
Houses also show certain common features. Traditional home in
Indonesia differ mainly according to whether they are designed for more than
one family and whether they are built on the ground or raised above it. Some
people, such as the Minangkabau and Batak of Sumatra and the Dayak of
Kalimantan traditionally constructed huge long houses. They were built high
above the ground on stilts.
Social customs very not only in different parts of Indonesia but also in
different parts of the world. But there are some customs with do not vary in
different parts of the world. Take for example during the formal situation –
customs requires us to stand at attention when the national anthem is played.

3) Language Function
Expressing Likes
I’m very keen on Rujak.

I (really) enjoy reading this novel.

I like/love cats.

It is wonderful.

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 There’s nothing I like more than my
book.

I adore on you.

Expressing Dislikes
I don’t like scary movie.

I’ve never liked Salome.

I (really) hate dog.

I’m not (really) keen on sushi.

There’s nothing I like less than pizza.

G. Certainty
1) Conversation
Andre and Dony have arranged to meet a colleague for a dinner. But there is
no sign of her. Andre thinks she will arrive son.
Doni : We’ve been here for about an hour. Have you
told her we’ve been waiting for her?

Andre : I have told her.

Doni : Are you sure? But it’s too late.

Andre : She will be here soon. I’m sure. She will tell me
if she couldn’t come.

2) Reading Text
Kinds of Sports
There are many kinds of sports in the world. But not all kind of sports are
popular in our country. Not all students understand what kinds of sports the

23
 following games, such as baseball, hockey, water polo. But most of the
student know and can play volleyball, badminton, and basketball very well.
In fact, there are three kinds of sports in the world. They are individual
sports, team sports, and rhythmical sports. Volleyball and basketball belong to
team sports. Badminton, swimming, table tennis and tennis belong to
individual sports. Dance, gymnastic and marching belong to rhythmical
activities. This classification is based on the present-day physical education
activities.
3) Language Function
Expressing Certainty
Are you sure?

You’re sure Arema is at a better side?

Really?

Do you mean to say that the flight will be

delayed?

Positive Respond Sure:

I’m sure.

But I’ve no doubt that my score will be good as

well.

It must be.

Absolutely positive.

Surely, it’s obvious, isn’t it?

Negative Respond: Not Sure

Sorry, I’m not sure.

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 I can’t make up my mind.

I’m not really sure.

I can’t say for certain.

H. Comparison
1) Conversation
Dyah is interested in furniture. And he has met the expert at a dinner party.
Dyah : Good evening, Sir. Are you Mr. Hafez?

Mr. : Yes, I am. Anything I can help you, Miss?

Hafez

Dyah : Oh, everything is great tonight. I’ve just heard

often from a friend about your furniture
business. Is everything going well, Sir?

Mr. : Sure. How do you know about it.? Are you

Hafez interested in furniture too?

Dyah : I’m starting my business on that too. By the

way, what’s your opinion of nineteenth
century furniture? It seems to be coming back
into fashion now.

Mr. : Yes, some people like it. But I consider

Hafez nineteenth century to be greatly inferior to
that of the eighteenth century.

4) Reading Reading Practice

Studying Abroad

25
 Every year, thousands of students choose to study abroad – weather it’s
for six months, a year or even longer. Many people find the experience of
studying abroad very exciting, but also very scary. Living in another country
will help you learn a language and learn about another culture. You will see
the world in a new way and learn more about yourself. Studying abroad is also
excellent training for the working world. Many companies want employees
who speak a second language or who have experience living or working in
another country. To choose the right country or school, ask yourself these
questions: for how long do I want to study abroad? Do I want to live with a
host family, with roommates or alone? How much can I afford to pay?
Based on our experience, it’s best to get your passport and visa early.
Before you go, learn as much of the language as you can and read about the
customs of your house county. Also, talk with people who have experience
studying abroad; and call the school to make sure someone can meet you
when you get there. Make sure to bring some local money and a credit card.
Be curios and open to meeting new people and having new experiences. Don’t
expect to always be comfortable. After the first few weeks, it’s
5) Language Function
Expressing Comparison
- I think fishing is more relaxing than playing golf.
- It’s nicer to live in Flores.
- It’s easier to live in Malang.
- On balance, compared to the amount of people…
- I consider it to be greatly inferior to that of the
eighteenth century.

I. Agreement/Disagreement
1) Conversation
Yuna and Ricky are talking about the weather today.

26
 Ricky : Do you have a plan to go out after school this
evening?

Yuna : I have no idea. The weather is too rotten

today.

Ricky : I don’t agree. I’m enjoying the weather.

Yuna : You are strange.

Ricky : I like the wind.

2) Conversation 2
Mr. Herman is talking to the stranger next to him in the bus station.
Mr. : I don’t believe it. This place is getting dirtier all
Herman the time. Don’t you agree?

Stranger : That’s just what I was thinking. Bad small

everywhere.

3) Reading Practice
Indonesian fashion
Imagine yourself a newcomer to Jakarta looking to buy some Indonesia
designed fashions. You enter a famous plaza in Jakarta with great
expectations of ethnic chic, but all you see are the same expensive boutiques you
find in New York, London, or Paris. Finally, hidden in vast department store, you
find a few racks of clothes exclaiming “made in Indonesia”.
Unfortunately, however, none of the styles you want come in your size,
feeling defeated yet still hungry for a purchase, you finally settle for a sweatshirt
made in Taiwan.
Will the Indonesian fashion industry survive the upcoming “free trade
era”? at a seminar held fast week by the Association of Indonesia Fashion

27
Designers, retailer and designers discussed the troubles facing the local retail
industry.
Poor quality standards, uncompetitive prices, inefficient management,
and lacklassical marketing, as well as the dismal cooperation between the textile
industry, retailers, and designers, were listed as the main sources of the
industry’s woes.
The discussion panel, which included general manager of metro
department store Christine Barki, manager of fiesta store Kenny Wiria, and
retailing expert Suwandi Suparlan from Bandung’s Padjajaran university, stressed
the urgency for Indonesia’s fashion industry to improve competitiveness, or else
prepare for bankruptcy once free trade is enacted in 2003.
“with globalization, we will face stiff competition,” said retailer Kenny
Wiria. “we need cooperation and input from both the government and
designers,” he said. At separate press conference, leading Indonesian designer
biyan also urged Indonesian designers to get serious about grabbing a slice of the
retailing pie. “If we don’t start now, it’s going to be too late and more difficult in
the future.” Biyan said. Biyan is one of a handful of Indonesian designers who
have opened boutiques in shopping malls.
Retailing may not be as glamour as fashion shows, Biyan admits, but with
foreign franchises inundating the market, it is increasingly necessary.
“Developing my outlets requires more energy than producing a collection.” said
Biyan. But everyone overseas always ask me where to buy Indonesian fashion,
because there are few store showcasing Indonesian designers,” he said.

J. Opinion
1) Conversation
Mr. Hasan is leading a discussion about a marketing plan for his company.
Mr. Hasan : As we know that our income for this month
has been totally decrease. Have you got any

28
 comment on it?

Mr. Dean : Well I must say that’s right. I have given the
report for you last week.

Mr. Ramly : I’ve no strong feeling about it. We haven’t

check another sector. We cannot say it
decreases totally.

Mr. : If I may say so, the final report has

Jeremy represented the overall sector. We have to
admit it.

Mr. Hasan : So, what should we do next?

Mr. Ramly : I consider next month will be our month.

Don’t be worry, Sir. We will do our best. What
do you think Mr. Dean?

Mr. Dean : I couldn’t say, but we will keep struggling

hard. We are looking for the best way how to
solve the problem.

Mr.Hasan : I think I’ve got the best team here. Thank you.

2) Language Function
Expressing Comparison
- I think fishing is more relaxing than playing golf.
- It’s nicer to live in Flores.
- It’s easier to live in Malang.
- On balance, compared to the amount of people…
- I consider it to be greatly inferior to that of the
eighteenth century.
3) Reading Practice

29
 Transportation

In a big city we see many kinds of transportation. Several kinds use

engines, the rest use human energy. Buses, minibuses, taxies, motorcycles, Bajaj
and hellcats transportation increase every yea. Do you know why?

More and more people move from small towns of villages to big cities as
Jakarta, Surabaya, Ujung Pandang, and Medan to get jobs. Those cities get more
population every year. These people need to move there. That’s why the
government has to provide more transportation.

People carry new product from one part of the country to another by using
long distance transportation, for example ship, planes, and trucks. In Palembang
and in some other part of Kalimantan people carry their crops to the market by
sampan. They paddle a long the river. It is also common sight to see people from
outside Jakarta with their basket full of food crops on their bicycles or mini-
trucks.

Postal system still uses transportation to carry message we have sea-mail,

and special delivery. Transportation is very useful in many ways, it shortens
distance and time. The distance become short when you have money.

30
 Section III
ACTION
(Tindakan)

j. Asking for, Offering, Accepting, and Refusing a Help (Meminta,

menawarkan, menerima, dan menolak bantuan)
k. Expressing Ability (Mengungkapkan kemampuan)
l. Asking for, giving, and Refusing Permission (meminta, memberi, dan
menolak izin)
m. Asking for and Giving Advice (meminta dan memberi nasehat)
n. Expressing Complaint (Mengungkapkan komplain)
o. Giving, Accepting, and Declining Invitation (memberi, menerima, dan
menolak undangan/ajakan)
p. Expressing and Responding to Thanks (mengungkapkan dan merespon rasa
terima kasih)
q. Giving and Responding to Congratulations (Memberi dan merespon ucapan
selamat)
r. Expressing and Accepting Apology (Menyatakan dan Menerima Maaf)
s. Ending a Conversation and Saying Goodbye (mengakhiri percakapan dan
perpisahan)

31
 A. Asking for, Offering, Accepting, and Refusing a Help
1) Conversation 1
A young man is trying to push his car. The battery is flat. A passer comes to
help him.
Passer : Can I help you? May be I can help you to push it.

Young : Thanks! I can’t move it. It’s too hard.

man

Passer : By the way, you aren’t from here, are you? I never see you
before.

Young : Yes, you’re right. I’m from Atambua.

man

Passer : So, where are you going?

Young : I want to visit my cousin in this city. Unfortunately, I get flat

man battery now.

Passer : OK, let’s push this car until the gas station.
There’s a gas station after the big building.

Young : OK, let’s go.

man

2) Conversation 2
At a library, Rizal is having trouble picking up a lot of books to carry back to his
table. Afgan, his friend, goes over him.
Rizal : Need some help?

Afgan : Oh, yes, please. I can’t bring these all by

32
 myself. Could you take those?

Rizal : Sure.

3) Conversation 3
Jasmine is in a factory outlet, looking from dresses.
Shopkeepe : Excuse me, Miss. Is there anything I can do?
r

Jasmine : No, thank you. I need to find the other.

4) Conversation 4
Mr. Raja is offering a help to his officemate completing his job.
Mr. Jacob : Oh, it’s almost the final day and I haven’t done
it all.

Mr. Raja : What can I do to help you?

Mr. Jacob : No, don’t bother, really.

5) Language Function
Asking for a help
- Can/would you help me buy some eggs to minimarket?
- Can you do it for me?

Accepting a help
- Thank you/thanks.
- That’s very kind of you.
- (Oh,) yes please.

Refusing an offer of a help

33
 - No, thank you.
- That’s very kind of you, but …
- No, don’t bother, really.

Offering a help
- Can I help you?
- Let me help you.
- What can I do to help you?
- Need some help?
- Is there anything I can do?
6) Reading Practice
Balinese Dance
There are various kinds of dance in Bali. Most of them are actually closely
related to war, religious worship, and traditional customs. Now some of them
have become public entertainments.
There are at least two kinds of Balinese dance telling about war, they are
ancient and modern dance. The difference between the two lies on the weapons
they use. In the ancient dancing the dancers are outfitted with bows and arrows
in the modern dancing they are embellished with rifles.
One of the most popular Balinese dances throughout the world is called
the Sangiang dance or the dance of the goddesses of Supraba and Ni Lutama.
The dance has therefore a religion background. It is a kind of exorcism served to
drive away the evil spirits which have brought about an epidemic in a certain
part of the country.
All the dances mentioned above become entertainments either for the
public or the foreigners who visits Bali. Most of the visitors come from Holland,
England, America, Germany, and some other countries. They admire the beauty
of the island very much.

34
 Besides of being famous for both are dances and beautiful beaches. Bali is
also known as the Gods’ island, for there are numerous temples on the island.
Every village has at least three temples.

B. Ability
1) Conversation 1
Joshua and Andrew are discussing about their college magazine.
Joshua : Guess what? Annie asked me to finish our
articles next week.

Andrew : It’s OK. We just have to do some interviews

and hard work in writing. I can finish the sport
articles.

Joshua : But you know what I meant. Think we could

manage it? I doubt it. Sport article is not too
difficult. What about culture?

Andrew : You’re pretty good at music and classic art.

Just write everything about it.

Joshua : I know how to play some music instruments.

But I don’t know anything about the theory of
it.

Andrew : Don’t be too much worry. We can do it. Trust

me.

2) Language Function
Expressing Ability
- I can finish the sport articles.
- Sport article is/are not too difficult.

35
 - I know how to play some music instruments.
- It’s a piece of cake. (ini mudah)
- You’re pretty good at music and classic art.
- I’m not too bad at repairing car.
3) Reading Practice
Music
Music has some elements which are called, tone, melody, rhythm, and
harmony. Music is produced by musical instruments. There are many kinds of
musical instrument: keyboard instrument, stringed instrument, wind instrument
and percussion instrument.
Keyboard instruments are played by pressing the key, for example piano,
and organ. Stringed instruments are played by plucking the strings with the
fingers. Musical instruments which belong to this group are guitar, violin, rebab,
etc. wind instruments are played by blowing them. Those which belong to this
group are flute, trumpet, etc. The last type of musical instrument, played by
drumming them with a pair of stick.
The musical instruments can be played together with the accompany song.
That’s why music group consist of different musical instruments. Each group play
a special type of music as classical music, folk music, jazz, dangdut, etc. (adapted
from list for communication)

C. Asking for, Giving, and Refusing Permission

1) Conversation 1
Maria wants to go to a music concert. She asks for permission to her parents.
Maria : Mom, can I go to the concert tonight, please?

Mom : Sorry, I’m afraid you can’t… You know you’re

a girl. And the concert is so crowded. I’m afraid
of the safety, darling.

36
 Maria : Don’t be afraid, Mom. I go with my friends.

Mom : But I think your father will let you go.

Maria : Dad, would it possible if I go to the concert

tonight?

Dad : No way, honey. There’s no save. Just stay at

home then see the concert on You tube
tomorrow, OK?

Maria : But you know, Dad. Sheila on 7 is my favorite.

Since I was in junior high school, I have adored
them so much. Dad, please, let me go. I
promise I’ll take care of myself. And I’ll directly
go home after the concert finished. Dad,
please.

Dad : OK, then. I keep your promise. Honey. Take

care!

Maria : Thank you, Mom, Dad. I love you.

2) Conversation 2

(At the coffee shop)

DiNa ; i'll order what would you like to drink
Yoga ; AS always, thank you
DiNa ; Ok
Yoga ; hi,Would you like to order
DiNa ; i'd like acup of coffee
Yoga ; what size do you want
DiNa ; i'd like a smull size. And a medium sezed cappucino
Yoga ; Yes

37
 DiNa ; oh, ill have a slice of apple pie
Yoga ; would you like cream with your pie
DiNa ; No thanks
Yoga ; sure what's your Name
DiNa ; Dina
Yoga ; great,That’s $30.please
DiNa ; here you are

Mary is buying a long trouser in a shop. She wants to see if it fits her before
she buys it.
Mary : Excuse me. Could I try this trouser?

Shopkeepe : Yes, certainly, please, Miss.

r

Mary : Where is the fitting room?

Shopkeepe : There, Miss. (Pointing to the room)

r

Mary : OK, thank you.

3) Language Function
Asking for permission
- Can I go to the concert tonight, please?
- Do you think I could borrow it for a day?
- Would it possible for me to go to the concert tonight?
- Could I try this trouser?
- Do you mind if I borrow you old camera for a few days?
- May I borrow your pen, please?
- May I have your permission?
- I am wondering if I could open the window.

38
 Giving permission
- (Yes), certainly
- OK/Fine/Alright
- Go ahead
- It’s OK/ Fine/ Alright
- (Yes), of course, you can.
- (Yes), why not?
Refusing permission
- (Sorry), I’m afraid you can’t.
- I’m afraid not.
- I’m sorry, it’s not allowed.
- I’m sorry you can’t.
- No way.
4) Reading Practice
Shopping for cloth

Mr. Tom is tailor. He always does shopping to Toko Purnama. It is a big

cloth shop and there are many shop assistant there. Several of them know Mr.
Torn because he is one its customers. He often gets special discount. This make
the things be buys have lower prices than other shop.

Yesterday morning Mr. Tom had his son, ferry, do shopping to Toko
Purmana to buy some kinds of cloth for three shirts, two pants, and four neck
ties. When he was in the shop, it took a few minutes to select the cloth he
needed. Then he called one of the shop assistant and said “I need 2.5 meters of
wool, 5.5 meters of cotton, and 1,25 meters of silk”. The shop assistant said
“here is the note.” Please go to the cashier over there.

Ferry went to the cashier to pay for the pieces of cloth he bought. He
had to wait a minute. Because there were some other buyers who wanted to pay
their things. He spent Rp. 95.000.00 for all. Then tool them and go out the shop.

39
 Before going home, he intended to buy ten spools of thread and some
zippers. But when he opened his wallet, he found little money left. Therefore he
went straight home.

D. Advice
1) Conversation 1
A foreigner stops a girl and asks how far away El Tari Street is. She knows it is
only 10 minutes walk from station.
Foreigner : Excuse me. May I ask you how far for away El
Tari Street is from here?

Girl : El Tari Street? Well, it’s no very far. If I were

you, I’d walk. It’s about 10 minutes walk.

Foreigner : Oh, it’s quite near. OK, thank you. I’ll walk.

Girl : You’re welcome.

2) Conversation 2
Bella is having a toothache but she is afraid to see a doctor. Her Mom talks to
her.
Bella : Mom, I can’t stand for more. It hurts me too
much.

Mom : You’d better to see a doctor.

Bella : No way. They will make it more terrible. Can

you give me some other advices about it?

Mom : Humm… why don’t you just buy some

medicines in drugstore? You will not meet any
doctor there.

Mary : OK, thank you.

3) Language Function

40
 Asking for advice
- Do you think I should try a larger size?
- May I ask you how far El Tari Street is from here?
- What would you advise me to do?
- What do you think I should do?
Giving advice
- I think you should tell Jim as soon as you can.
- If I were you, I would walk.
- You’d better to see a doctor.
- Why don’t you just buy some medicines in a drugstore?
- I would recommend you the larger size.
4) Reading Practice
A LOCAL DRESSMAKER
Mrs. Smith is a local dressmaker. She has many customers because she
does her work very well. Besides she always keeps her promise to finish her work
on time. She never makes her customers disappointed with her.
Mrs. Smith has two sewers. They are both diligent and they are always
ready to work hard. Sometimes they have to work overtime Mrs. Smith has lots
work to do. They like working at Mrs. Smith’s because Mrs. Smith gives them the
good wage, and she treats them well. Mrs. Smith is a friendly woman.
Mr. and Mrs. Smith have three children. They are Denise, Diana, and
Brian. Denise and Diana go to senior high school, while Brian is an elementary
school student. Their daughters often help their mother to buy the sewing need
like needles, cloth, thread, buttons, and zippers.
Mr. Smith does not help his wife because he is very busy ever day. He
works at an auto repair shop. He works from eight o’clock to half past three in
the afternoon. He feels tired after getting home. He has spare time to share with
his family on Sundays.

41
 E. Complaint
1) Conversation
Samuel has booked a room at a hotel and find when he arrives that the hotel
clerk says there is no room for him.
Samuel : Excuse me. I want to take my key for room 48
that I booked last week.

Clerk : And your name, Sir?

Samuel : Samuel Thomas. I booked for a single room.

Clerk : Sorry, Sir. But we have no record of your

booking.

Samuel : Well, this is most unsatisfactory. I booked the

room myself a week ago. I want to speak to
the manager, please.

2) Language Function
Expressing complaint
- I want to complain about the transport you sent for my
trip last weekend.
- (Well,) this is most unsatisfactory.
- I’m sorry to say this, but the problem is about the crew.
- You can’t possibly do that.
3) Reading Practice
Indonesian sportsmen and sportswomen
Indonesia with its 13.667 islands and more than 300 ethnic groups,
enables to have a great number sportsmen and sportswomen. They can become
good sportsmen and sportswomen if they train seriously.
Most Indonesian sportsmen and sportswomen are from java because is
very populous and there are many good sport facilities available in Java. It is easy

42
for them to do sports and to get their success. No wonder many from other
islands come to java for this purpose.
Our government has tried hard to look for good sportsmen and
sportswomen. Moreover some big firms are ready to become the sponsors in
helping produce good sportsmen and sportswomen. They build sporting halls
another good facility. They also give the winners big prizes.
The biggest sport even in our country is PON. It is nationally every four
years. Each province is our country sends their good sportsmen and
sportswomen to take part in the games.

F. Invitation
6) Conversation
Karina wants to celebrate her graduation. She invites her friends to her party.
Karina : Guys, next week is my graduation. I want to
celebrate it. I’ll make a great party in my
house. Come, and have fun, won’t you?

Friends : Of course. That would be very nice. What

time?

Karina : 7 p.m. would be OK.

Friends : The dress code?

Karina : Uhm… All about blue. OK?

Friends : Alright. Can I take my friend with me?

Karina : Sure.

7) Language Function
Giving an invitation
- Would you like to come to my party?

43
 - What about going to the beach?
- Why don’t you join us?
- Come and have fun.
- Do you want to come?
Accepting an invitation
- Thank you. I’d like to (very much).
- That would be very nice.
- It’s a good idea.
- I won’t say no.
- All right.
- OK.
- With pleasure.
Declining an invitation
- Thank you, but I have another appointment.
- I’m very sorry, I don’t think I can.
- Sorry, I can’t.
- I’d like to, but I’m busy.
- I’d love to, but I have to stay at home.
8) Reading Practice
The lion and the mouse
Once when a lion, the king of the jungle, was a sleep, a little mouse began
running up and down on him. This soon awakened the lion, who placed his huge
paw on the mouse, and opened his big jaws to swallow him.
“Pardon, O King!” cried the little mouse. “Forgive me this never forgets your
kindness. And who knows, I may be able to do you a good turn one of these
days!”
The lion was so tickled by the idea of the mouse being able to help him that he
lifted his paw and let him go.

44
Sometime later, a few hunters capture the lion, and tied him to a tree. After that
they went in search of wagon, to take him to the zoo.
Short stories just then the little mouse happened to pass by. On seeing the lion’s
plight, he ran up to him and gnawed away the ropes that bound him, the king of
the jungle.
“Was I not right?” said the little mouse, very happy to help the lion.
Moral: small acts of kindness will be rewarded greatly.

G. Thanks
1) Conversation 1
A secretary has just brought in a photocopy the boss asked for.
Secretary : Sir, this is the photocopy you asked for.

Boss : Thanks, Lynda.

Secretary : You’re welcome, Sir.

2) Conversation 2
A wife makes his husband a cup of hot coffee.
Wife : Honey, do you want a cup of hot coffee?

Husband : I’d love to, honey.

After a while …

Wife : Here it is. A cup of hot coffee.

Husband : Thank you very much, honey. I love you.

Wife : I love you, too.

3) Language Function
Expressing thanks
- Thank you.
- Thank you very much.

45
 - Thank you very much for the dinner.
- Many thanks.
- Thanks.
- Thanks a lot.
- I’m really very grateful to you.
Responding to thanks
- My pleasure.
- Don’t mention it.
- That’s all right.
- That’s OK.
- Any time.
- You’re welcome.
4) Reading Practice
The Goose with the Golden Eggs
Once upon a time, a man and his wife had the good fortune to have a goose
which laid a golden egg every day. Lucky though they were, they soon began to
think they were not getting rich fast enough.
They imagined that if the bird must be able to lay golden eggs, its insides must
be made of gold. And they thought that if they could get all that precious metal at
once, they would get mighty rich very soon. So the man and his wife decided to
kill the bird.

However, upon cutting the goose open, they were shocked to find that its
innards were like that of any other goose.

Moral: think before you act

H. Congratulation
1) Conversation
Sam has just graduated from Muhammadiyah University of Kupang. His friend
congratulates him.

46
 Sam : Ah, finally I could finish it.

Friend : I’m proud of you, Sam. Congratulations on

your graduation!

Sam : Thanks, Dude.

Friend : Hope you’ll be a successful man. This is a start

to a new life, Sam. Welcome to the real life.

Sam : Amen. You’re right. I’m entering the real

world.

2) Language Function
Giving congratulations
- Congratulations!
- Congratulation on your graduation.
- Well done!
- Let me congratulate you.
Responding to congratulations.
- Thank you.
- Thank you very much for saying so.
- I’m glad you think so.
- How kind/good/nice of you to say so.
- Oh, thanks.
3) Reading Practice
The ant and the dove
One hot day, an ant was searching for some water. After walking around for
some time, she came a spring. To reach the spring, she has to climb up a blade of
grass. While making her way out, she slipped and fell into the water.
She could have drowned if a dove up a nearby tree had not seen her, seeing
that the ant was in trouble, the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it

47
into the water near the struggling ant. The ant moved towards the leaf and
climbed up there. Soon it carried her safely to dry ground. Just at that time, a
hunter nearby was throwing out his net towards the dove, hoping to trap it.
Guessing what he was about to do, the ant quickly bit him on the heel. Feeling
the pain, the hunter dropped his net. The dove was quick to fly away to safety.

I. Apology
1) Conversation
Bryan is a guest at someone’s house. He knocks several plates and glasses on
the floor by mistake.
Bryan : I’m terribly sorry. I slipped my way to toilet
and hit that cupboard.

House : Not at all. Now we have an excuse for buying

owner some nice new ones.

2) Language Function
Expressing an apology
- (Oh,) I’m sorry.
- I’m terribly sorry.
- Excuse me/Pardon me.
- Oops! Sorry!
- Please accept my apologies.
- I do apologize.
Accepting an apology
- That’s quite all right.
- Not at all.
- Please, don’t worry.
- That’s OK.
- Forget it.

48
3). Reading Practice

The ant and the Grasshopper

In a field one summer’s day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and
singing to its heart’s content. An ant passes by, bearing along with great effort an
ear of corn he was taking to the nest.

“why not come and chat with me,” said Grasshopper, “instead of toiling and
moiling away?” “I am helping to lay up food for the winter,” said the ant, “and
recommend you to do the same.” “why brother about winter?” said the
grasshopper; “we have got plenty of food at present.”

But the ant went on its way and continued its oil. When the winter came the
grasshopper; “we have plenty of food at present.”

But the ant went on its way and continued its toil. When the winter came
the grasshopper found itself dying of hunger, while it saw the ants distributing,
everyday, corn and grain from the stores they had collected in the summer.
Then the grasshopper knew…
Moral: work today and you can reap the benefits tomorrow!

J. Ending a Conversation and Saying Goodbye.

1) Conversation
Angga is seeing his colleague off at the airport.
Mr. Brown : It’s to have a business with you.

Angga : Yeah, me, too. So thank you so much for your

cooperation, Sir.

Mr. Brown : You’re welcome.

Angga : I look forward to seeing you again soon.

Mr. Brown : Sure. Good bye then.

49
 Angga : Good bye.

2) Language Function
Ending a conversation
- I’m afraid I really must go. I’m sorry.
- Sorry, I must rush.
Saying goodbye
- Goodbye!
- Goodnight.
- Bye!
- See you.
- Take care, bye!
3) Reading Practice

The Greedy Mouse

A greedy mouse saw a basket full of corn. He wanted to eat it. So he made a small
hole in the basket. He squeezed in through the hole. He ate a lot of corn. He felt
full. He was very happy.
Now he wanted to come out. He tried to come out through the small hole. He
could not. His belly was full. He tried again. But it was of no use.
The mouse started crying. A rabbit was passing by. It heard the mouse’s cry and
asked: “Why are you crying my friend?”
The mouse explained: “I made a small hole and came into the basket. Now I am
not able to get out through that hole.”
The rabbit said: “It is because you ate too much. Wait til your belly shrinks”. The
rabbit laughed and went away.
The mouse fell asleep in the basket. Next morning his belly had shrunk. But the
mouse wanted to eat some corn. So he ate and ate. His belly was full once again.
He thought: “Oh! Now I will go out tomorrow”.

50
The cat was the next passerby. He smelt the mouse in the basket. He lifted its lid.
He ate the mouse.

51
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1989, Understanding and Using English Grammar, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents

Azar, Betty Schrampfer, and Hager, Stacy A. BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Third
Edition, LONGMAN

Frankfort, Nancy and Joan Dye, 1991, Spectrum 2 (A Communicative Course in

English), Nem Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents

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