Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(6): 2353-2358

E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234 An overview of production and consumption of major
JPP 2017; 6(6): 2353-2358
Received: 09-09-2017 chemical fertilizers in India
Accepted: 10-10-2017

Praveen Desai
Research Scholar, Department of
Praveen Desai, Amratraj Patil and Kadli Veeresh
Agricultural Economics, College
of Agriculture [UAS-D], Abstract
Dharwad, Karnataka, India Fertilizer is one of the strategic inputs for enhancing productivity which enables to meet the growing
demand for food in the country. The present study was conducted to know the growth and determinants
Amratraj Patil of fertilizer in India. The secondary data on production and consumption major chemical fertilizer (NPK)
PhD Scholar, Department of etc. from 1980-81 to 2012-13 were collected from the Fertilizer Association of India (2014), Department
Agricultural Economics, College
of Fertilizers Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India (2013-14), www.Indiastat.com,
of Agriculture [UAS-D],
Dharwad, Karnataka, India
www.fert.nic.in etc.
There was a substantial growth in production and consumption of chemical fertilizers in India and across
Kadli Veeresh the states over the years. The production of chemical fertilizer showed an increasing trend. The country
PhD Scholar, Department of witnessed an increase in the consumption of NPK. The consumption of fertilizer during kharif and rabi
Agricultural Economics, College showed a positive and significant growth. The sectoral production of nitrogenous fertilizers from 2000-01
of Agriculture [UAS-B], to 2012-13, the private sector ranks first which was having the average production of 527.2 lakh M.T.
Banglore, Karnataka, India followed by co-operative sector (305.8 lakh M.T.) and public sector (303.6 lakh M.T.).

Keywords: Fertilizer, productivity, co-operative and private

Introduction
The process of economic development and its growth in the early stages of a developing
country is mainly dependent upon the progress of agricultural sector. In India, this sector
occupies a predominant position in the economy. It contributes about 13.7 per cent to the
national income of the country and sustains two-thirds population of India. It is the single
largest sector providing employment to the extent of 48.9 per cent of the country’s work force.
The role of agriculture in India is not restricted to its contribution to national income but also
extends to food security of the nation because it has to feed her mammoth population at
present and in future too. It was expected that the total food grain requirement will be 291
million tonnes and 377 million tonnes in 2025 and 2050, respectively.
The agricultural production can be increased either by bringing more area under the plough or
through increased productivity. In the Indian context, land is becoming a shrinking resource
for agriculture owing to competing demand for its use. Also the population growth has resulted
in lower carrying capacity of land. Hence, in order to realize the need based targets of
agricultural production, the pattern of production enhancement will have to rest heavily on
increased yield. This essentially calls for optimizing the usage of the existing farm land by
adopting new strategy for agricultural development. The new strategy among others includes
judicious use of fertilizers. Fertilizer is one of the key elements to maintain the tempo of
agricultural production as studies have indicated that it has contributed about 50 per cent of
increased food grain production in the world.
All-India production of total fertilizer nutrients increased by 1.9% in 2013-14 compared to
negative growth in the previous year. Production of Nitrogen (N) at 12.41 million MT in 2013-
14 increased by 1.4% over the previous year. Production of Phosphorus (P2O5) at 3.97 million
MT registered an increase of 3.6% during the period. In terms of products, the production of
urea increased from 22.58 million MT in 2012-13 to 22.71 million MT in 2013-14. However,
production of Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP) declined from 3.64 million MT to 3.62 million
MT during the same period. The production of complex fertilizers (other than Di-ammonium
Phosphate) increased from 6.20 million MT to 6.94 million MT during the period. The
production of Single Super Phosphate (SSP) went down from 4.43 million MT in 2012-13 to
Correspondence 4.16 million MT in 2013-14.
Amratraj Patil
PhD Scholar, Department of
All- India consumption of total fertilizer nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O) declined by 3.2%, from
Agricultural Economics, College 25.54 million metric tonne (million MT) during 2012-13 to 24.72 million MT during 2013-14.
of Agriculture [UAS-D], N consumption at 17.02 million MT increased marginally by 1.2% during the period. P2O5
Dharwad, Karnataka, India consumption 5.65 million MT registered sharp decline of 15.1%.
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Consumption of K2O at 2.06 million MT was marginally potassic fertilizers was very low compared to nitrogenous and
down by 0.2% during the period. Per hectare use of total phosphorus fertilizers. The total average NPK consumption
nutrients declined consistently from 142.3 kg during 2011-12 has increased about three times which was 89.43 lakh M.T. in
to 130.8 kg in 2012-13 and 126.6 kg in 2013-14. All-India period I and increased to 222.48 lakh M.T. in period III.
NPK use ratio widened from 6.7:3.1:1 during 2011-12 to Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the average consumption of
8.2:3.2:2.1 during 2012-13 and 8.3:2.7:1 during 2013-14. nitrogenous, phosphorus and potassic fertilizers in India were
The use of fertilizers is affected by a number of factors like 102.04 lakh M.T., 39.19 lakh M.T. and 15.85 lakh M.T.
irrigation, high yielding variety seeds, size of the farm credit respectively. The growth rate of consumption all the nutrients
etc. Increased area under high yielding varieties led to shown positive growth rate. Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the
increased food grains production. These high yielding growth rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash were shown
varieties respond more to the use of chemical fertilizers. positive growth rate of 4.35 per cent, 5.08 per cent and 4.86
There exists a large gap between actual and potential level in per cent respectively with one per cent level of significance.
fertilizers use. Increased fertilizer use efficiency leads to a The rapid expansion of irrigation, spread of HYV seeds,
number of benefits to Indian agriculture. They are economy in introduction of retention price scheme, distribution of
use of fertilizers, reduction in unit cost of production, fertilizers to farmers at affordable prices, expansion of
prevention of fall in agricultural productivity, production of dealer’s network, improvement in fertilizer availability and
environmental quality and efficient use of other inputs such as virtually no much change in farm gate fertilizer prices for
irrigation and high yielding varieties in developing countries recent years were major reasons for increase in fertilizer
actual fertilizer use is usually below the economic potential. consumption. The studies by Vijay and Hrima (2011) [15],
The studies on the forecasting of consumption of fertilizers Jayanthi et al (2013) also contributed the similar findings.
are very essential for perspective planning. In the context of Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the instability index of nitrogen,
fertilizer industry, level of consumption estimation is vital to phosphorus and potash were 37.92 per cent, 46.79 per cent
monitor supply side, to plan the expansion of domestic and 52.26 per cent respectively, in which instability index was
capacities, to decide the volume of imports, to create the very high in overall NPK consumption (40.72 per cent). This
infrastructure for movement and storage and to know the highest variation of phosphorus and potassic fertilizers due to
magnitude of efforts to be put in to achieve desirable targets. slow growth in consumption of P and K fertilizers compared
The present study has been undertaken to analyze production with N fertilizers due to decontrol of P and K fertilizers and
and consumption pattern of chemical fertilizers at macro level relatively high increase in their prices vis-à-vis N fertilizers,
in India and to study various factors influencing the which remained almost stable during last decade.
consumption pattern in a country. The results of the study will
help formulating suitable policy measures to ensure uniform Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of consumption
fertilizer consumption pattern. ratio of fertilizers in India
Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of consumption ratio
Materials and methods of fertilizers in India (1981-82 to 2012-13) has been presented
In the present study secondary data were used for evaluating in Table 2. The average share of nitrogen in total consumption
the specific objectives of the study. The secondary data on ratio of fertilizers in relation to potash was 6.43 kg/ha in
production of major chemical fertilizer, consumption and period I (1981-82 to 1990-91) which rose to 8.24 kg/ha in
production of major chemical fertilizer (NPK), consumption period II (1991-92 to 2000-01) and again got declined to 5.92
per gross cropped area etc. were collected from the Fertilizer kg/ha in period III (2001-02 to 2012-13. Whereas, the average
Association of India (2014), Department of Fertilizers share of phosphorus in total consumption ratio of fertilizers in
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers Government of India relation to potash was 2.33 kg/ha in period I (1981-82 to
(2013-14), Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Directorate of 1990-91) which rise to 2.81 kg/ha in period II (1991-92 to
Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and 2000-01) and it also decreased to 2.43 kg/ha in period III
Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, (2001-02 to 2012-13). The average share of nitrogen in total
www.Indiastat.com, www.fert.nic.in etc. consumption ratio of fertilizers in relation to phosphorus was
the highest in period II with 2.94 kg/ha of nitrogen followed
Results and discussion by period I (2.77 kg/ha) and period III (2.42 kg/ha). Overall
Consumption of fertilizer (1981-81 to 2012-13) the average share of nitrogen and
Chemical fertilizers have been an important element of Indian phosphorus in total consumption ratio of fertilizers in relation
agriculture. However, there have been wide variations in the to potash was 6.8 kg/ha and 2.51 kg/ha respectively. Whereas,
use of fertilizers across states and districts as also over time it the share of nitrogen in relation to phosphorus was 2.69 kg/ha.
proved that there are differences in the pattern, growth and Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the growth rate in share of
determinants of fertilizer use among states and districts in the nitrogen and phosphorus in relation to potash was -0.56 per
country. cent and 0.25 per cent respectively, where as growth rate of
share of nitrogen in consumption ratio of fertilizers in relation
Nutrient-wise consumption of fertilizer materials in India to phosphorus shown negative growth rate of -0.80 per cent
Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of nutrient-wise with one per cent level of significance. This disparities of
consumption of fertilizer materials in India (1981-82 to 2012- share of different fertilizer products in total consumption due
13) are presented in Table 1. In period I (1981-82 to 1990- to unawareness about proper application of fertilizers to the
91), the average consumption of nitrogenous fertilizer is 58.71 farmers, variations in the cost of the fertilizer products,
lakh M.T. which rose to 99.65 lakh M.T. and 140.33 lakh variations in state subsidies for different nutrients etc.
M.T. in period II (1991-92 to 2000-01) and period III (2001-
02 to 2012-13) respectively. The average consumption of Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of season-wise
phosphorus fertilizers increased about 34.69 lakh M.T and consumption of N, P2O5 and K2O
57.82 lakh M.T. in period II and III, respectively which was Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of season-wise
only 21.61 lakh M.T. in period I. The average consumption of consumption of N, P2O5 and K2O (1981-82 to 2012-13) have
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been presented in Table 3. In period I (1981-82 to 1990-91) Growth rate in fertilizer consumption and food grains
the average consumption of nitrogenous fertilizer in kharif production
was 26.83 lakh M.T. which rose to 47.81 lakh M.T. and 66.11 The growth rates in consumption of fertilizers and foodgrains
lakh M.T. in period II (1991-92 to 2000-01) and period III during different time periods at all-india level has been
(2001-02 to 2012-13) respectively. The average consumption presented in Table 4. The table shows that fertilizer
of phosphorus fertilizers in kharif increased about 16.51 lakh consumption increased by more than 19 per cent in the pre-
M.T and 31.37 lakh M.T. in period II and III respectively green revolution period (1950-51 to 1966-67) while
which was only 8.84 lakh M.T. in period I. The average foodgrains production increased by only 2.56 per cent.
consumption of potassic fertilizers in kharif is very low In the post-green revolution period, fertilizer use increased by
compared to nitrogenous and phosphorus fertilizers. The 9.9 per cent per year during the first phase of green revolution
highest average consumption of potassic fertilizer in kharif (1967-68 to 1980-81). There was a increased foodgrains
was recorded in period III (12.41 lakh M.T.) followed by production from 95.5 million tonnes in 1967-68 to about 130
period II (6.4 lahk M.T.) and period I (4.3 lakh M.T.) The million tonnes in 1980-81 at an annual compound growth rate
total average NPK consumption in kharif is increased about of 2.27 per cent. However, foodgrains productivity increased
more than twice, which is 39.98 lakh M.T. in period I to at a faster rate (1.87%) in the first phase of green revolution
109.89 lakh M.T. in period III. Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) compared with pre-green revolution period (1.45%). During
the average consumption of nitrogenous, phosphorus and the second phase of green revolution (1981-82 to 1990-91),
potassic fertilizers in India during kharif was 48.12 lakh M.T., total fertilizer consumption was increased an annual growth
18.43 lakh M.T. and 7.4 lakh M.T., respectively. rate of 7.39 per cent. Per hectare fertilizer consumption more
In period I (1981-82 to 1990-91) the average consumption of than doubled from 34.3 kg in 1981-81 to 69.8 kg in 1991-92.
nitrogen fertilizer in rabi was 32.22 lakh M.T. which rose to Total foodgrains production increased by about 2.8 per cent.
51.83 lakh M.T. and 77.87 lakh M.T. in period II (1991-92 to The impressive growth of consumption of fertilizer in India in
2000-01) and period III (2001-02 to 2012-13) respectively. the post-green revolution period ensured increased in
The average consumption of phosphorus fertilizers in rabi foodgrains production from 74.3 million tonnes in 1966-67 to
increased about 18.10 lakh M.T and 32.27 lakh M.T. in period 176.4 million tonnes during 1990-91.
II and III respectively which was only 12.75 lakh M.T. in The impact of slow growth of fertilizer consumption on
period I. The average consumption of potassic fertilizers in growth of foodgrains production and crop output in the post-
during rabi was very low compared to nitrogenous and reforms period was quite evident from growth rates presented
phosphorus fertilizers. The highest average consumption of in Table 4. In post-reforms period (1991-92 to 2009-10)
potassic fertilizer during rabi was recorded in period III growth rate in fertilizer consumption was 3.98 per cent
(14.85 lakh M.T.) followed by period II (6.36 lahk M.T.) and compared with over 8.75 per cent during 1966-67 to 1991-92.
period I (4.81 lakh M.T.). The total average NPK Total fertilizer consumption recorded the lowest growth
consumption during rabi was increased about more than (1.35%) during the 9th five year plan compared with about
twice, which is 49.79 lakh M.T. in period I to 125.00 lakh 7.57 per cent and 5.52 per cent during 10th and 11th five year
M.T. in period III. Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the average plan respectively.
consumption of nitrogenous, phosphorus and potassic There seems to be a very high positive association between
fertilizers in India during rabi was 53.61 lakh M.T., 20.97 growth rates of fertilizer consumption and foodgrains
lakh M.T. and 8.5 lakh M.T., respectively. production. During 8th plan period fertilizer consumption
Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the growth rate of nitrogen, increased at an annual growth rate of about 4.51 percent and
phosphorus and potash during kharif season shown positive foodgrains production increased by 1.26 percent. Fertilizer
growth rate of 4.60 per cent, 6.01 per cent and 4.72 per cent consumption growth rate fell to 1.35 per cent during 9th plan
respectively with one per cent level of significance, whereas and foodgrains production growth rate also declined to -2.87
during rabi the growth rate of same nutrients was 3.99 per per cent. During 10th five year plan, fertilizer consumption
cent, 4.45 per cent and 5.08 per cent respectively. The highest grew by 7.57 per cent and foodgrains production growth rate
growth rate in NPK consumption during both kharif and rabi increased to about 2.52 per cent. The growth rate of total
together recorder in period I (8.01 per cent.), followed by fertilizer consumption declined to 5.52 per cent in 11th five
period III (5 per cent) and period II (4.53 per cent). year plan, but the growth rate of per hectare fertilizer
The results show that during the early 1980s kharif season consumption, foodgrains production and yield of foodgrains
accounted for less than 45 per cent of total fertilizer increased at 7.55 per cent, 2.77 percent and 2.90 per cent
consumption. Whereas rabi crops accounted for much larger respectively. In the post-reforms period (1991-92 to 2009-10)
share. This has now changed and consumption was more growth rate in fertilizer consumption turned out to be less than
evenly spread between the two seasons. Growth rate in half of what was achieved during the post-green revolution
consumption of fertilizers was positive in both the seasons period (1966-67 to 1991-92). Similar trend was observed in
during the last three and half decades, with more pronounced the case of foodgrains production. Growth rate in foodgrains
growth in Kharif season. The fertilizer consumption during production declined to about half (1.33%) during 1991-92 to
kharif season grew at an annual compound growth rate of 2009-10 compared with 2.65 per cent during 1967-68 to
10.6, 5.0 and 5.7 per cent during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. 1991-92
In contrast, fertilizer consumption in rabi season increased by
6.19, 4.1, and 4.39 per cent during the same period, lower Production of fertilizer
than kharif season growth rates. Accordingly, kharif:rabi ratio Chemical fertilizers have been an important element of Indian
in total consumption changed from 38:62 during 1981-82 to agriculture. However, there have been wide variations in the
49:51 during 2012-13. This might be due to better irrigation fertilizers production over the periods. The Nutrient-wise
facilities and diversification of crops from food to cash crops production of fertilizer materials, Sector-wise production of
during kharif season. nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers in India has been
discussed below.

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Nutrient-wise production of fertilizer materials in India growth rate of 0.85 per cent (five per cent level of
Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of nutrient-wise significance). The sectoral production of nitrogenous
production of fertilizer materials in India (1981-82 to 2012- fertilizers from 2000-01 to 2012-13, the private sector ranks
13) has been presented in Table 5. In period I (1981-82 to first which was having the average production of 527.2 lakh
1990-91) the average production of nitrogenous fertilizer is M.T. followed by co-operative sector (305.8 lakh M.T.) and
49.62 lakh M.T. which rose to 89.7 lakh M.T. and 122.09 lakh public sector (303.6 lakh M.T.). Whereas, in the production of
M.T. in period II (1991-92 to 2000-01) and period III (2001- phosphatic fertilizers again the private sector ranks first with
02 to 2012-13) respectively. There is a more than 2 times average production of 265.1 lakh M.T. followed by co-
increase in the average production of nitrogen in period III operative sector (102.0 lakh M.T.) and public sector (2.94
compared to period I. The average production of phosphorus lakh M.T.).
fertilizers increased about 27.55 lakh M.T and 39.71 lakh The growth rate of production of nitrogenous fertilizers by all
M.T. in period II and III respectively which was only 15.09 the sectors together was 1.09 per cent with one per cent level
lakh M.T. in period I. Potassic fertilizers are not produced in of significance, where as public, co-operative and private
India, so production is nil. The total average N and P sectors were 0.46 per cent, 2.54 per cent (one per cent level of
production is increased about more than twice, which was significance) and 0.63 per cent respectively. The growth rate
64.71 lakh M.T. in period I to 161.80 lakh M.T. in period III. of production of phosphorus fertilizers by all the sectors
Overall (1981-82 to 2012-13) the average production of together was 0.13 per cent. Whereas, the production of
nitrogenous and phosphorus fertilizers in India was 89.32 lakh phosphorus fertilizers by the public and private sectors were
M.T. and 28.22 lakh M.T. respectively. Overall (1981-82 to shown negative growth rates of -7.15 per cent (one per cent
2012-13) the growth rate of production of nitrogen and level of significance) and -0.73 per cent respectively, and the
phosphorus were shown positive growth rate of 4.52 per cent growth rate of production of phosphorus fertilizers by co-
and 4.77 per cent respectively with one per cent level of operative sector was 5.02 per cent (one per cent level of
significance. The increase in the growth of fertilizer significance).
production over the period mainly because of technology The instability index of sector-wise and nutrient-wise
initiated during the period to achieve more food grains production was presented in a Table 6. The growth of
production by applying more fertilizer to meet the needs of production of nitrogenous fertilizers by co-operative sector
growing population. Farmers are realizing the importance of was less stable (10.1 per cent), followed by public sector and
complex fertilizers as they supply more than one nutrients private sector with instability index of 4.23 per cent and 5.17
when compared to straight fertilizer. On the other hand the per cent respectively. whereas the growth of production of
demand for chemical fertilizers increasing year by year. phosphorus fertilizers by public sector was less stable (43.66
per cent), followed by co-operative sector and private sector
Sector-wise production of nitrogenous and phosphatic with the instability index of 20.81 per cent and 10.59 per cent
fertilizers in India respectively. The total fertilizer production (N and P) by all
Sector-wise Production of nitrogenous and phosphatic the sectors together were having the instability index of 5.02
fertilizers in India (2000-2001 to 2012-2013) presented in a per cent, in which instability index of production of total
Table 6. The production of nitrogenous and phosphorus nitrogen was 5.23 per cent and phosphorus was 7.76 per cent
fertilizers (all the sectors together) in 2000-01 was 147.05 by all the three sectors together.
lakh M.T. which rose to 157.34 lakh M.T. in 2012-13 with the

Table 1: Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of nutrient-wise consumption of fertilizer materials in India (1981-82 to 2012-13)
Periods Nutrients Average (Lakh M.T) CAGR (%) CV (%)
Nitrogen 58.71 7.40** 22.25
Phosphorus 21.61 10.14** 29.62
Period I (1981-82 to 1990-91
Potash 9.11 7.04** 22.96
Total 89.43 8.01** 24.00
Nitrogen 99.65 4.15** 12.57
Phosphorus 34.69 5.51** 21.16
Period II (1991-92 to 2000-01
Potash 12.41 5.06* 21.49
Total 146.75 4.53** 14.34
Nitrogen 140.33 5.14** 18.27
Phosphorus 57.82 6.12** 21.23
Period III (2001-02 to 2012-13
Potash 24.33 5.15* 26.54
Total 222.48 5.47** 15.43
Nitrogen 102.04 4.35** 37.92
Overall Phosphorus 39.19 5.08** 46.79
(1981-82 to 2012-13 Potash 15.85 4.86** 52.26
Total 157.08 4.59** 40.72
Source: Indian fertilizer scenario, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, GOI, 2013.
Note: ** Significant at 1 per cent level, * Significant at 5 per cent level

Table 2: Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of consumption ratio of fertilizers in India (1981-82 to 2012-13)
Periods Nutrients Average (Kg/ha) CAGR (%) CV (%)
Nitrogen 6.43 0.36 6.13
N and P2O5 in relation to K2O
Period I (1981-82 to 1990-91 Phosphorus 2.33 3.05** 10.32
N in relation to P2O5 Nitrogen 2.77 - 2.35** 7.42
Nitrogen 8.24 -0.85 16.15
Period II (1991-92 to 2000-01 N and P2O5 in relation to K2O
Phosphorus 2.81 0.71 9.10
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N in relation to P2O5 Nitrogen 2.94 -1.22 13.71
Nitrogen 5.92 -0.78 19.27
N and P2O5 in relation to K2O
Period III (2001-02 to 2012-13 Phosphorus 2.43 0.86 16.18
N in relation to P2O5 Nitrogen 2.42 - 1.61* 8.45
Nitrogen 6.80 -0.56 20.94
Overall N and P2O5 in relation to K2O
Phosphorus 2.51 0.25 14.45
(1981-82 to 2012-13
N in relation to P2O5 Nitrogen 2.69 - 0.80** 13.06
Source: Fertilizer Statistics, FAI, (2014).
Note: ** Significant at 1 per cent level, * Significant at 5 per cent level

Table 3: Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of season-wise consumption of N, P2O5 and K2O (1981-82 to 2012-13)
Average (000 Tonne) CAGR (%) CV (%)
Periods Nutrients
Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total
Nitrogen 2683.75 3222.40 5871.10 9.14** 5.54** 7.40** 26.47 18.00 22.25
Phosphorus 884.24 1275.94 2160.19 12.97** 8.34** 10.14** 37.11 24.84 29.62
Period I (1981-82 to 1990-91
Potash 430.32 481.62 911.95 9.36** 5.15** 7.02** 29.02 18.88 22.90
Total 3998.31 4979.96 8943.24 10.60** 6.19** 8.01** 30.23 19.70 24.00
Nitrogen 4781.61 5183.53 9966.15 5.24** 3.18** 4.15** 15.56 10.06 12.57
Phosphorus 1651.78 1810.06 3467.85 5.39** 5.65** 5.51** 21.53 22.28 21.15
Period II (1991-92 to 2000-01
Potash 604.61 636.71 1241.33 2.50** 7.80** 5.06** 20.40 29.24 21.50
Total 7038.00 7630.30 14675.33 5** 4.1** 4.53** 15.86 13.43 14.34
Nitrogen 6611.20 7787.47 14886.57 5.02** 4.78** 4.80** 14.00 12.78 12.80
Phosphorus 3137.35 3227.44 6364.79 9.09** 4.13** 6.42** 26.81 13.35 19.19
Period III (2001-02 to 2012-13
Potash 1241.24 1485.59 2726.84 1.86** 2.20** 2.25** 29.01 23.85 22.27
Total 10989.79 12500.50 23978.20 5.7** 4.39** 5.00** 16.47 12.56 14.22
Nitrogen 4812.13 5361.41 10162.91 4.60** 3.99** 4.30** 39.00 35.63 37.33
Overall Phosphorus 1843.18 2097.10 3940.28 6.01** 4.45** 5.14** 55.49 41.26 47.26
(1981-82 to 2012-13 Potash 740.88 851.00 1591.89 4.72** 5.08** 4.92** 52.67 55.21 52.23
Total 7396.19 8309.51 15695.08 5.05** 4.22** 4.58** 43.65 38.26 40.65
Source: Fertilizer Statistics, FAI,(2014).
Note: ** Significant at 1 per cent level

Table 4: Growth rate in fertilizer consumption and food grains production (1950 to 2012)
Growth rate in fertilizer Consumption (%) Growth rate in food grains (%)
Period
Total Per ha. Production Yield
Pre-green revolution period (1950-51 to 1966-67) 19.41 18.11 2.56 1.45
Post-green revolution period 8.75 8.49 2.65 2.53
Phase I (1967-68 to 1980-81) 9.90 9.29 2.27 1.87
Phase II (1981-81 to 1991-92) 7.39 6.61 2.77 3.13
Post reforms Period (1991-92 to 2009-12) 3.98 3.69 1.33 1.38
8th Five Year Plan (1992 to 1997) 4.51 5.63 1.26 1.10
9th Five Year Plan (1997 to 2002) 1.35 0.43 -2.87 -0.98
10th Five Year Plan (2002 to 2007) 7.57 7.40 2.52 2.05
11th Five Year Plan (2007 to 2012) 5.52 7.55 2.77 2.90
Source: Fertilizer Statistics, FAI, (2012).
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, (2013).

Table 5: Growth rate and co-efficient of variation of nutrient-wise production of fertilizer materials in India (1981-82 to 2012-13)
Periods Nutrients Average (Lakh Tonne) CAGR (%) CV (%)
Nitrogen 49.62 10.47** 30.16
Phosphorus 15.09 10.17** 30.02
Period I (1981-82 to 1990-91
Potash 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 64.71 10.41** 29.93
Nitrogen 89.70 5.53** 16.85
Phosphorus 27.55 5.86** 20.44
Period II (1991-92 to 2000-01
Potash 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 117.25 5.59** 17.42
Nitrogen 122.09 2.79* 26.09
Phosphorus 39.71 0.02 8.21
Period III (2001-02 to 2012-13
Potash 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 161.80 2.16 20.39
Nitrogen 89.32 4.52** 42.15
Overall Phosphorus 28.22 4.77** 39.75
(1981-82 to 2012-13 Potash 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 117.54 4.60** 40.57
Source: Indian fertilizer scenario, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, GOI, 2014.
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI, (2013).
Note: ** Significant at 1 per cent level, * Significant at 5 per cent level
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry  
 
Table 6: Sector-wise production of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers in India (2000-2001 to 2012-2013), ('000 MT)
Nitrogen (N) Phosphate (P)
Co- Grand
Year Public Private Total Public Co-operative Private Total
operative Total
Sector Sector (Nitrogen) Sector Sector Sector (Phosphate)
Sector
2000-01 3219.7 2632.9 5109.2 10961.8 626.8 664.0 2452.1 3743.3 14705.1
2001-02 2879.5 2691.8 5196.7 10768.0 479.4 793.3 2587.3 3860.0 14628.0
2002-03 2854.1 2800.9 4906.5 10561.5 307.4 949.5 2647.3 3904.2 14465.7
2003-04 3007.9 2797.3 5130.5 10935.7 353.3 778.7 2668.4 3800.4 14736.1
2004-05 3051.0 2901.7 5382.5 11335.2 266.3 938.3 2862.7 4067.3 15402.5
2005-06 2958.6 2958.3 5437.6 11354.5 294.9 1035.8 2890.6 4221.0 15575.8
2006-07 3046.7 3004.3 5526.9 11577.9 232.7 1129.7 3154.8 4517.2 16095.1
2007-08 2887.0 3031.0 4982.0 10900.0 161.4 969.2 2676.7 3807.3 14707.3
2008-09 2925.2 3133.0 4811.5 10869.7 191.7 916.2 2356.4 3464.3 14334.0
2009-10 3118.1 3404.3 5378.0 11900.4 227.7 1194.1 2899.1 4320.9 16221.3
2010-11 3166.7 3459.1 5530.8 12156.6 227.2 1287.7 2707.8 4222.7 16379.3
2011-12 3176.6 3353.0 5729.1 12258.7 237.3 1329.8 2536.6 4103.7 16362.4
2012-13 3185.0 3592.2 5416.8 12194.0 223.0 1284.6 2033.1 3540.7 15734.7
Mean (000 Tonnes) 3036.62 3058.44 5272.16 11367.23 294.54 1020.83 2651.76 3967.14 15334.41
CAGR (%) 0.46 2.54** 0.63 1.09** -7.15** 5.02** -0.73 0.13 0.85*
CV (%) 4.23 10.10 5.17 5.23 43.66 20.81 10.59 7.76 5.02
Source: Fertilizer Statistics, FAI,(2012).
Note: ** Significant at 1 per cent level, * Significant at 5 per cent level

Conclusion 7. Anonymous. Annual review of fertilizer production-

Over the last three and half a decades, production and Indian J. Fert., 2013-14; 2(6):74-114.
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significant growth. The sectoral production of nitrogenous Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers,
fertilizers from 2000-01 to 2012-13, the private sector ranks Government of India, New Delhi.
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irrigation facilities with better water use efficiency 14. Norma D. Factor affecting adoption of improved maize
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